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Jessica Lopez, Skye Campbell, Ciani McCullough, and Megan Cuvanov 

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Jessica Lopez, Skye Campbell, Ciani McCullough, and Megan Cuvanov 

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Georgia Milne, Jess Viegas, Brenda Rojas, and Kerry Mendes

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Georgia Milne, Jess Viegas, Brenda Rojas, and Kerry Mendes

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Melissa Fontana, Christina Grasso, Emily Olsen, Emma Carney 

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Melissa Fontana, Christina Grasso, Emily Olsen, Emma Carney 

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Carlee Lang, Kristin Sheehan, Brandon Frei, Collin Ansbach

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Carlee Lang, Kristin Sheehan, Brandon Frei, Collin Ansbach

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Jessica Harilal, Yasmin Amaro-Garcia, Angela Sparmo, Ananda Murrell

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Jessica Harilal, Yasmin Amaro-Garcia, Angela Sparmo, Ananda Murrell

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Vincent Giunta, Dylan Schreiner, Noodles Turelli, Pablo Ortega

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Native Tribes have some of the worst health conditions compared to any other minority community. The IHS, Indian Health Services, only have 50% of funding from what they actually need. With low funding they don't have enough supplies or medications that are able to help them, there for the high rates of cancer and other health issues.

Native Americans are facing high rates of different types of cancer, accidental injuries also diabetes.
Some main causes of death are heart disease, diabetes, cerebrovascular diseases, homicide, chronic low respiratory diseases, TB, sexual assult and influenza

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- Due to high levels of poverty, many Native Americans face economic barriers that prevent them from receiving treatment.
- Lack of awareness about health issues/services can prevent Native Americans from receiving the needed treatment.
- Studies show that Native American men and women who are depressed, have anxiety, or have substance abuse disorders are more likely to receive help from a spiritual leader rather than medical services.
-Transportation is also a problem that faces the Native Americ as the majority of them live in rural areas, or on reservations that may be miles away from the nearest hospital.

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Mexicans have different degrees of illness or health risks than whites.

35% less heart disease and 49% less cancer;

A lower death rate overall, but about a 50% higher death rate from diabetes;

24% more poorly controlled high blood pressure;

23% more obesity;

28% less colorectal screening

Mexicans and Puerto Ricans are about twice as likely to die from diabetes as whites.

Mexicans also are nearly twice as likely to die from chronic liver disease and cirrhosis as whites.

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-Life expectancy of Native Americans is 20 years younger than the national average. This is because IHS is underfunded and does not supply all natives.
Out of 7 million people with native roots, they only supply 1 million.
-IHS offers free inpatient and ambulatory services to natives living on or near federal reservations.
-IHS relies on medicaid to pay for part of the services. This only occurs if a Native American who has medicaid is treated at an IHS facility.

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Some Native Americans consider health as a state of harmony with nature. When disharmony exists, disease of illness occurs.
Because the traditional healer is wise in the interrelationships of land, humankind, and the universe, many Native Americans believe that the treatments they receive from medicine men and women are far better than those rendered by the dominant healthcare establishment, which often treats Native Americans with scorn or disrespect

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Jewish people believe that God chose them to be his chosen nation and that he continues to influence every aspect of their lives. Jews consider this act a divine privileges and they strive to reciprocate by setting an example of ethical behavior and holiness to the world. In large Jewish communities, you will see men walking around in unique Hasidic Jewish clothing. This includes long black garbs, black hats, and long beards. All men and boys will also have curls by their sides. Woman will be dressed in long skirts or dresses. Pants are forbidden and only their face and palms will be shown, Some may also wear wigs to cover their hair.

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The evil eye is a curse or legend from Mexican folktales believed to be cast by a malevolent glare, usually given to a person when they are unaware. Some believe that receiving the evil eye will cause misfortune or injury.

A common cure is to pass a raw egg over the child to absorb the negative energy.

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Top Ten Causes of Death

1. Cardiovascular Diseases

2. Neoplasms

3. Chronic Respiratory Diseases

4. Diabetes/Urological/Blood/ Endocrine Diseases

5. Transport Injuries

6. Neurological Disorders

7. Unintentional Injuries

8. Diarrheal Diseases

9. Cirrhosis

10. Self-harm & Violence

-In 2009-2010, measured the prevalence of latent TB infection of almost 70% among healthcare workers in a high- risk region.

-China’s estimated HIV prevalence is low (less than 0.1%), but with an estimated 825,000 people living with HIV, the country has one of the larger infected and at-risk populations in the world.

-Approximately 1.2 million tuberculosis (TB) cases in 2014 (the third highest burden after India and Indonesia)
The water resources of China are affected by both severe water quantity shortages and severe water quality pollution. An increasing population and rapid economic growth as well as lax environmental oversight have increased water demand and pollution.

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~ Prayer and Meditation is very important to Hindus
~Many Hindu patients will pray regularly in the hospital
~Some Hindu patients may wish to have religious statues close by while  in the hospital

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Treating pain with acupuncture and Chinese medicine

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~ Family members, especially elders, can have a strong influence on decision-making related to health-matters, including informed consent.

~ Hindus may wish for family members to be responsible for making treatment decisions.

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~Most Hindus have a ritual of cleanliness and prayer each morning which includes brushing the teeth immediately upon waking, followed by bathing, prayer and then eating.

~ A delay in eating to follow this ritual should not beinterpreted as a refusal to eat.

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- refer to them as Señor (male), Señora (married female), or Señorita (unmarried female)
-Health is good luck or a reward for good behavior, a gift from God
-Illness is body imbalance (hot or cold, wet or dry) or punishment
-When someone is sick, it is because they are out of balance, having either too much heat or cold. Correction of this balance is by consumption of foods or herbs of the opposite quality. Hot and cold as far as healing goes, has nothing to do with the actual physical temperature of the food and definitions of this can vary depending on the region in Mexico the individual is from. Awareness of these beliefs is important when prescribing medicine since they too are categorized as hot and cold. For example, penicillin is considered a "hot" medicine and if given for a "hot" disease such as fever it is less likely that the patient will be compliant
-Provide Spanish-language medical handouts and patient forms
-show warmth to a patient and family members and should not be strictly business

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-Ashkenazi Jews, who comprise the majority of Jews in the United States, have been identified as a group that are at a significantly greater risk for breast, ovarian, and other cancers. This is because of passing on the BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. This is because of low rates of screening, low cancer-related health knowledge, low perceived cancer risk, and poor health behaviors related to diet and exercise.
-There is also a high risk of obesity in the Orthodox community.
-The cervical screening rate for Jewish women was significantly lower than for non-Jewish women. --They have lower immunization rates as well.

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*The death rate for African Americans is generally higher than whites for heart diseases, stroke, cancer, asthma, influenza and pneumonia, diabetes, HIV/AIDS, and homicide.
*The top causes of death are heart disease and cancer.

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The preference for a particular type of food called “soul food” has resulted in various health problems for African-Americans.
Soul food typically involves fried foods and lots of fatty meats prepared with rich gravies.
They often associate these foods with social interactions so it is hard to get them to eat healthier.

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It can be hard to treat them because they are afraid of noises, people coming suddenly into rooms, and being touched.

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-Hindus may use a variety of Ayurvedic medicines, home remedies and spiritual remedies, often in conjunction with Australian medicine. It is important for health care providers to be aware of their patient’s preferences.
-Some medicines may not be suitable for Hindu patients because they are derived from cows, pigs or other animals.

The Queensland Health Guideline on Medicines/ Pharmaceutical Products of Animal Origin states that health care providers should inform patients about
the origins of their proposed medication if it is derived from animals and no suitable synthetic alternative exists.

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The Chinese government provides medical coverage for nearly all of its citizens.
About 95% of China's population has at least basic healthcare which covers about half of all medical bills. Under China's new "Healthy-China-2020" initiative the government requires that 70% of all medicals bills will be covered by insurance by 2019.

China has also become a major market for health-related multinational companies and has become a growing hub for health care research and development.

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Acupuncture- believed to keep the balance between Yin and Yang, thus allowing for the normal flow of energy throughout the body and restoring health to the mind and body

Cupping- a type of Chinese massage, consisting of placing several glass or plastic “cups” (open spheres) on the body.Cupping therapy supporters believe that wet cupping removes harmful substances and toxins from the body to promote healing

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How beliefs and past events may affect health care

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How beliefs and past events may affect health care

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When caring for Orthodox Jewish individuals, it is important to consider how they view life as a whole. Pikuach Nefesh, which means saving or preserving life, is a fundamental principal for Orthodox Jews when considering decisions about health care. Not only this but the catastrophic event of the Holocaust has caused this belief to be even more so important to survivors, whom then pass this idea on to their descendants.

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-extended family
-group emphasis
-fatalistic
-faith and spirituality

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-Around 82 percent of Mexicans are Catholic. Specific Christian denominations, include Presbyterians, Jehovah's Witnesses, Seventh-Day Adventists, Mormons, Lutherans, Methodists, Baptists and Anglicans. There are also small communities of Muslims, Jews and Buddhists.
-On large event in a Mexican family is the quinceañera. This is a celebration of a young lady's 15th birthday. It signifies the girl's journey from childhood to womanhood.
-Day of the Dead, or "Dia de los Muertos," A holiday that's all about remembering and celebrating the souls of ancestors and loved ones that have passed on.

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- Prayer

- Belief in miracles

- Wearing of religious medals or amulets

- Religious relics in home

- Herbs and spices

- Rituals

- “Hot” and “cold” therapy

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Native Americans may converse in a low tone of voice and may maintain long periods of silence.

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-Many Hindus are strict vegetarians, abstaining from all meat, fish and eggs. Vegetarian Hindus do consume dairy products.
-Non-vegetarian Hindus do not eat beef or pork, as cows are considered sacred and pigs are considered unclean.
-Some strict vegetarian Hindus will not eat from plates or use utensils that have previously been used to serve meat.
-Fasting is common for Hindus and can vary from complete abstinence to only avoiding certain types of foods.

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Some Chinese herbal products may be safe, but others may not be. There have been reports of products being contaminated with drugs, toxins, or heavy metals or not containing the listed ingredients.

Information on the safety of other TCM methods is limited. Reported complications of moxibustion include allergic reactions, burns, and infections, but how often these events occur is not known.

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- Hindu patients prefer to be treated by a clinician of the same gender
- Hindu patients believe in being cremated immediately after death-- no autopsies
- Hindu patients may wish to die at home; the patient's eldest son is expected to be present before, during and after death even if the son is a small child
- Family members may request that patients not be told about a terminal diagnosis directly
-A Hindu patient may wish for a priest to be present to perform certain rituals

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The primitive religions and traditions of the Native Americans was based on the culture of Animism. Animism was a commonly shared belief of the indigenous people and various Indian Tribes of North America. Animism is a religion based on the spiritual idea that the universe, and all natural objects within the universe, have souls or spirits. In this religion it is believed that souls or spirits exist not only in humans but also in animals, plants, trees, rocks etc
Dances have always been significant in the lives of Native Americans as both a common amusement and a solemn duty. Many dances played a vital role in religious rituals and other ceremonies; while others were held to guarantee the success of hunts, harvests, giving thanks, and other celebrations.
Ghost Dance- spiritual movements that came about in the late 1880s when conditions were bad on Indian reservations and Native Americans needed something to give them hope.

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Among African Americans there are high rates of obesity and cardiovascular disease. The typical soul food diet involves large amounts of meat, fat and sugar there is a large risk of health-related illnesses such as obesity, heart disease and stroke resulting from eating this type of diet.

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In addition to herbal remedies, purifying and cleansing the body is also important and many tribes used sweat lodges for this purpose. In these darkened and heated enclosures, a sick individual might be given an herbal remedy, smoke or rub themselves with sacred plants, and a healer might use healing practices to drive away angry spirits and invoke the healing powers of others.

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African-Americans are markedly more religious on a variety of measures than the U.S. population as a whole, including level of affiliation with a religion, attendance at religious services, frequency of prayer and religion’s importance in life.

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There are a lot of different tribes of Native Americans

Iroquois

Pawnee

Sioux

There are a lot of different health centers in Oklahoma. The Pawnee Center provides quality healthcare to patients including cardiology, pediatrics, diabetic counseling, wound care, and women's health, and is equipped with on-site diagnostic services including mammography, ultrasound, CT, and general x-ray.
The Cherokee possessed a variety of stone implements, including knives, axes, and chisels. They wove baskets, made pottery, and cultivated corn (maize), beans, and squash. The Cherokee name is from a Creek word meaning "people of different speech", they are also called Keetoowah.

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The sacraments are means to obtain grace:
Anointing the sick: a Roman Catholic who is seriously ill might wish to receive the sacrament of anointing the sick.
Sacrament of reconciliation (confession): Only the priest can hear.
The Eucharist (communion bread): May be bought to hospitalized clients by a priest, deacon, or designated lay Eucharistic minister.

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Blood Transfusions: Jehovah’s Witnesses believe that it is against God’s will to receive blood therefore they do not accept blood transfusions. They believe it is morally wrong and they accept death rather than accepting blood.
If blood is not involved then transplantations may be accepted. (ex: corneal transplants)
Dietary practices: They will not eat raw meat, red meat, or meat that has not been bled properly.
Holidays: They do not celebrate birthdays or holidays except for the anniversary of the death of Christ.
Lifestyle: No tobacco and other recreational drugs. They may drink alcohol but do not condone drunkness.

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Respect the Culture

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The Jewish Sabbath lasts from
sunset on Friday until sunset on
Saturday, a 24-hour period. During
this time, Orthodox Jews do not operate electric appliances, drive cars, or cook food. They cannot carry objects in public domain or write, which includes signing documents. They do not carry or handle money. For this reason, it may create barriers to providing care during this time period. This does not always apply to emergency situations because they are allowed to use a phone or a car if it is greatly needed. Should an Orthodox Jew seek medical care during Sabbath, ccording to the Academic Emergency Medicine, if a physician believes at any time that the patient’s life is in danger, he/she should warn the patient this. The doctor is actually considered the final authority concerning the necessity of suspending the laws of the Sabbath.

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Priest Anointing the Sick

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Catholic Sacraments: Anointing of the Sick