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Vygotsky

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(like the processability theory)

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Lado

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BF Skinner

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processing capacity/attention needed to understand what the learner hears

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based on the similarity of native lang. and L2 (learners transfer features from L1)

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learning language & culture at the same time

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learning language & culture at the same time

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common when fully immersed

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learners need to close the gap between what they can say and what they want to say

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predictable order of language & grammar understood

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predictable order of language & grammar understood

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learners notice their errors by hearing them from others

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learners understand 1 level higher than what they can express (to extend)

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won't notice until there's something that is Definitely Different from what they know

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needs need to be met for optimal learning

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needs need to be met for optimal learning

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classroom environment, peers, anxiety, culture, etc.

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conversation with a higher-level speaker

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conversation with a higher-level speaker

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get corrective feedback from speaker or modified speech (so the learner will understand)

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declarative knowledge > procedural knowledge

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declarative knowledge > procedural knowledge

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knowing "what it is" > not needing to pay attention to the action & focusing on how it's done

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Ochs & Schieffelin

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Swain

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Pienemann

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Van Patten

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Schmidt

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Long

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Dekeyser