# data[].attributes.body
Hi 4A

# data[].attributes.body
Henry Ford made it easier and quicker to make cars using the assembly line, by using machines,it went from 12hrs and 30 mins. to 40s. It also made space for more jobs.

# data[].attributes.body
They got there faster to transport them.

# data[].attributes.body
The Model T made it faster to get places

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Ford Model T

Manufacturer
Ford Motor Company

Production

1908-1927

Assembly

United States:[1][2]

Detroit, Michigan

Highland Park, Michigan

Dothan, Alabama

Atlanta, Georgia

Los Angeles, California

Minneapolis, Minnesota

Saint Paul, Minnesota

St. Louis, Missouri

Kansas City, Missouri

Seattle, Washington

Portland, Oregon

Omaha, Nebraska

Buffalo, New York

Long Island City, New York

Cincinnati, Ohio

Houston, Texas

Fort Worth, Texas

Des Moines, Iowa

Cambridge, Massachusetts

Chicago, Illinois

Charlotte, North Carolina

Fargo, North Dakota

Indianapolis, Indiana

Louisville, Kentucky

Memphis, Tennessee

Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Kearny, New Jersey

Oklahoma City, Oklahoma

Alexandria, Virginia

Norfolk, Virginia

Salt Lake City, Utah

Argentina: Buenos Aires

Australia: Geelong, Victoria

Brazil: São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo

Canada:

Chile: Santiago

Denmark: Copenhagen

France: Bordeaux and Asnières-sur-Seine

Germany: Berlin

Ireland: Cork

Japan: Yokohama[12]

Norway: Bergen

Spain: Cádiz and Barcelona

United Kingdom: Manchester

Designer

Childe Harold Wills, main-engineer Joseph A. Galamb and Eugene Farkas

Class
Economy car[13]

Body style

2-door touring (1909-1911)

3-door touring (1912-1925)

4-door touring (1926-27)

no door roadster (1909-1911)

1-door roadster (1912-1925)

2-door roadster (1926-27)

roadster pickup (1925-1927)

2-door coupé (1909-1912, 1917-1927)

2-door Coupelet (1915-1917)

Town car (1909-1918)

C-cab wagon (1912)

2-(center) door sedan (1915-1923)

2-door sedan (1924-1927)

4-door sedan (1923-1927)

Separate chassis were available all years from independent coachbuilders

Layout
FMR layout

Engine

177 C.I.D. (2.9 L) 20 hp I4

Transmission

2-speed planetary gear

Wheelbase

100.0 in (2,540 mm)

Length

134 in (3,404 mm)

Width

1,676 mm (66.0 in) (1912 roadster)[14]

Height

1,860 mm (73.2 in) (1912 roadster)[14]

Curb weight

1,200-1,650 lb (540-750 kg)

Predecessor

Ford Model N (1906-1908)

Successor

Ford Model A (1927-31)

The Ford Model T is an automobile that was produced by the Ford Motor Company from October 1, 1908, to May 26, 1927. It is generally regarded as the first mass-affordable automobile, which made car travel available to middle-class Americans. The relatively low price was partly the result of Ford's efficient fabrication, including assembly line production instead of individual handcrafting. It was mainly designed by three engineers, Joseph A. Galamb (the main engineer), Eugene Farkas, and Childe Harold Wills. The Model T was colloquially known as the " Tin Lizzie".

The Ford Model T was named the most influential car of the 20th century in the 1999 Car of the Century competition, ahead of the BMC Mini, Citroën DS, and Volkswagen Beetle. Ford's Model T was successful not only because it provided inexpensive transportation on a massive scale, but also because the car signified innovation for the rising middle class and became a powerful symbol of the United States' age of modernization. With over 15 million sold, it was the most sold car in history before being surpassed by the Volkswagen Beetle in 1972.

Although automobiles had been produced from the 1880s, until the Model T was introduced in 1908, they were mostly scarce, expensive, and often unreliable. Positioned as reliable, easily maintained, mass-market transportation, the Model T was a great success. In a matter of days after the release, 15,000 orders had been placed. The first production Model T was built on August 12, 1908, and left the factory on September 27, 1908, at the Ford Piquette Avenue Plant in Detroit, Michigan. On May 26, 1927, Henry Ford watched the 15 millionth Model T Ford roll off the assembly line at his factory in Highland Park, Michigan.

Henry Ford conceived a series of cars between the founding of the company in 1903 and the introduction of the Model T. Ford named his first car the Model A and proceeded through the alphabet up through the Model T, twenty models in all. Not all the models went into production. The production model immediately before the Model T was the Model S, an upgraded version of the company's largest success to that point, the Model N. The follow-up to the Model T was another Ford Model A, rather than the "Model U". The company publicity said this was because the new car was such a departure from the old that Ford wanted to start all over again with the letter A.

The Model T was Ford's first automobile mass-produced on moving assembly lines with completely interchangeable parts, marketed to the middle class. Henry Ford said of the vehicle.

I will build a motor car for the great multitude. It will be large enough for the family, but small enough for the individual to run and care for. It will be constructed of the best materials, by the best men to be hired, after the simplest designs that modern engineering can devise. But it will be so low in price that no man making a good salary will be unable to own one - and enjoy with his family the blessing of hours of pleasure in God's great open spaces.

Although credit for the development of the assembly line belongs to Ransom E. Olds, with the first mass-produced automobile, the Oldsmobile Curved Dash, having begun in 1901, the tremendous advances in the efficiency of the system over the life of the Model T can be credited almost entirely to Ford and his engineers.

The Model T was designed by Childe Harold Wills, and Hungarian immigrants Joseph A. Galamb (main engineer) and Eugene Farkas. Henry Love, C. J. Smith, Gus Degner and Peter E. Martin were also part of the team, as were Galamb's fellow Hungarian immigrants Gyula Hartenberger and Károly Balogh. Production of the Model T began in the third quarter of 1908. Collectors today sometimes classify Model Ts by build years and refer to these as " model years", thus labeling the first Model Ts as 1909 models. This is a retroactive classification scheme; the concept of model years as understood today did not exist at the time. Even though design revisions occurred during the car's two decades of production, the company gave no particular name to any of the revised designs; all of them were called simply "Model T".

The Model T has a front-mounted 177-cubic-inch (2.9 L) inline four-cylinder engine, producing 20 hp (15 kW), for a top speed of 42 mph (68 km/h). According to Ford Motor Company, the Model T had fuel economy on the order of 13-21 mpg ‑US (16-25 mpg ‑imp; 18-11 L/100 km). The engine was capable of running on gasoline, kerosene, or ethanol, although the decreasing cost of gasoline and the later introduction of Prohibition made ethanol an impractical fuel for most users. The engines of the first 2,447 units were cooled with water pumps; the engines of unit 2,448 and onward, with a few exceptions prior to around unit 2,500, were cooled by thermosiphon action.

The ignition system used in the Model T was an unusual one, with a low-voltage magneto incorporated in the flywheel, supplying alternating current to trembler coils to drive the spark plugs. This was closer to that used for stationary gas engines than the expensive high-voltage ignition magnetos that were used on some other cars. This ignition also made the Model T more flexible as to the quality or type of fuel it used. The system did not need a starting battery, since proper hand-cranking would generate enough current for starting. Electric lighting powered by the magneto was adopted in 1915, replacing acetylene gas flame lamp and oil lamps, but electric starting was not offered until 1919.

View of the driver's controls, 1920 ModelT

The Model T engine was produced for replacement needs as well as stationary and marine applications until 1941, well after production of the Model T had ended.

The Fordson Model F tractor engine, that was designed about a decade later, was very similar to, but larger than, the Model T engine.

The three pedal controls clutch, brake, reverse of the ModelT

The Model T is a rear-wheel drive vehicle. Its transmission is a planetary gear type known (at the time) as "three speed". In today's terms it is considered a two-speed, because one of the three speeds is reverse.

The Model T's transmission is controlled with three floor-mounted pedals, a revolutionary feature for its time, and a lever mounted to the road side of the driver's seat. The throttle is controlled with a lever on the steering wheel. The left-hand pedal is used to engage the transmission. With the floor lever in either the mid position or fully forward and the pedal pressed and held forward, the car enters low gear. When held in an intermediate position, the car is in neutral. If the left pedal is released, the Model T enters high gear, but only when the lever is fully forward - in any other position, the pedal only moves up as far as the central neutral position. This allows the car to be held in neutral while the driver cranks the engine by hand. The car can thus cruise without the driver having to press any of the pedals.

In the first 800 units, reverse is engaged with a lever; all units after that use the central pedal, which is used to engage reverse gear when the car is in neutral. The right-hand pedal operates the transmission brake - there are no brakes on the wheels. The floor lever also controls the parking brake, which is activated by pulling the lever all the way back. This doubles as an emergency brake.

Although it was uncommon, the drive bands could fall out of adjustment, allowing the car to creep, particularly when cold, adding another hazard to attempting to start the car: a person cranking the engine could be forced backward while still holding the crank as the car crept forward, although it was nominally in neutral. As the car utilizes a wet clutch, this condition could also occur in cold weather, when the thickened oil prevents the clutch discs from slipping freely. Power reaches the differential through a single universal joint attached to a torque tube which drives the rear axle; some models (typically trucks, but available for cars, as well) could be equipped with an optional two-speed rear Ruckstell axle, shifted by a floor-mounted lever which provides an underdrive gear for easier hill climbing.

Chassis / frame

This section needs expansion with: discussion of the standard model T frame design, working, and production. You can help by adding to it.

The heavy-duty truck chassis came with a special worm gear rear differential with lower gearing than the normal car and truck, giving more pulling power but a lower top speed (the frame is also stronger; the cab and engine are the same). A Model TT is easily identifiable by the cylindrical housing for the worm-drive over the axle differential. All gears are vanadium steel running in an oil bath.

Transmission bands and linings

Two main types of band lining material were used:

Cotton - Cotton woven linings were the original type fitted and specified by Ford. Generally, the cotton lining is "kinder" to the drum surface, with damage to the drum caused only by the retaining rivets scoring the drum surface. Although this in itself did not pose a problem, a dragging band resulting from improper adjustment caused overheating of the transmission and engine, diminished power, and - in the case of cotton linings - rapid destruction of the band lining.

Wood - Wooden linings were originally offered as a "longer life" accessory part during the life of the Model T. They were a single piece of steam-bent wood and metal wire, fitted to the normal Model T transmission band. These bands give a very different feel to the pedals, with much more of a "bite" feel. The sensation is of a definite "grip" of the drum and seemed to noticeably increase the feel, in particular of the brake drum.

Aftermarket transmissions and drives

During the Model T's production run, particularly after 1916, more than 30 manufacturers offered auxiliary transmissions or drives to substitute for, or enhance, the Model T's drivetrain gears. Some offered overdrive for greater speed and efficiency, while others offered underdrives for more torque (often incorrectly described as "power") to enable hauling or pulling greater loads. Among the most noted were the Ruckstell two-speed rear axle, and transmissions by Muncie, Warford, and Jumbo.

Aftermarket transmissions generally fit one of four categories:

Replacement transmission - usually a sliding gear/selective transmission, intended as a direct replacement for Ford's planetary-gear transmission.

Front-mounted auxiliary transmission - designed to fit between the engine and Ford's transmission, to add additional gear ratios.

Rear-mounted auxiliary transmission - mounted at the rear axle housing, and attached between it and the driveshaft, to add additional gear ratios.

Multi-speed axle - designed to fit inside the differential's housing, to add additional gear ratios.

Murray Fahnestock, a Ford expert in the era of the Model T, particularly advised the use of auxiliary transmissions for the enclosed Model T's, such as the Ford Sedan and Coupelet, for three reasons: their greater weight put more strain on the drivetrain and engine, which auxiliary transmissions could smooth out; their bodies acted as sounding boards, echoing engine noise and vibration at higher engine speeds, which could be lessened with intermediate gears; and owners of the enclosed cars spent more to buy them, and thus likely had more money with which to enhance them.

He also noted that auxiliary transmissions were valuable for Ford Ton-Trucks in commercial use, allowing for driving speeds to vary with their widely variable loads - particularly when returning empty - possibly saving as much as 50% of returning drive time.

Model T suspension employed a transversely mounted semi-elliptical spring for each of the front and rear beam axles, which allowed a great deal of wheel movement to cope with the dirt roads of the time.

The front axle was drop forged as a single piece of vanadium steel. Ford twisted many axles through eight full rotations (2880 degrees) and sent them to dealers to be put on display to demonstrate its superiority.

The Model T did not have a modern service brake. The right foot pedal applied a band around a drum in the transmission, thus stopping the rear wheels from turning. The previously mentioned parking brake lever operated band brakes acting on the inside of the rear brake drums, which were an integral part of the rear wheel hubs. Optional brakes that acted on the outside of the brake drums were available from aftermarket suppliers.

Wheels were wooden artillery wheels, with steel welded-spoke wheels available in 1926 and 1927.

Tires were pneumatic clincher type, 30 in (762 mm) in diameter, 3.5 in (89 mm) wide in the rear, 3 in (76 mm) in the front. Clinchers needed much higher pressure than today's tires, typically 60 psi (410 kPa), to prevent them from leaving the rim at speed. Flat tires were a common problem.

Balloon tires became available in 1925. They were 21 in × 4.5 in (530 mm × 110 mm) all around. Balloon tires were closer in design to today's tires, with steel wires reinforcing the tire bead, making lower pressure possible - typically 35 psi (240 kPa) - giving a softer ride. The steering gear ratio was changed from 4:1 to 5:1 with the introduction of balloon tires. The old nomenclature for tire size changed from measuring the outer diameter to measuring the rim diameter so 21 in (530 mm) (rim diameter) × 4.5 in (110 mm) (tire width) wheels has about the same outer diameter as 30 in (760 mm) clincher tires. All tires in this time period used an inner tube to hold the pressurized air; tubeless tires were not generally in use until much later.

Wheelbase is 100 in (254 cm) and standard track width was 56 in (142 cm) - 60 in (152 cm) track could be obtained on special order, "for Southern roads", identical to the pre-Civil War track gauge for many railroads in the former Confederacy. The standard 56-inch track being very near the 4 ft in (143.5 cm) inch standard railroad track gauge, meant that Model Ts could be and frequently were, fitted with flanged wheels and used as motorized railway vehicles or "speeders". The availability of a 60 in (152 cm) version meant the same could be done on the few remaining Southern 5 ft (152 cm) railways - these being the only nonstandard lines remaining, except for a few narrow-gauge lines of various sizes. Although a Model T could be adapted to run on track as narrow as 2 ft (61 cm) gauge (Wiscasset, Waterville and Farmington RR, Maine has one), this was a more complex alteration.

By 1918, half of all the cars in the U.S. were Model Ts. In his autobiography, Ford reported that in 1909 he told his management team, "Any customer can have a car painted any color that he wants so long as it is black."

However, in the first years of production from 1908 to 1913, the Model T was not available in black, but rather only in gray, green, blue, and red. Green was available for the touring cars, town cars, coupes, and Landaulets. Gray was available for the town cars only and red only for the touring cars. By 1912, all cars were being painted midnight blue with black fenders. Only in 1914 was the "any color so long as it is black" policy finally implemented.

It is often stated Ford suggested the use of black from 1914 to 1925 due to the low cost, durability, and faster drying time of black paint in that era. There is no evidence that black dried any faster than any other dark varnishes used at the time for painting, but carbon black pigment was indeed one of the cheapest (if not the cheapest) available, and dark color of gilsonite, a form of bitumen making cheap metal paints of the time durable, limited the (final) color options to dark shades of maroon, blue, green or black. At that period Ford used two similar types of the so-called Japan black paint, one as a basic coat applied directly to the metal and another as a final finish.

Paint choices in the American automotive industry, as well as in others (including locomotives, furniture, bicycles, and the rapidly expanding field of electrical appliances), were shaped by the development of the chemical industry. These included the disruption of dye sources during World War I and the advent, by the mid-1920s, of new nitrocellulose lacquers that were faster-drying and more scratch-resistant and obviated the need for multiple coats. Understanding the choice of paints for the Model T era and the years immediately following requires an understanding of the contemporaneous chemical industry.

During the lifetime production of the Model T, over 30 types of black paint were used on various parts of the car. These were formulated to satisfy the different means of applying the paint to the various parts, and had distinct drying times, depending on the part, paint, and method of drying.

Although Ford classified the Model T with a single letter designation throughout its entire life and made no distinction by model years, enough significant changes to the body were made over the production life that the car may be classified into several style generations. The most immediately visible and identifiable changes were in the hood and cowl areas, although many other modifications were made to the vehicle.

1909-1914 - Characterized by a nearly straight, five-sided hood, with a flat top containing a center hinge and two side sloping sections containing the folding hinges. The firewall is flat from the windshield down with no distinct cowl. For these years, acetylene gas flame headlights were used because the flame is resistant to wind and rain. Thick concave mirrors combined with magnifying lenses projected the acetylene flame light. The fuel tank is placed under the front seat.

1915-1916 - The hood design is nearly the same five-sided design with the only obvious change being the addition of louvers to the vertical sides. A significant change to the cowl area occurred with the windshield relocated significantly behind the firewall and joined with a compound-contoured cowl panel. In these years electric headlights replaced carbide headlights.

1917-1923 - The hood design was changed to a tapered design with a curved top. The folding hinges were now located at the joint between the flat sides and the curved top. This is sometimes referred to as the "low hood" to distinguish it from the later hoods. The back edge of the hood now met the front edge of the cowl panel so that no part of the flat firewall was visible outside of the hood. This design was used the longest and during the highest production years, accounting for about half of the total number of Model Ts built.

1923-1925 - This change was made during the 1923 calendar year, so models built earlier in the year have the older design, while later vehicles have the newer design. The taper of the hood was increased and the rear section at the firewall is about an inch taller and several inches wider than the previous design. While this is a relatively minor change, the parts between the third and fourth generations are not interchangeable.

1926-1927 - This design change made the greatest difference in the appearance of the car. The hood was again enlarged, with the cowl panel no longer a compound curve and blended much more with the line of the hood. The distance between the firewall and the windshield was also increased significantly. This style is sometimes referred to as the "high hood".

The styling on the last "generation" was a preview for the following Model A, but the two models are visually quite different, as the body on the A is much wider and has curved doors as opposed to the flat doors on the T.

When the Model T was designed and introduced, the infrastructure of the world was quite different from today's. Pavement was a rarity except for sidewalks and a few big-city streets. (The meaning of the term "pavement" as opposed to "sidewalk" comes from that era, when streets and roads were generally dirt and sidewalks were a paved way to walk along them.) Agriculture was the occupation of many people. Power tools were scarce outside factories, as were power sources for them; electrification, like pavement, was found usually only in larger towns. Rural electrification and motorized mechanization were embryonic in some regions and nonexistent in most. Henry Ford oversaw the requirements and design of the Model T based on contemporary realities. Consequently, the Model T was (intentionally) almost as much a tractor and portable engine as it was an automobile. It has always been well regarded for its all-terrain abilities and ruggedness. It could travel a rocky, muddy farm lane, cross a shallow stream, climb a steep hill, and be parked on the other side to have one of its wheels removed and a pulley fastened to the hub for a flat belt to drive a bucksaw, thresher, silo blower, conveyor for filling corn cribs or haylofts, baler, water pump, electrical generator, and many other applications. One unique application of the Model T was shown in the October 1922 issue of Fordson Farmer magazine. It showed a minister who had transformed his Model T into a mobile church, complete with small organ.

During this era, entire automobiles (including thousands of Model Ts) were hacked apart by their owners and reconfigured into custom machinery permanently dedicated to a purpose, such as homemade tractors and ice saws. Dozens of aftermarket companies sold prefab kits to facilitate the T's conversion from car to tractor. The Model T had been around for a decade before the Fordson tractor became available (1917-18), and many Ts had been converted for field use. (For example, Harry Ferguson, later famous for his hitches and tractors, worked on Eros Model T tractor conversions before he worked with Fordsons and others.) During the next decade, Model T tractor conversion kits were harder to sell, as the Fordson and then the Farmall (1924), as well as other light and affordable tractors, served the farm market. But during the Depression (1930s), Model T tractor conversion kits had a resurgence, because by then used Model Ts and junkyard parts for them were plentiful and cheap.

Like many popular car engines of the era, the Model T engine was also used on home-built aircraft (such as the Pietenpol Sky Scout) and motorboats.

An armored-car variant (called the " FT-B") was developed in Poland in 1920 due to the high demand during the Polish-Soviet war in 1920.

Many Model Ts were converted into vehicles that could travel across heavy snows with kits on the rear wheels (sometimes with an extra pair of rear-mounted wheels and two sets of continuous track to mount on the now-tandemed rear wheels, essentially making it a half-track) and skis replacing the front wheels. They were popular for rural mail delivery for a time. The common name for these conversions of cars and small trucks was "snowflyers". These vehicles were extremely popular in the northern reaches of Canada, where factories were set up to produce them.

A number of companies built Model T-based railcars. In The Great Railway Bazaar, Paul Theroux mentions a rail journey in India on such a railcar. The New Zealand Railways Department's RM class included a few.

The American LaFrance company modified more than 900 Model Ts for use in firefighting, adding tanks, hoses, tools and a bell. Model T fire engines were in service in North America, Europe, and Australia. A 1919 Model T equipped to fight chemical fires has been restored and is on display at the North Charleston Fire Museum in South Carolina.

The knowledge and skills needed by a factory worker were reduced to 84 areas. When introduced, the T used the building methods typical at the time, assembly by hand, and production was small. The Ford Piquette Avenue Plant could not keep up with demand for the Model T, and only 11 cars were built there during the first full month of production. More and more machines were used to reduce the complexity within the 84 defined areas. In 1910, after assembling nearly 12,000 Model Ts, Henry Ford moved the company to the new Highland Park complex. During this time the Model T production system ( including the supply chain) transitioned into an iconic example of assembly-line production. In subsequent decades it would also come to be viewed as the classic example of the rigid, first-generation version of assembly line production, as opposed to flexible mass production of higher quality products.

As a result, Ford's cars came off the line in three-minute intervals, much faster than previous methods, reducing production time from hours before to 93 minutes by 1914, while using less manpower. In 1914, Ford produced more cars than all other automakers combined. The Model T was a great commercial success, and by the time Ford made its 10 millionth car, half of all cars in the world were Fords. It was so successful Ford did not purchase any advertising between 1917 and 1923; instead, the Model T became so famous, people considered it a norm. More than 15 million Model Ts were manufactured in all, reaching a rate of 9,000 to 10,000 cars a day in 1925, or 2 million annually, more than any other model of its day, at a price of just $260 ($4,339 today). Total Model T production was finally surpassed by the Volkswagen Beetle on February 17, 1972, while the Ford F-Series (itself directly descended from the Model T roadster pickup) has surpassed the Model T as Ford's all-time best-selling model.

Henry Ford's ideological approach to Model T design was one of getting it right and then keeping it the same; he believed the Model T was all the car a person would, or could, ever need. As other companies offered comfort and styling advantages, at competitive prices, the Model T lost market share and became barely profitable. Design changes were not as few as the public perceived, but the idea of an unchanging model was kept intact. Eventually, on May 26, 1927, Ford Motor Company ceased US production and began the changeovers required to produce the Model A. Some of the other Model T factories in the world continued for a short while, with the final Model T produced at the Cork, Ireland plant in December 1928.

Model T engines continued to be produced until August 4, 1941. Almost 170,000 were built after car production stopped, as replacement engines were required to service the many existing vehicles. Racers and enthusiasts, forerunners of modern hot rodders, used the Model Ts' blocks to build popular and cheap racing engines, including Cragar, Navarro, and, famously, the Frontenacs ("Fronty Fords") of the Chevrolet brothers, among many others.

The Model T employed some advanced technology, for example, its use of vanadium steel alloy. Its durability was phenomenal, and some Model Ts and their parts are in running order over a century later. Although Henry Ford resisted some kinds of change, he always championed the advancement of materials engineering, and often mechanical engineering and industrial engineering.

In 2002, Ford built a final batch of six Model Ts as part of their 2003 centenary celebrations. These cars were assembled from remaining new components and other parts produced from the original drawings. The last of the six was used for publicity purposes in the UK.[citation needed ]

Although Ford no longer manufactures parts for the Model T, many parts are still manufactured through private companies as replicas to service the thousands of Model Ts still in operation today.

On May 26, 1927, Henry Ford and his son Edsel drove the 15-millionth Model T out of the factory. This marked the famous automobile's official last day of production at the main factory.

1919 Ford ModelT Phoenix Police cruiser

The moving assembly line system, which started on October 7, 1913, allowed Ford to reduce the price of his cars. As he continued to fine-tune the system, Ford was able to keep reducing costs significantly. As volume increased, he was able to also lower the prices due to some of the fixed costs being spread over a larger number of vehicles as large supply chain investments increased assets per vehicle. Other factors reduced the price such as material costs and design changes. As Ford had market dominance in North America during the 1910s, other competitors reduced their prices to stay competitive, while offering features that were not available on the ModelT such as a wide choice of colors, body styles and interior appearance and choices, and competitors also benefited from the reduced costs of raw materials and infrastructure benefits to supply chain and ancillary manufacturing businesses.

In 1909, the cost of the Runabout started at $825 (equivalent to $26,870 in 2022). By 1925 it had been lowered to $260 (equivalent to $4,340 in 2022).

The figures below are US production numbers compiled by R. E. Houston, Ford Production Department, August 3, 1927. The figures between 1909 and 1920 are for Ford's fiscal year. From 1909 to 1913, the fiscal year was from October 1 to September 30 the following calendar year with the year number being the year in which it ended. For the 1914 fiscal year, the year was October 1, 1913, through July 31, 1914. Starting in August 1914, and through the end of the ModelT era, the fiscal year was August 1 through July 31. Beginning with January 1920, the figures are for the calendar year.

The above tally includes a total of 14,689,525 vehicles. Ford said the last ModelT was the 15 millionth vehicle produced.

Henry Ford used wood scraps from the production of Model Ts to make charcoal briquettes. Originally named Ford Charcoal, the name was changed to Kingsford Charcoal after the Iron Mountain Ford Plant closed in 1951 and the Kingsford Chemical Company was formed and continued the wood distillation process. E. G. Kingsford, Ford's cousin by marriage, brokered the selection of the new sawmill and wood distillation plant site. Lumber for production of the Model T came from the same location, built-in 1920 called the Iron Mountain Ford which incorporated a sawmill where lumber from Ford purchased land in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan was cut and dried. Scrap wood was distilled at the Iron Mountain plant for its wood chemicals, including methanol (wood alcohol), with the end by-product being lump charcoal. This lump charcoal was modified and pressed into briquettes and mass-marketed by Ford.

The Ford Model T was the first automobile built by various countries simultaneously, since they were being produced in Walkerville, Canada, and in Trafford Park, Greater Manchester, England, starting in 1911 and were later assembled in Germany, Argentina, France, Spain, Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Brazil, Mexico, Australia and Japan, as well as several locations throughout the US. Ford made use of the knock-down kit concept almost from the beginning of the company as freight and production costs from Detroit had Ford assembling vehicles in major metropolitan centers of the US.

The Aeroford was an English automobile manufactured in Bayswater, London, from 1920 to 1925. It was a Model T with a distinct hood and grille to make it appear to be a totally different design, what later was called badge engineering. The Aeroford sold from £288 in 1920, dropping to £168-214 by 1925. It was available as a two-seater, four-seater, or coupé.[page needed ]

Ford created a massive publicity machine in Detroit to ensure every newspaper carried stories and advertisements about the new product. Ford's network of local dealers made the car ubiquitous in virtually every city in North America. A large part of the success of Ford's Model T stems from the innovative strategy which introduced a large network of sales hubs making it easy to purchase the car. As independent dealers, the franchises grew rich and publicized not just the Ford but the very concept of automobiling; local motor clubs sprang up to help new drivers and to explore the countryside. Ford was always eager to sell to farmers, who looked on the vehicle as a commercial device to help their business. Sales skyrocketed - several years posted around 100 percent gains on the previous year.

Parisian Ford dealer Charles Montier and his brother-in-law Albert Ouriou entered a heavily modified version of the Model T (the "Montier Special") in the first three 24 Hours of Le Mans. They finished 14th in the inaugural 1923 race.

Today, four main clubs exist to support the preservation and restoration of these cars: the Model T Ford Club International, the Model T Ford Club of America and the combined clubs of Australia. With many chapters of clubs around the world, the Model T Ford Club of Victoria has a membership with a considerable number of uniquely Australian cars. (Australia produced its own car bodies, and therefore many differences occurred between the Australian bodied tourers and the US/Canadian cars.) In the UK, the Model T Ford Register of Great Britain celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2010. Many steel Model T parts are still manufactured today, and even fiberglass replicas of their distinctive bodies are produced, which are popular for T-bucket style hot rods (as immortalized in the Jan and Dean surf music song "Bucket T", which was later recorded by The Who).[citation needed ] In 1949, more than twenty years after the end of production, 200,000 Model Ts were registered in the United States. In 2008, it was estimated that about 50,000 to 60,000 Ford Model Ts remain roadworthy.

1. ^ Darbee, Jeff (July 2014). "City Quotient: I often smell something like vanilla cookies or cake when walking Downtown. Am I just hungry, or is that for real?". Columbus Monthly. Archived from the original on August 20, 2014.

2. "Ford Model T 1908-1927". Carsized. Switzerland. Archived from the original on August 22, 2019.

3. ^ Gordon, John Steele. "10 Moments That Made American Business". American Heritage. No. February/March 2007. Archived from the original on April 20, 2008.

4. Folkmann, Mads Nygaard (2011). "Encoding Symbolism: Immateriality and Possibility in Design". Design and Culture. 3 (1): 51-74. doi:10.2752/175470810X12863771378752. S2CID 144223359.

5. ^ "History Lesson: Hungary Celebrates the Ford Model T". India: Federation of Automobile Dealers Associations of India. February 27, 2006. Archived from the original on September 5, 2012.

6. ^ English, Andrew (July 25, 2008). "Ford Model T reaches 100". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on May 29, 2012.

7. ^ Aschman, Ted; Houston, Fred; Klehfoth, Jay (March 1991), "I Didn't Know That!: Auxiliary Model T Transmissions" (PDF), Vintage Ford, Model T Ford Club of America

8. ^ Casey, Robert (2008). The Model T: A Centennial History. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 67. ISBN 9780801888502.

9. ^ "Model T Ford Forum: Forum 2011: Old Photo - Model T Rail Car". Model T Ford Club of America. 2011.

10. ^ Abernathy, William J.; Wayne, Kenneth (September 1, 1974). "Limits of the Learning Curve". Harvard Business Review. Ford's objective was to reduce the price of the automobile and thereby increase volume and market share.
"Ford's long devotion to the experience-curve strategy made the transition to another strategy difficult and very costly" (going from reducing Model T cost to increasing Model A price) "From the time it introduced the Model A, Ford was compelled to compete on the basis of product quality and performance - a strategy in which it was not skilled"
The rate of capital investment showed substantial increases after 1913, rising from 11 cents per sales dollar that year to 22 cents by 1921. The new facilities that were built or acquired included blast furnaces, logging operations and saw mills, a railroad, weaving mills, coke ovens, a paper mill, a glass plant, and a cement plant.
In its effort to keep reducing Model T costs while wages were rising, Ford continued to invest heavily in plant, property, and equipment. These facilities even included coal mines, rubber plantations, and forestry operations (to provide wooden car parts). By 1926, nearly 33 cents in such assets backed each dollar of sales, up from 20 cents just four years earlier, thereby increasing fixed costs and raising the break-even point.

11. ^ Wagner, Michael F. (2009). Domesticeringen af Ford i Danmark [The domestication of Ford in Denmark]. Denmark: Aalborg University. p. 14. Model T production in Denmark stopped in August 1927 for factory recondition.

12. ^ "Ford executive chairman Bill Ford returns to family's ancestral home town to mark centenary of Ford in Ireland" (Press release). Ford. April 20, 2017.

13. ^ "Ford's Assembly Line Turns 100: How It Changed Manufacturing and Society". . October 7, 2013. Archived from the original on November 30, 2013.

14. ^ Cherif, Reda; Hasanov, Fuad; Pande, Aditya (May 22, 2017). "Riding the Energy Transition : Oil Beyond 2040". International Monetary Fund. p. 13. Vehicle adoption is strongly associated with the ability to offer an affordable price. The large fall in prices in the early 1900s, thanks to the economies of scale and process innovations made by Ford, is closely matched by a rise in motor vehicle registrations.

15. ^ Forstrom, Guy (Summer 2017). "The Burning History of the Charcoal Briquette". Historical Society of Michigan. 40 (2): 13-15.

16. David Culshaw & Peter Horrobin: ^ The Complete Catalogue of British Cars 1895-1975. Veloce Publishing plc. Dorchester (1999). ISBN 1-874105-93-6

Clymer, Floyd (1955). Henry's wonderful Model T, 1908-1927. New York, NY, U.S.: McGraw-Hill. LCCN 55010405.

Clymer, Floyd (1950). Treasury of Early American Automobiles, 1877-1925. New York, NY, U.S.: McGraw-Hill. LCCN 50010680.

Dutton, William S. (1942). Du Pont: One Hundred and Forty Years. Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 42011897.

Ford, Henry; Crowther, Samuel (1922), My Life and Work, Garden City, New York, USA: Garden City Publishing Company, Inc. Various republications, including ISBN 9781406500189. Original is public domain in U.S. Also available at Google Books.

Georgano, G. N. (1985). Cars: Early and Vintage, 1886-1930. London, UK: Grange-Universal.

Hounshell, David A. (1984), From the American System to Mass Production, 1800-1932: The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States, Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 978-0-8018-2975-8, LCCN 83016269, OCLC 1104810110

Kimes, Beverly Rae; Clark, Henry Austin Jr. (1989). Standard Catalog of America Cars: 1805-1942 (2nd ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 9780873411110.

Manly, Harold P. (1919). The Ford Motor Car and Truck; Fordson Tractor: Their Construction, Care and Operation. Chicago, IL, US: Frederick J. Drake & Co.

McCalley, Bruce W. (1994). Model T Ford: The Car That Changed the World. Iola, WI, U.S.: Krause Publications. ISBN 0-87341-293-1.

Ross, Irwin (November 1974). "Ford's Fabulous Flivver". Gas Engine Magazine.

Ward, Ian, ed. (1974). The World of Automobiles. Vol. 13. London, UK: Orbis.

Wik, Reynold M. (1972). Henry Ford and grass-roots America. Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-97200-5.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Ford Model T Manufacturer Ford Motor Company Production 1908-1927 Assembly United States:[1] [2] Detroit, Michigan Highland Park, Michigan Dothan, Alabama Atlanta, Georgia Los Angeles, California Minneapolis, Minnesota Saint Paul, Minnesota St.

# data[].attributes.body
Cars and boats helped move product faster.

# data[].attributes.body
Steamboats were easier and faster then flatboats defenetly

# data[].attributes.body
The industry helped make the products of companies faster so they could sell it for a lower price.

# data[].attributes.body
New machines were being made to create new products

# data[].attributes.body
Conestoga wagons were slow so it took a while to get to your destination.

# data[].attributes.body
Who is anonymous?

# data[].attributes.body
When the steamboats were created it helped the port cities have more usage. Also it helped the port cities become more popular.

# data[].attributes.body
Plains were flat so it was easier to farm because if it was Mountains the would have to make the stairs thing and plant on it

# data[].attributes.body
Their was grass growing all though out the land and farmers would pull it out creating a dust bowl

# data[].attributes.body
People had to burn poop because there were not as many trees there.

# data[].attributes.body
People loved getting free land so it was wanted by thousands, but you had to be 21 or older and be the head of  your household . Some people thought the land would be to dry for there crops so the didn’t be in this “free land” avent.

# data[].attributes.body
It was flat so the farmers could grow crops.

# data[].attributes.body
Flat lands made it easier to grow corn and wheat.

# data[].attributes.body
They had way bigger population

# data[].attributes.body
Most of the Midwest was flat so farmers could grow crops alot  easier.

# data[].attributes.body
The new machines let the companies create mass production of their goods.

# data[].attributes.body
Kyleigh people didint enjoin flat boats because it took longer to there destination.

# data[].attributes.body
Henry Ford made the ensembly line and it took them 12 hours but then it took them 2 hours and 30 minutes long

# data[].attributes.body
When steam boats came out farmers could ship their crops faster.

# data[].attributes.body
It efected people by them not having to use flatboats and have to walk all the way back and then they invented steamboats so they didn’t have to walk back

# data[].attributes.body
Henry Ford made the assembly line to mass produce Modle Ts and a lot of other stuff like machines

# data[].attributes.body
It made it faster to get places and it could fit more people.

# data[].attributes.body
People started to become attracted to the mid west because of free farmland.

# data[].attributes.body
Steam boats helped people or animals to get to there destination

# data[].attributes.body
People had machines to help them do their work better than what they use to get as the finessed project.

# data[].attributes.body
It helped the settlers transport raw materials like Iron ore,and steel across the lakes so it could get to the port city’s and the pioneers used steamboats and flatboats to do this.

# data[].attributes.body
People had machines to do their work.

# data[].attributes.body
They could get more money because it is 2 times faster

# data[].attributes.body
Since the industry in the Midwest grew, companies could sell and ship goods so People came to the Midwest and that’s how the population grew in the Midwest.

# data[].attributes.body
It helped farmers sell crops and companies grow larger than ever. It helped make shipping easier and got things to there places ,quicker.

# data[].attributes.headline
It helped people transport goods to stores for poeple.

# data[].attributes.subject
It helped people transport goods to stores for poeple.

# data[].attributes.body
Antonio
It helped by making it faster and being able to carry more goods across the country.

# data[].attributes.body
Cars and boats made transporting products faster.

# data[].attributes.body
If we had not invented a train, then we would not have the technology to make a car. So because we did invent the train, we used that technology to make a car and we would take the stuff from the first car to make a better one and so on.

# data[].attributes.body
Transportation like, the Conestoga Wagons, helped pioneers travel west. Also, transport goods.

# data[].attributes.body
The change in transportation helped to grow and develop  the Midwest Region because it made it easier for farmers to transport goods faster. It also made farmers be able to travel by boat or train back home instead of walking.

# data[].attributes.body
It was easier and faster to get around

# data[].attributes.body
Flat boats were much slower than steam boats because a human had to row them.

# data[].attributes.body
It helped transport goods faster

# data[].attributes.body
The Midwest’s landforms were flat, helping farmers -like farmer Sherbine- make and plant good crops. These crops made big money back then leading to how the population increased. Many people wanted this soft fertile land.

# data[].attributes.body
It also transporting people.

# data[].attributes.body
Kyleigh lot of people liked the homestead act because it gave people free homes at the age of 21!

# data[].attributes.body
Helped people travel quicker and transport goods quicker

# data[].attributes.body
The landforms affected the Midwest’s growth of the region by having a lot of plains for farming and farmland

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
In geography, a plain is a flat expanse of land that generally does not change much in elevation, and is primarily treeless. Plains occur as lowlands along valleys or at the base of mountains, as coastal plains, and as plateaus or uplands.

In a valley, a plain is enclosed on two sides, but in other cases a plain may be delineated by a complete or partial ring of hills, by mountains, or by cliffs. Where a geological region contains more than one plain, they may be connected by a pass (sometimes termed a gap). Coastal plains mostly rise from sea level until they run into elevated features such as mountains or plateaus.

Plains are one of the major landforms on earth, where they are present on all continents, and cover more than one-third of the world's land area. Plains can be formed from flowing lava; from deposition of sediment by water, ice, or wind; or formed by erosion by the agents from hills and mountains. Biomes on plains include grassland ( temperate or subtropical), steppe ( semi-arid), savannah ( tropical) or tundra ( polar). In a few instances, deserts and rainforests may also be considered plains.

Plains in many areas are important for agriculture because where the soils were deposited as sediments they may be deep and fertile, and the flatness facilitates mechanization of crop production; or because they support grasslands which provide good grazing for livestock.

The types of depositional plains include:

Abyssal plains, flat or very gently sloping areas of the deep ocean basin.

Planitia , the Latin word for plain, is used in the naming of plains on extraterrestrial objects (planets and moons), such as Hellas Planitia on Mars or Sedna Planitia on Venus.

Alluvial plains, which are formed by rivers and which may be one of these overlapping types:

Alluvial plains, formed over a long period of time by a river depositing sediment on their flood plains or beds, which become alluvial soil. The difference between a flood plain and an alluvial plain is: a flood plain represents areas experiencing flooding fairly regularly in the present or recently, whereas an alluvial plain includes areas where a flood plain is now and used to be, or areas which only experience flooding a few times a century.

Flood plain, adjacent to a lake, river, stream, or wetland that experiences occasional or periodic flooding.

Scroll plain, a plain through which a river meanders with a very low gradient.

Glacial plains, formed by the movement of glaciers under the force of gravity:

Outwash plain (also known as sandur; plural sandar), a glacial out-wash plain formed of sediments deposited by melt-water at the terminus of a glacier. Sandar consist mainly of stratified (layered and sorted) gravel and sand.

Till plains, plain of glacial till that form when a sheet of ice becomes detached from the main body of a glacier and melts in place depositing the sediments it carries. Till plains are composed of unsorted material (till) of all sizes.

Lacustrine plains, plains that originally formed in a lacustrine environment, that is, as the bed of a lake.

Erosional plains have been leveled by various agents of denudation such as running water, rivers, wind and glacier which wear out the rugged surface and smoothens them. Plain resulting from the action of these agents of denudation are called peneplains (almost plain) while plains formed from wind action are called pediplains.

Structural plains are relatively undisturbed horizontal surfaces of the Earth. They are structurally depressed areas of the world that make up some of the most extensive natural lowlands on the Earth's surface.

Media related to Plains at Wikimedia Commons

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
In geography, a plain is a flat expanse of land that generally does not change much in elevation, and is primarily treeless. Plains occur as lowlands along valleys or at the base of mountains, as coastal plains, and as plateaus or uplands.

# data[].attributes.body
Companies could transport goods faster and it was way easier.

# data[].attributes.body
It had the frontier and stockyard so they settles after the homestead act. The pioneers got to the midwest with the Conestoga wagons and the steamboat

# data[].attributes.body
Now Detroit was near iron ore and a steel maker so it was basically steel heaven. Now it made cars. Black ones. Only black ones. Anyway Henry Ford made the assembly line and it was revolutionary! 12 hours turned into 40 seconds! That is how lakes can effect everything!

# data[].attributes.body
There was the Great Lakes! lakes! lakes. ~lakes~ (supposed to be a echo). And then there were port citys everywhere! You don’t need a where! That’s how every it gets. Now there was this port city named Detroit ,and boy was it the motor city! Now this is getting so long so, To Be Continued...

# data[].attributes.body
It helped transport goods