# data[].attributes.body
1.) Youth use outlets such as "geeking around" as a way to shape their identity -- "The genres of participation—hanging out, messing around, and geeking out—reﬂect and are intertwined with young people’s practices, learning, and identity formation” (page 31)

2.) Youth inhabit a world where technology has become intertwined and integral to the way they interact and communicate with one another. -- “The layering of media and social interaction is part of a changing media ecology that youth inhabit, where they are in persistent touch with friends and intimates through networked communication while accessing popular and commercial media in varied settings” (page 50).

3.) Family and friends are a crucial part to the way youth access and use technology which they require to stay connected with friends.
“Family, friends, and other peers in on- and ofﬂine spaces become particularly important to facilitating access to the technology, knowledge, and social connections required to geek out.” (page 73)

The act of leisure time has become an important mode of learning for youth and teenagers that requires an entire network of resources. “Messing around is therefore a powerful modality of learning that requires a whole ecology of resources, including time and space for experimentation.” (page 65)

# data[].attributes.headline
Participatory Politics and Tech by Tyler

# data[].attributes.subject
Participatory Politics and Tech by Tyler

# data[].attributes.body
1. Youth interaction in online interest driven activities may spur political participation.These activities include gaming, online discussion, linking media, interest specific forums, etc"participatory skills, norms, and networks that develop when social media is used to socialize with friends or to engage with those who share one’s interests can and are being transferred to the political realm" (Cohen & Kahne, 2012, pg 9).

# data[].attributes.body
2. Online activity is increasing participatory politics in youthParticipatory politics is "interactive, peer-based acts  exert both voice and influence on issues of public concern. Importantly, these acts are not guided by deference to elites or formal institutions" (Cohen & Kahne, 2012, pg vi).Large groups of young people have increasing access to online forums across racial divides.

# data[].attributes.body
3. Participatory politics represents a growing portion of youth political activity but it does not replace traditional political involvement"[Y]outh who engaged in at least one act of participatory politics were almost twice as likely to report voting in 2010 as those who did not. Similarly, while only 4 percent of young people engage exclusively in participatory politics, 37 percent of young people engage in both participatory and institutional politics" (Cohen & Kahne, 2012, pg 13).16% of young people signed online petitions and 28% endorsed or supported political positions on social media

# data[].attributes.body
4. Interest-driven participation in online settings suggest increases in political participation"Those with high levels of non-political interest driven participation are more than five times as likely to engage in participatory politics as those with low levels of nonpolitical interest-driven activities" Cohen & Kahne, 2012, pg 17).Study even controlled for education level and political interest
I had not explored the connection between online participation in interest-driven participation in things like online forums, chat rooms, interest related social media accounts etc with political participation. I think this is really interesting as a social studies teacher, my goal is to increase democratic participation and strengthen democratic norms. It's interesting to me that students are already getting some of these norms- such as mobilization, using voice, organizing, etc in online spaces. I want to further utilize tech spaces to strengthen democratic tendencies in my students.

# data[].attributes.body
The authors argue that one aspect of participatory politics is that users have greater agency as they can circumvent traditional gatekeepers to information such as political parties or editors (Cohen & Kahne, 2012, pg 3). While this may be true, it's important to note that there is still massive gate keeping and manipulation is going on. Tech companies are not unbiased entities. They have immense control over what people can and cannot see. This article was also written before the massive misinformation campaign during the 2016 election cycle and beyond. I think that while maybe some of the traditional gate keepers are gone, the battle is now in source evaluation.

# data[].attributes.headline
How Black and Latinx Youth are... by Anthony

# data[].attributes.subject
How Black and Latinx Youth are... by Anthony

# data[].attributes.body
|  Social media breakthrough Pg 22 Black and latinx youth use social media more than their white counterparts Pg 22 Access does not equal greater literacy Pg 24 The ability to use technology to connect with peers and create what was, in effect, a social space with little adult intrusion or authority has been an enduring feature of teenagers’ adoption of computer and Internet-based technologies from instant messaging to social networking.  Mobile devices revolutionized access to the internet for low income families without access to a home computer or laptop the internet. It was interesting to see how the researchers tried to identify what students would do when certain barriers persisted. No internet at home? More likely to stay after school and in doing so creating a new community of people who also did that. There was a wide variety of interests from students after gaining access to the internet from music, games, film, design, fashion, to interest in blogs about some of those topics. Students also ventured into pop culture, gained the ability to find out more about civic participation and more. These children were resilient and they would find the things they were interested in  The Internet goes to school Pg 21 In 1994 3% of public schools had the internet in 2005 94% 26 Digital literacy is not simply about technical competency but also about developing important social and critical thinking competencies Pg 27 schools need to help students understand politics and economics of digital world  Although schools are now sharing similar internet whether majority minority or minority majority schools, the access to, number of computers, and types of technology widely vary. While in some schools students learn to code, others might not have any IT classes. The piece says one major issue at schools is how to bridge the gap between these two areas.  Home and Broadband Internet matter Pg 26 Digital literacy is not simply about technical competency but also about developing important social and critical thinking competencies Pg. 32 The broadband gap in the United States matters for several reasons. Students who have broadband access only at school or in public spaces like a library may not have sufficient time to tinker, play, or develop the repertoire of digital skills and social capital that are often associated with more dynamic digital media practices. 33 students designed their own social hack  It was really interesting to see a few things. For children whose parents never use the internet, the parents still saw tremendous value in having access to it for the children. Not every family could afford it and when hardship strikes it is sometimes not feasible to afford. However, as the piece highlights, children who do not have access to the internet at home are resilient and often found ways to access at school. Some students downloaded Minecraft on all of the computers in one of the classrooms and through that they met other people, learned more about computers, strategy, and enjoyed being at school more. That said, students who had more access and used the internet more not only had greater access to information but the ability to seek out their own interests. When children have devices they are often times critically engaging even when it seems like they aren’t. When students do not have the internet they often find it and hang out at places where access is granted.  Resiliency and sense of belonging  Pg 43 Pop culture is also a vital terrain of cultural capital for teens Pg 45 For all of the criticism about the amount of time that teens spend with screens, one fact is undeniable: social media transformed Black and Latino teens’ relationship with computer-based technologies and the internet and arguably for the better  A strong sense of belonging for students is important for their well being and the internet not only afforded them access to popular culture, but their interests as well. I think its undeniable that mobile internet and devices have bridged the gap and provided a space for Black and Latinx students or just low-income students in general the ability to catch up. Also, the researchers discovered that students gained a tremendous sense of satisfaction when it came to design and make their own personal profiles. They had autonomy and the ability to be creative and express themselves in a new way. This is something we can keep in mind as teachers that students like expressing themselves in ways where they have a lot of control.
| Pg 39 “Furthermore, the adoption of the mobile internet by Blacks and Latinos provoked the popular view that the rapid diffusion of internet enabled phones did something that years of policy intervention could not do – bridge the gap between the technology rich and the technology poor. The implications of the adoption of the mobile internet among Black and Latino teens are complicated and obscure some off the challenges they continue to face in securing a more equitable Internet experience”  As someone who thinks the market is not often a very effective way to reduce inequality in wealthier countries, this was really interesting to see. I was thinking about other technology or items that helped bridge similar gaps. As for my future students, I thought that while students may have access they may not have access in the ways that a teacher might expect. Thus, things like essays might be more difficult but the mobile devices to provide the potential for quizzes, games, online articles, and more. I thought how we cant assume students have access to the same types of electronics but we do have a great opportunity to utilize a device they are proficient, literate, and have the ability to use with ease.  Pg 40 “One of the hallmark features of the social media landscape is the formation of participatory cultures, defined by Jenkins et. Al as “a culture with relatively low barriers to artistic expression…strong support for creating and sharing ones creation, and some type of informal mentorship whereby what is known by the most experienced is passed along to novices”  This was really interesting to me. The internet can be a easy way to gain access to clubs, information, shared experiences, and try out new things. In the article a few of the students posted videos of them doing things to which one of them got trolled and responded with expletives. While not ideal, it demonstrates an easy way for students to try things out and get feedback. The issue of Fake News was also broached in the article. While these students and our future ones will be able to access new material and ideas there are also dangers to them being in an echo chamber, being exposed to Fake News, and more.
| The authors do a great job of giving background and then highlight it with personal stories which although evoke an emotional reaction from the reader and personalize it I am not sure it is necessarily true in all circumstances. The authors show how these students were creative and dynamic and how the internet has opened up new opportunities to learn, interact, be creative and more which I enjoyed. I also think it might have helped if they talked about the structural reasons why inequality amongst broadband access is so rampant and pervasive. There is clear evidence that access to the internet is good so why is broadband access still so limited? I thought about that a lot.

# data[].attributes.headline
Teens interact the same on social media as anywhere else.

# data[].attributes.subject
Teens interact the same on social media as anywhere else.

# data[].attributes.body
“Teen practices when using social media mirror those that scholars have documented in other places where teens gather with peers” (79), sociability

# data[].attributes.headline
Social media enables teens to publicly rank their friends.

# data[].attributes.subject
Social media enables teens to publicly rank their friends.

# data[].attributes.body
"These practices of displaying friendship hierarchies online are controversial and more fraught than the simple articulation of Friend connections." (100)

# data[].attributes.headline
Social media starts with but exacerbates real life drama and conflict.

# data[].attributes.subject
Social media starts with but exacerbates real life drama and conflict.

# data[].attributes.body
"Regardless of the intensity, our research shows that the acts of drama involving social media are primarily a continuation of broader dramas...[however] Properties of social media can alter the visibility of these acts, making them more persistent and more difficult” (105)

# data[].attributes.headline
Teens use social media to gain validation.

# data[].attributes.subject
Teens use social media to gain validation.

# data[].attributes.body
"Teens want to be validated by their broader peer group" (111)

# data[].attributes.headline
Social media increases teens’ awareness of each other’s lives but shallowly, it feels like surveillance.

# data[].attributes.subject
Social media increases teens’ awareness of each other’s lives but shallowly, it feels like surveillance.

# data[].attributes.body
"Social media, and especially social network sites, allow teens to be more carefully attuned, in an ongoing way, to the lives of their friends and peers." (113)

# data[].attributes.body
I think the authors neglected to analyze how students of different backgrounds- for example, male and female presenting students use and benefit from social media differently.

The author also spoke about teenagers but a lot of what they were saying felt relevant to adults’ usage of social media as well.

Finally, the book is nearly a decade old and referenced MySpace which is obsolete and ignored Instagram and SnapChat and even off-shoot apps like Musical.ly.

# data[].attributes.headline
Ito et al. (2010). Media Ecologies. Hanging Out, Messing Around, and Geeking Out. MIT Press. 

# data[].attributes.subject
Ito et al. (2010). Media Ecologies. Hanging Out, Messing Around, and Geeking Out. MIT Press. 