# data[].attributes.body
xample, explain how bioreactor system in plant tissue culture could enhance the agricultural sector's revenue.

# data[].attributes.headline
With a suitable plant as example, explain how bioreactor system in plant tissue culture could enhance the agricultural sector's revenue.

# data[].attributes.subject
With a suitable plant as example, explain how bioreactor system in plant tissue culture could enhance the agricultural sector's revenue.

# data[].attributes.body
Muhammad Shazuwan Bin Shamsuddin (S25328)

Micropropagation is currently applied to a large number of agricultural and forestry species, but is still costly due to intensive manual manipulation throughout the various culture phases. Automation and scaled-up liquid cultures for in vitro plant propagation are essential to overcome some of the limitations imposed by labour-intensive methods and high production costs. Progress in tissue culture automation depends on the use of liquid cultures in bioreactors that can provide rapid proliferation, mechanized tissue cutting and separation, and automated dispensing (Aitken-Christie et al., 1995; Ziv, 1995a). In general, bioreactor-culture offers many advantages, including better control of the culture conditions; optimal supply of nutrients and growth regulators; renewal of the culture atmosphere; changing the medium during the culture period according to the developmental stage; filtration of the medium for exudates; contamination control; and production of clusters of buds or somatic embryos for automated handling of the propagules. Propagation in bioreactors has been achieved in banana, Boston fern, Spathiphyllum, strawberry, potato, poplar, coffee, Gladiolus, lilies, pineapple, orchids, Ornithogalum, Nerine, Narcissus and Cyclamen (Ziv, 2000).

# data[].attributes.headline
Micropropagation of Orchids PLBs using bioreactor and its effect to sectors revenue.

# data[].attributes.subject
Micropropagation of Orchids PLBs using bioreactor and its effect to sectors revenue.

# data[].attributes.body
SITI NUR AFIQAH ZAIDI, S23600

Orchids comprise an important group of flowering plants that produce a wide and distinct variety of flowers with characteristic shapes, size, colors, and fragrance. In horticulture industry, orchids are used as cut flowers and as potted plants. Many of the orchids have also seen medicinal use as part of traditional Chinese medicine. To meet the extensive demand for their attractive and showy flowers in the commercial market, tissue culture methods have been developed in many ornamental orchids for their large-scale multiplication. Recently, the bioreactor systems such as airlift, bubble, and temporary immersion bioreactors have been established for large-scale propagation of protocorm-like bodies (PLBs), shoots, and plantlets of various orchids. This chapter describes the bioreactor culture methods for micropropagation ofAnoectochilus formosanus and Dendrobium candidum.Methods of estimation of total phenolics, flavonoids, polysaccharides, and antioxidant activities of biomass produced from Dendrobium candidum are also discussed.

# data[].attributes.headline
In addition, plant tissue culture is considered to be the most efficient technology for crop improvement by the production of somaclonal and gametoclonal variants. The micropropagation technology has a vast potential to produce plants of superior quality, isolation of useful variants in well-adapted high yielding genotypes with better disease resistance and stress tolerance capacities [3]. Certain type of callus cultures give rise to clones that have inheritable characteristics different from those of parent plants due to the possibility of occurrence of somaclonal variability [4], which leads to the development of commercially important improved varieties. Commercial production of plants through micropropagation techniques has several advantages over the traditional methods of propagation through seed, cutting, grafting and air-layering etc. It is rapid propagation processes that can lead to the production of plants virus free [5]. Coryodalisyanhusuo, an important medicinal plant was propagated by somatic embryogenesis from tuber-derived callus to produce disease free tubers [6]. Meristem tip culture of banana plants devoid from banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) and brome mosaic virus (BMV) were produced [7]. Higher yields have been obtained by culturing pathogen free germplasmin vitro. Increase in yield up to 150% of virus-free potatoes was obtained in controlled conditions [8]. The main objective of writing this chapter is to describe the tissue culture techniques, various developments, present and future trends and its application in various fields.

PLANT TISSUE CULTURE AND ITS ASPECT IN ECONOMY

# data[].attributes.subject
In addition, plant tissue culture is considered to be the most efficient technology for crop improvement by the production of somaclonal and gametoclonal variants. The micropropagation technology has a vast potential to produce plants of superior quality, isolation of useful variants in well-adapted high yielding genotypes with better disease resistance and stress tolerance capacities [3]. Certain type of callus cultures give rise to clones that have inheritable characteristics different from those of parent plants due to the possibility of occurrence of somaclonal variability [4], which leads to the development of commercially important improved varieties. Commercial production of plants through micropropagation techniques has several advantages over the traditional methods of propagation through seed, cutting, grafting and air-layering etc. It is rapid propagation processes that can lead to the production of plants virus free [5]. Coryodalisyanhusuo, an important medicinal plant was propagated by somatic embryogenesis from tuber-derived callus to produce disease free tubers [6]. Meristem tip culture of banana plants devoid from banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) and brome mosaic virus (BMV) were produced [7]. Higher yields have been obtained by culturing pathogen free germplasmin vitro. Increase in yield up to 150% of virus-free potatoes was obtained in controlled conditions [8]. The main objective of writing this chapter is to describe the tissue culture techniques, various developments, present and future trends and its application in various fields.

PLANT TISSUE CULTURE AND ITS ASPECT IN ECONOMY

# data[].attributes.headline
With a suitable plant as example, explain how bioreactor system in plant tissue culture could enhance the agricultural sector's revenue.

# data[].attributes.subject
With a suitable plant as example, explain how bioreactor system in plant tissue culture could enhance the agricultural sector's revenue.

# data[].attributes.body
Syafiqah Mazlan - S25326

A bioreactor may refer to any manufactured or engineered device or system that supports a biologically active environment. It is used in many fields including in the tissue culture field, it gives more positive impact toward this field. In my opinion, this technology should be used in tissue culture field. It is because it can help in maintaining all needed by the culture then lead to increasing the production of culture. The bioreactor allows culture to grow for a definite period under controlled conditions. Many problems are facing while cultured the culture, so in order to overcome these problems, many attempts for establishing large-scale production of propagates with simple production facilities and techniques have been made including robotics, photoautotrophic cultures, bioreactor techniques, etc. Bioreactor technique seems to be the most promising technique among them in reducing the labor, and providing low production cost, which will be sufficient for establishing a practical system for in vitro mass propagation and commercialization of plants. A bioreactor may be referred to as any manufactured or engineered device that supports a biologically active environment. For example, using banana (Musa sp), bioreactor system can help to produced a multiple of plantlet to meet the market demand.

# data[].attributes.body
In my opinion, bioreactor in tissue culture has several advantages. Bioreactors are a tool used in tissue engineering to mature and guide the development of tissue engineered constructs. Besides that, it also in vitro culture systems that have been designed to alter the following basic physiological phenomena such as mechanical properties, and function. Furthermore, it also comes with a constant supply of the nutrients that plants needed, control the temperature and also pH, and last but not least the essential elements in for plant needed which is oxygen supply. By using this bioreactor technology, it can save time, money, energy and also labor costs as it will enhanced the growth performance of the plant thus increase the quality of the plants. The potential complication can be overcome by times as the modification and upgrading of the bioreactor design is made. The example of the plant is Nicotiana tabacum.

# data[].attributes.headline
Bioreactor system in plant tissue culture could enhance the agricultural sector's revenue 

# data[].attributes.subject
Bioreactor system in plant tissue culture could enhance the agricultural sector's revenue 

# data[].attributes.body
EMILIA FARINA (S25331)
A bioreactor us a vessel in which a chemical process is carried out whit involves organisms or biochemically active substances derived from such organisms. Plant cell is often found in groups which can alter in size during the cell growth. Degree of aggregate formation is influenced by the degree of mixing. The function of the bioreactor is to provide a suitable environment in which an organism can efficiently produce a target product. Plant bioreactors refer to the use of transgenic plants and cell cultures of plants to make unlimited quantities of commercially important substances like recombinants proteins including antibodies and vaccines using biotechnology oriented techniques. Using genetic engineering, cereal plants, fruit plants, legumes and vegetables plants have the capacity to become low cost bioreactors to make molecules that in the normal scheme of things would not have been available from plants. The large size, rigid cellulose based cell wall and large vacuole make the plant sensitive to shear stress. Therefore, reactors with high shear stress must be avoided. Then, the aeration-agitation type of bioreactors is widely used in small scale experiments. However, when the culture volume is increased, many problems arise in scale up, such as increasing mechanical stressed by impeller agitation and increasing foaming and adhesion of cells on the inner surface of the bioreactors. Furthermore, these bioreactors are mostly used in suspension culture for large scale production of secondary metabolites. They are used in biotransformation of compound. It also more successful biomass production than the use of plant as bio factories. The advantages of bioreactors are faster than transgenic plants and easy storage for ling time. The disadvantages are the difference in codons of prokaryotes and plants can lead to inefficient expression  and different polysaccharides may be attached to proteins and some plants may contain allergic compounds. The examples plant of bioreactor Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) from  nodal explant

# data[].attributes.headline
With a suitable plant as example, explain how bioreactor system in plant tissue culture could enhance the agricultural sector's revenue.

# data[].attributes.subject
With a suitable plant as example, explain how bioreactor system in plant tissue culture could enhance the agricultural sector's revenue.

# data[].attributes.body
Siti nurain (S25333)

Bioreactor is a device or vessels which are designed to obtain an effective environment for conservation of one material into some product by appropriate biochemical reactions. Thr conservation is carried out by enzymes, microorganisms, cell of animals and plants or sub cellular structures such as chloroplasts and mitochondria. Plants can be used as cheap chemical factories that require water, minerals, sun light and carbon dioxide to produce thousands of chemical molecules with different structure. It also can be used in plant tissue culture. The types of cell cultures is continuous culture, batch culture and immobilized cell lines. The bioreactor that can used in plant cultures is mechanically agitated bioreactors, pneumatically driven bioreactors, hydro dynamically driven disposal bioreactors and non-agitated bioreactor. The disposal bioreactor represent modern alternatives to such traditional cultivation system.  These bioreactor consists of a sterile plastic chamber that is partially filled with media (10% to 55%), inoculated with cell and discarded after harvest. The single use chamber eliminating any need for cleaning or sterilization is made of FDA-approval biocompatible plastic. The disposal bioreactor are low cost, simple to operate and guarantee high process security. The advantages is bioreactor mostly used in suspension cultures for large scale production of secondary metabolites, used in biotransformation of compounds, reduces labour, and successful biomass production than use of plants as bio factories. The disadvantages is instability of the productive cell lines, slowness of the cell growth and production phase and limited knowledge about the secondary metabolite pathways. The suitable plant for bioreactors for Nicotiana tabacum.

# data[].attributes.headline
Bioreactor system in plant tissue culture could enhance the agricultural sector's revenue.

# data[].attributes.subject
Bioreactor system in plant tissue culture could enhance the agricultural sector's revenue.

# data[].attributes.body
Nabilah (S23628)

# data[].attributes.headline
Bioreactor enhance tissue culture and agricultural sector revenue- Fateen Aqlima Haniem Ab Jabar (S23599)

# data[].attributes.subject
Bioreactor enhance tissue culture and agricultural sector revenue- Fateen Aqlima Haniem Ab Jabar (S23599)

# data[].attributes.body
bioreactor has the potential to improve products quality and substantially reduce the micropropagation costs. the bioreactor also can produces uniform and pathogen-free of desired end products.
as for example, Pacific yew tree Taxus brevifolia which has paclitaxel as the active ingredient were isolated from the bark of the tree. the pacific yew tree has an extremely slow growing and severely endangered its population. therefore, through Phyton Biotech, this plant was succesfully developed by using Plant Cell Fermentation (PCF®) process which using the large scale of stirred-tank  bioreactor. as a result, the usage of bioreactor had reduced the overall solvent usage by 80 – 92 % and avoids any hazardous solvents versus other commercial manufacturing processes for paclitaxel.

# data[].attributes.headline
bioreactor enhance tissue culture and agricultural sector revenue

# data[].attributes.subject
bioreactor enhance tissue culture and agricultural sector revenue

# data[].attributes.headline
Enhancing the revenue through bioreactor

# data[].attributes.subject
Enhancing the revenue through bioreactor

# data[].attributes.body
Sam Nureszuan S25332
In plant tissue culture, labour is one of the major cost . By using bioreactor , this problem can be solved where mostly the tissue culture plants were controlled by the computer. Even though the investment is quite high, then the production of specific high value plant like ornamental lily plant able to achieve faster in terms of return on investment. Other than that, bioreactor normally involve the use of liquid media. So, the cost of gelling agent which commonly the major cost in media preparation can be reduced. Since the use of bioreactor might result in higher and faster multiplication rate, then these is become profitable to the producer where they are able to produce high capacity of tissue culture plant in shorter period of time.

.

# data[].attributes.headline
Title: Economical aspect in plant tissue culture

# data[].attributes.subject
Title: Economical aspect in plant tissue culture

# data[].attributes.body
Nur Zahirah (S25321)

# data[].attributes.headline
Enhancing the Agricultural Sector's Revenue

# data[].attributes.subject
Enhancing the Agricultural Sector's Revenue

# data[].attributes.body
Maisarah Matali (181690)