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Density is commonly expressed in units of grams per cubic centimetre. For example, the density of water is 1 gram per cubic centimetre, and Earth’s density is 5.51 grams per cubic centimetre. Density can also be expressed as kilograms per cubic metre (in MKS or SI units).

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volume is the size of a solid. Formulas for area and volume are based on lengths. For example, the area of a circle equals π times the square of the length of its radius, and the volume of a rectangular box is the product of its three linear dimensions: length, width, and height.

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The greater the mass of a body, the smaller the change produced by an applied force. By international agreement the standard unit of mass, with which the masses of all other objects are compared, is a platinum-iridium cylinder of one kilogram.

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The melting temperature of crystalline solids is a characteristic figure and is used to identify pure compounds and elements. Most mixtures and amorphous solids melt over a range of temperatures.

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For measuring the hardness of a mineral, several common objects that can be used for scratching are helpful, such as a fingernail, a copper coin, a steel pocketknife, glass plate or window glass, the steel of a needle, and a streak plate (an unglazed black or white porcelain surface).

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It is measured in terms of the maximum amount of solute dissolved in a solvent at equilibrium.

The resulting solution is called a saturated solution.

Certain substances are soluble in all proportions with a given solvent, such as ethanol in water.

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DEFINITION.

The density of a substance is the relationship between the mass of the substance and how much space it takes up (volume). The mass of atoms, their size, and how they are arranged determine the density of a substance. Density equals the mass of the substance divided by its volume; D = m/v.

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DEFINITION.

Volume measures size in three dimensions just as length measures size in one dimension and area measures size in two dimensions.

The volume of any cuboid can be calculated by multiplying its length x width x height:

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DEFINITION.

Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object. Mass is usually measured in grams (g) or kilograms (kg).

Mass measures the quantity of matter regardless of both its location in the universe and the gravitational force applied to it. An object's mass is constant in all circumstances; contrast this with its weight, a force that depends on gravity.

Your mass on the earth and the moon are identical. Your weight on the moon is about one-sixth of your weight on the earth.

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DEFINITION.

The melting point (or, rarely, liquefaction point) of a substance is the temperature at which it changes state from solid to liquid. At the melting point the solid and liquid phase exist in equilibrium.

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​​DEFINITION.

Hardness is the resistance of a material to deformation of an indenter of specific size and shape under a known load. This definition applies to all types of hardness scales except Mohs scale, which is a based on the concept of scratch hardness and is used chiefly for minerals.

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DEFINITION.

Solubility is the property of a solid, liquid or gaseous chemical substance called solute to dissolve in a solid, liquid or gaseous solvent. The solubility of a substance fundamentally depends on the physical and chemical properties of the solute and solvent as well as on temperature, pressure and presence of other chemicals (including changes to the pH) of the solution. The extent of the solubility of a substance in a specific solvent is measured as the saturation concentration, where adding more solute does not increase the concentration of the solution and begins to precipitate the excess amount of solute.