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silahkan dilihat dan di pahami

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apa saja flora yang ada di indonesia??? sebutkan!

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Flora Indonesia terdiri dari berbagai varietas tumbuhan tropis yang unik. Memiliki iklim tropis dan sekitar 17.000 pulau, Indonesia adalah negara dengan keanekaragaman hayati terbesar kedua di dunia. Flora Indonesia mencerminkan percampuran spesies Asia, Australia, dan tumbuhan endemik. Hal ini disebabkan letak geografis Indonesia yang terletak di antara dua benua. Kepulauan Indonesia terdiri dari berbagai wilayah mulai dari hutan hujan tropis dataran rendah utara dan hutan musiman dataran rendah selatan melalui perbukitan dan vegetasi pegunungan, hingga vegetasi semak pegunungan. Memiliki garis pantai terpanjang kedua di dunia, Indonesia juga memiliki banyak kawasan rawa dan vegetasi pantai.

Terdapat sekitar 28.000 jenis tumbuhan berbunga di Indonesia, terdiri dari 2.500 jenis anggrek, 6000 jenis tumbuhan obat tradisional yang dijadikan Jamu, 122 jenis bambu, lebih dari 350 jenis rotan dan 400 jenis Dipterocarpus, termasuk eboni, cendana, dan kayu jati. Indonesia juga merupakan habitat bagi beberapa spesies yang tidak biasa seperti tumbuhan karnivora. Salah satu spesies tumbuhan yang banyak dikenal misalnya Rafflesia arnoldi, dinamai menurut Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles dan Dr. Thomas Arnold, yang menemukan bunga tersebut di kedalaman Bengkulu, Sumatra barat daya. Tumbuhan parasit ini memiliki bunga yang besar, tidak menghasilkan daun dan tumbuh pada sejenis liana tertentu di lantai hutan hujan. Tumbuhan unik lainnya adalah Amorphophallus titanum dari Sumatra. Berbagai jenis tumbuhan kantong semar yang menjebak serangga ( Nepenthes spp.) juga dapat ditemukan di Kalimantan, Sumatera, dan pulau-pulau lain di kepulauan Indonesia.

Asal usul tumbuhan di Indonesia sangat dipengaruhi oleh peristiwa geografis dan geologi di benua Asia dan benua Australasia (sekarang Australia). Pulau New Guinea saat ini terhubung dengan daratan yang kini menjadi benua Australia, membentuk superbenua yang disebut superbenua selatan Gondwana. Benua super ini mulai pecah 140 juta tahun yang lalu, dan wilayah New Guinea (sebelumnya dikenal sebagai Sahul) bergerak menuju ekuator. Akibatnya, hewan dari New Guinea bermigrasi ke benua Australia dan sebaliknya, menciptakan banyak spesies berbeda yang hidup di ekosistem berbeda. Migrasi ini terus berlangsung hingga kedua wilayah tersebut terpisah sama sekali.

Pengaruh benua Asia, di sisi lain, adalah hasil dari pembentukan superbenua Laurasia, yang terbentuk setelah pecahnya Rodinia sekitar 1 miliar tahun yang lalu. Sekitar 200 juta tahun yang lalu, benua super Laurasia terpecah seluruhnya, membentuk benua Laurentia (sekarang Amerika) dan Eurasia. Meskipun demikian, daratan benua Eurasia, termasuk Tiongkok, tidak terlepas sepenuhnya dari kepulauan Indonesia. Akibatnya, tumbuhan dari daratan Eurasia dapat menyebar ke nusantara, dan, di bawah ekosistem yang berbeda, memunculkan banyak jenis spesies baru.

Pada abad kesembilan belas, Alfred Russel Wallace mengajukan gagasan tentang Garis Wallace, yaitu garis yang membagi wilayah kepulauan Indonesia menjadi dua wilayah, wilayah biogeografis Asia ( Sundaland) dan Wilayah biogeografis Australasia ( Wallacea). Jalur ini melintasi Kepulauan Indonesia, antara Kalimantan dan Sulawesi (Celebes); serta antara Bali dan Lombok.

Kepulauan Indonesia merupakan Kepulauan Rempah-Rempah, telah dikenal sejak zaman dahulu sebagai sumber rempah-rempah, seperti cengkeh, pala, dan merica. Kepulauan Maluku, hingga akhir abad kedelapan belas, merupakan satu-satunya sumber rempah-rempah yang signifikan secara ekonomi. Pada masa kolonial, cengkeh dan pala merupakan komoditas paling berharga setelah emas dan perak bagi sebagian besar bangsa Eropa. Pada masa penjajahan Belanda di Indonesia, Belanda juga banyak menciptakan perkebunan (perkebunan) kopi, teh dan tebu, kebanyakan di pulau Jawa.

Seiring dengan perkembangan sejarah bangsa Indonesia, para pelaut dari India, Tiongkok dan Eropa juga membawa jenis-jenis tumbuhan baru ke nusantara. Jenis tumbuhan yang bukan asli nusantara seperti teh, kopi, dan pohon karet kemudian banyak ditanam.

Flora darat Indonesia dapat dikumpulkan menjadi kelompok-kelompok vegetasi yang khas. Penentu terpenting adalah curah hujan, diikuti oleh suhu yang mempengaruhi ketersediaan air. Sebaran flora Indonesia didominasi oleh hutan cemara berdaun lebar. Hal ini banyak terlihat di wilayah yang kepadatan penduduknya masih relatif rendah seperti Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi dan Papua Barat. Di Jawa dan Bali vegetasi didominasi oleh tanaman budidaya. Hutan rawa, bakau, dan hutan nipah ditemukan di sepanjang pantai. Sementara itu daerah pegunungan didominasi oleh vegetasi subalpine dan alpine. Di kepulauan Sunda kecil, di mana curah hujan tidak sebanyak di bagian lain Indonesia, banyak dijumpai padang rumput.

Menurut Conservation International, terdapat dua hotspot keanekaragaman hayati di Indonesia, yaitu Wallacea dan Sundaland. Provinsi Papua Barat dan Papua juga memiliki keanekaragaman hayati yang sangat tinggi. Taman Nasional Lorentz, yang terletak di provinsi Papua, dinyatakan sebagai Situs Warisan Dunia pada tahun 1999 oleh UNESCO.

Sundaland atau Paparan Sunda, terletak di bagian barat kepulauan Indonesia. Paparan Sunda adalah habitat dari sekitar 25.000 spesies tumbuhan yang berbeda. 15.000 di antaranya endemik di wilayah ini dan tidak dapat ditemukan di tempat lain. Scyphostegiaceae adalah famili tumbuhan yang diwakili oleh satu spesies, Scyphostegia borneensis, yang merupakan flora endemik Kalimantan. 155 spesies Dipterocarpus lainnya juga endemik di pulau ini. Kalimantan juga memiliki lebih dari 2.000 spesies anggrek. Hutan di Sumatra mencakup lebih dari 100 spesies Dipterocarpus, hampir belasan di antaranya merupakan endemik pulau ini. Pulau Jawa memiliki sekitar 270 spesies anggrek endemik.

Setidaknya 117 marga tumbuhan endemik di hotspot keanekaragaman hayati ini. 59 di antaranya ditemukan di Kalimantan dan 17 di Sumatra. Tumbuhan unik dari kawasan ini mirip dengan tumbuhan dari benua Asia, sebut saja Rafflesia arnoldii, tumbuhan kantong semar dan Edelweis jawa ( Anaphalis javanica) sebagai contohnya.

Diperkirakan, terdapat sekitar 10.000 spesies tumbuhan di kawasan hotspot keanekaragaman hayati ini. Sekitar 1.200 spesies dan 12 genera adalah flora endemik. Pulau Sulawesi memiliki sekitar 500 jenis tumbuhan endemik. Kepulauan Maluku memiliki sekitar 300 jenis tumbuhan endemik dan Kepulauan Sunda Kecil terdiri dari sedikitnya 110 jenis tumbuhan endemik. Baru sedikit yang diketahui tentang keanekaragaman flora wilayah ini. Tiga dari spesies unik tersebut misalnya , Pterocarpus indicus, dan Eucalyptus deglupta.

Papua Barat dan Papua

Flora di wilayah ini agak dipengaruhi oleh benua Australia. Kawasan ini didominasi dari pegunungan dengan puncak bersalju, lahan basah dataran rendah hingga lingkungan laut tropis yang saling bersilangan. Wilayah ini adalah tempat yang tepat bagi sejumlah besar spesies tanaman yang beragam. Diperkirakan bahwa di Papua dan Papua Barat terdapat 20.000 hingga 25.000 spesies tumbuhan berpembuluh. 60-90% dari mereka mungkin merupakan flora endemik di wilayah ini. Wilayah ini belum banyak dieksplorasi sehingga jumlah spesies endemik yang sebenarnya tidak diketahui.

Untuk membangun rasa hormat dan kecintaan terhadap flora dan fauna Indonesia, Pemerintah mencanangkan 5 November sebagai Hari Cinta Puspa dan Satwa. Setiap tahun terdapat perangko yang dirilis dengan motto ini. Perangko ini menampilkan gambar tumbuhan dan hewan yang endemik atau unik di suatu wilayah atau provinsi tertentu di Indonesia.

Melati ( Jasminum sambac), bunga putih kecil dengan wangi manis, merupakan bunga nasional Indonesia, bersama dengan Anggrek Bulan ( Phalaenopsis amabilis) dan Padma Raksasa Rafflesia (Rafflesia arnoldii). Ketiganya dipilih pada Hari Lingkungan Hidup Sedunia pada 5 Juni 1990 oleh Presiden Soeharto. Pada kesempatan lain juga ditambahkan Bunga bangkai (Titan arum) sebagai puspa langka bersama Rafflesia. Setiap provinsi di Indonesia juga memiliki lambang bunga sendiri-sendiri.

Deforestasi merupakan masalah utama di Indonesia. Sekitar 64% daratan di Indonesia merupakan hutan, tetapi luas hutan terus menyusut akibat perubahan iklim global dan eksploitasi sumber daya. Laju saat ini adalah hilangnya 2 juta hektar per tahun. Sebagai negara berpenduduk padat dengan kecenderungan industrialisasi yang pesat, kebutuhan akan sumber daya alam dan lahan juga semakin meningkat. Kebakaran hutan ilegal menyebabkan kabut asap tebal di sekitar negara tetangga Indonesia.

Menurut Departemen Kehutanan Indonesia, per tahun 2006 terdapat 174 tumbuhan endemik Indonesia yang terdaftar sebagai spesies yang terancam punah. Selain itu, terdapat pula nilai kenakeragaman kondisi flora di Kawasan Taman KEHATI Eroniti sebagai data awal penetapan status kawasasn berada pada kriteria rendah untuk keanekaragaman flora (H') yaitu 1,15, dan untuk indeks kekayaan jenis (R') sebesar 2,67 merupakan kriteria sedang serta nilai kemerataan jenis 0.37 menunukkan kurang menyebar. Keseluruhan flora tersebut didominasi jenis-jenis pada tingkatan semai dan sapihan (72 % dan 16%).

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Flora Indonesia - Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas

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Flora Indonesia terdiri dari berbagai varietas tumbuhan tropis yang unik. Memiliki iklim tropis dan sekitar 17.000 pulau, Indonesia adalah negara dengan keanekaragaman hayati terbesar kedua di dunia. Flora Indonesia mencerminkan percampuran spesies Asia, Australia, dan tumbuhan endemik. Hal ini disebabkan letak geografis Indonesia yang terletak di antara dua benua.

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sebutkan apa saja hewan-hewan apa saja yang sudah terancam punah di indonesia??

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The fauna of Indonesia is characterised by high levels of biodiversity and endemicity due to its distribution over a vast tropical archipelago. Indonesia divides into two ecological regions; western Indonesia which is more influenced by Asian fauna, and the east which is more influenced by Australasian species.

The Wallace Line, around which lies the Wallacea transitional region, notionally divides the two regions. There is diverse range of ecosystems, including beaches, sand dunes, estuaries, mangroves, coral reefs, sea grass beds, coastal mudflats, tidal flats, algal beds, and small island ecosystems.

Environmental issues due to Indonesia's rapid industrialisation process and high population growth, have seen lower priority given to preserving ecosystems. Issues include illegal logging, with resulting deforestation, and a high level of urbanisation, air pollution, garbage management and waste water services also contributing to the forest deterioration.

The origin of fauna in Indonesia was determined by geographical and geological events on the Asian continental landmass and the Australasian continental landmass (now Australia). The island of New Guinea is connected with the present Australian continent, formerly as part of the southern supercontinent Gondwana.

This supercontinent began to break up 140 million years ago, and the new Australia-New Guinea continent (previously known as Sahul) moved towards the equator. During this period, animals from New Guinea travelled to Australia and vice versa, creating many different species living in different ecosystems.

The influence of the Asian continental landmass, on the other hand, was the result of the reformation of the Laurasian supercontinent, which existed after the break-up of Rodinia around 1 billion years ago. Around 200 million years ago, Laurasia split up, forming the continents of Laurentia (now North America) and Eurasia. Due to fluctuating sea levels, mainland Eurasia was not separated completely from the western part of the Indonesian archipelago, allowing animals from the Eurasian mainland passage to the archipelago, and new species evolved.

In the nineteenth century, Alfred Russel Wallace proposed the idea of the Wallace Line, a notional line following deep water straits dividing the Indonesian archipelago into two regions, the mainland Asian zoogeographical region (Sundaland) and the Australasian-influenced zoogeographical region (Wallacea). The line runs between Borneo and Sulawesi; and between Bali and Lombok. Although the distance from Bali to Lombok is a relatively short 35 kilometres, the fauna distribution is affected by the line. For example, a group of birds would refuse to cross even the smallest stretches of open water. A second line, lying east, known as Weber's Line, has also been proposed to separate between "transition species" and species of predominant Australian origin.

Sundaland includes Sumatra, Java, Borneo and the smaller surrounding islands, whose fauna share similar characteristics with the mainland Asian fauna. During the ice age, lower sea levels connected the Asian continent with the western Indonesian archipelago. This enabled animals from the Asian mainland to migrate over dry land to Sundaland.

As a result, large species such as tiger, elephant, rhinoceros, orangutan, and leopard exist in this region. Many of these species are now categorised as endangered. The Makassar Strait, between Borneo and Sulawesi, and the Lombok Strait, between Bali and Lombok, are the deep-water Wallace Line separators, marking the limit of the Sundaland region.

Sundaland has a total of 381 mammal species, of which 173 are endemic to this region. Three of orangutan species, Bornean orangutan ( Pongo pygmaeus), Sumatran orangutan ( P. abelii) and Tapanuli orangutan (P. tapanuliensis) are listed in the IUCN red lists. Other mammals, such as the proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus), the Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis) and the Javan rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus), are also seriously threatened, as the latter two species have been reduced to critically low numbers.

According to the Conservation International, a total of 771 different bird species are found in Sundaland. 146 of them are endemic to the region. Java and Bali have at least 20 endemic species, including the Bali starling (Leucopsar rothschildi) and the Javan plover (Charadrius javanicus).

449 species in 125 genera of reptiles are estimated to live in Sundaland. 249 species and 24 genera are endemic. Three reptile families are endemic to this region: Anomochilidae, Xenophidiidae and Lanthanotidae, the last represented by the Bornean earless monitor (Lanthanotus borneensis), a rare and little-known lizard. Around 242 species of amphibians in 41 genera live in this region. 172 species of them, including caecilians, and six genera are endemic.

Around 1000 fish species are known to live in the rivers, lakes, and swamps of Sundaland. Borneo has about 430 species, with 164 of them considered endemic. Sumatra has 270 species, 42 of which are endemic. The golden arowana (Scleropages formosus) originates from this region. Around 200 new species of fish have been identified in the last ten years.

Wallacea represents the biogeographical transitional zone between Sundaland to the west and the Australasian zone to the east. It has not been directly connected to either region, due to the deep water straits at its borders, and so could only be colonised by over-water dispersal. This zone covers of about 338 494 km² land area in total, divided in multiple small islands.

Due to its distinct and varied geography this region contains many endemic and unique species of flora and fauna and has been divided into a number of distinct ecoregions; the mountain and lowland areas of Sulawesi, North Maluku, Buru and Seram in Maluku, the Lesser Sunda Islands (with Sumba a distinct ecoregion in its own right), Timor, and the islands in the Banda Sea.

Wallacea has a total of 223 native mammal species. 126 of them are endemic to this region. 124 bat species can be found in this area. Sulawesi is the largest island in this region and has 136 mammal species, of which 82 species and one-quarter of the genera are endemic. Species such as anoa (Bubalus depressicornis) and babirusa (Babyrousa celebensis) live on this island. At least seven species of macaques ( spp.) and at least five species of tarsier ( spp.) are also unique to this island.

Sulawesi is also home to a large number of endemic rodent genera. Rodent genera exclusively endemic to Sulawesi and immediately adjacent islands (such as the Togian Islands, Buton Island, and Muna Island) are , Echiothrix, Hyosciurus, Margaretamys, Paucidentomys, Prosciurillus, , , and , as well as the single-species genera , Hyorhinomys, Melasmothrix, , Rubrisciurus, and Sommeromys. All belong to the family Muridae except for the genera Hyosciurus, Prosciurillus, and Rubrisciurus, which belong to the family Sciuridae.

650 bird species can be found in Wallacea, of which 265 species are endemic. Among the 235 genera represented, 26 of them are endemic. 16 genera are restricted to Sulawesi and its surrounding islands. Approximately 356 species, including 96 endemic bird species live on the island of Sulawesi. One of them is the maleo (Macrocephalon maleo), a bird currently seen as endangered and found entirely within the Wallacea.

With 222 species, of which 99 are endemic, Wallacea has high reptile diversity. Among these are 118 lizard species, of which 60 are endemic; 98 snake species, of which 37 are endemic; five turtle species, two of them are endemic; and one crocodile species, the Indo-Pacific crocodile (Crocodylus porosus).

Three endemic genera of snake can be found only in this region: Calamorhabdium, , and Cyclotyphlops. One of the most famous reptiles in the Wallacea is probably the Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis), known only from the islands of Komodo, Padar, Rinca, and the western end of Flores.

58 native species of amphibians can be found in Wallacea, of which 32 are endemic. These represent a fascinating combination of Indo-Malayan and Australasian frog elements.

There are about 310 species of fish recorded from the rivers and lakes of Wallacea, 75 species of them are endemic. Although little is still known about the fishes of the Moluccas and the Lesser Sunda Islands, 6 species are recorded as endemic. On Sulawesi, there are 69 known species, of which 53 are endemic. The Malili lakes in South Sulawesi, with its complex of deep lakes, rapids and rivers, have at least 15 endemic telmatherinid fishes, two of them representing endemic genera, three endemic Oryzias, two endemic halfbeaks, and seven endemic gobies.

There are about 82 species of birdwing butterflies recorded in Wallacea, 44 of them are endemic. 109 tiger beetle species are also recorded within this region, 79 of which are endemic. One of the most astonishing species is perhaps the world's largest bee (Chalicodoma pluto) in the northern Moluccas, an insect in which the females can grow up to four centimetres in length. This bee species nests communally in inhabited termite nests in lowland forest trees.

About 50 endemic molluscs, three endemic crab species, and a number of endemic shrimp species are also known from the Wallacea.

The fauna of this region comprises a huge diversity of mammals, reptiles, birds, fishes, invertebrates and amphibians, many species of which are of Australasian origin. Ecoregions here include; the mountains of Bird's Head Peninsula West Papua, the lowlands of West Papua and Papua, the Biak Islands, Yapen island, the lowlands of New Guinea's northern coast, the mountain ranges behind the northern coast, medium and high elevations of the New Guinea Highlands, the lowlands and the swamplands of the southern coast, and finally areas of mangrove swamp scattered around the coast.

45% of Indonesia is uninhabited and covered by tropical forests, however, a high population growth and industrialisation, has affected the existence of fauna in Indonesia. The wildlife trade has had a detrimental effect on Indonesia's fauna, including rhinoceroses, orangutans, tigers, elephants, and certain species of amphibians.

Up to 95% of animals sold in markets are taken directly from the wild, rather than from captive breeding stock; and more than 20% of the animals died in transportation. As of 2003, The World Conservation Union lists as endangered 147 mammals, 114 birds, 91 fish and two invertebrate species.

Some habitats have been protected since the early 20th century firstly under Dutch Colonial law. Indonesia's first national parks were established in 1980, and in 2009 there were 50 declared national parks. Six of these are also World Heritage Sites and 3 are wetlands of international importance under the Ramsar convention.

Around 40 primates of the 200 primate species in the world are found in Indonesian forests. Four Indonesian primates were included among the 25 most endangered primates in the world; they are the Sumatran orangutan ( Pongo abelii), the Siau Island tarsier ( Tarsius tumpara), the Javan slow loris ( Nycticebus javanicus) and the pig-tailed langur ( Simias concolor).

Bali Tiger ( Panthera tigris sondica) is the first known extinct animal in Indonesia, then following by Javan Tiger ( Panthera tigris sondaica).

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Seacology Indonesia Projects Seacology

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The fauna of Indonesia is characterised by high levels of biodiversity and endemicity due to its distribution over a vast tropical archipelago. Indonesia divides into two ecological regions; western Indonesia which is more influenced by Asian fauna, and the east which is more influenced by Australasian species.