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Adam Smith was not the uncritical admirer of private enterprise that many later admirers thought him to be. He was deeply suspicious of the tendency of businessmen to seek special privileges from the government and to combine to extort monopoly profits. When monopoly could not be avoided, he preferred government to private control. Nor was he dogmatic in his support for laissez-faire. He upheld the responsibility of the state to provide public services that would benefit society as a whole, but only when they were “of such a nature, that the profit could never repay the expence to any individual, or small number of individuals, and which it therefore cannot be expected that any individual or small number of individuals should erect or maintain. (Braeman)

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a working class movement which expanded rapidly across the country

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A Theory by mill which says "actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness"

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“This natural inequality of the two powers of population, and of production in the earth, and that great law of our nature which must constantly keep their effects equal, form the great difficulty that to me appears insurmountable in the way to the perfectibility of society. … I see no way by which man can escape from the weight of this law which pervades all animated nature. No fancied equality, no agrarian regulations in their utmost extent, could remove the pressure of it even for a single century. And it appears, therefore, to be decisive against the possible existence of a society, all the members of which, should live in ease, happiness, and comparative leisure” (Malthus).

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Karl Marx was a German philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, journalist, critic of political economy, and socialist revolutionary. He had a theory of critique of capitalism and its shortcomings. Karl Marx couldn’t have done any of this without Frederick engels

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Thomas Malthus was an English economist and demographer best known for his theory that population growth

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 artisans and craftsmen who lived in medieval French towns. Up to the late 18th century, it was a propertied but not necessarily wealthy class

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What new political and economic theories were developed at this time that supported the working classes?

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What new political and economic theories were developed at this time that supported the working classes?

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“The Industrial revolution grew up in an environment based upon competition, fueled by the investment capital and by the ingenuity of the English middle classes and enterprising gentry” (Burns 2020). People built up factories and industry grew. There were people in charge of the factories and then the workers. It was somewhat like a social pyramid. The people in charge are higher up and the workers are all the way at the bottom.

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Originally, the lowest class in ancient Rome; they paid no taxes and served the state only by producing children.

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What new political and economic theories were developed at this time that supported the working classes?

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What new political and economic theories were developed at this time that supported the working classes?

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“Workplaces were thus moved from private homes to large factories, and workers were forced to move into cities near the factories. Hours were long, wages extremely low; poverty, disease, and alcoholism were rampant. Child labor was common as families needed their wages to survive” (Burns 2020). People were forced to live in these crowded, unsanitary, factories instead of their own private homes that were full of alcoholism and disease and still earned really low wages. Economically, it can't get much worse than this besides the fact that they still have somewhere to live.

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Laissez faire is a theory that if you let everything happen on its own, it will eventually get it right. THis idea was Created by John Stuart Mill, a economist and popular philosopher at the time.

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How was there a rift developing between big business and the working class?

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How was there a rift developing between big business and the working class?

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It made up trade unions. Only welcomed people from the crafts industry. Used strikes and boycotts.

“factory owners were free to set the hours and conditions of labor. The work week lasted six days, and a workday often lasted 13 hours, with days of 14, 15, and even 16 hours not unknown. \ During periods of heavy demand, overtime was required, and factory clocks could be manipulated by dishonest employers to squeeze out even more time. Workers arriving even a minute after the factory whistle blew to announce the start of the day were subject to harsh fines and penalties” (Burns 2020).

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a group of people within a particular job or industry that join together to fight for improved working conditions.

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 The Scottish economist and philosopher who was a pioneer in the thinking of political economy

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How did the government deal with the conflict that was starting between big buisness and the working class, and whose side did they take?

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How did the government deal with the conflict that was starting between big buisness and the working class, and whose side did they take?

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While the rise of big buisness was a great money maker for some, many small owned buisness couldnt compete. and had to shut down due to bankrupcy. Even though many government members regularly engaged in bribes to loosen their own rules, the government tried to combat the big buisness rule by enforcing stricter regulation, giving small buisnesses a chance to survive.

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How did big business explain their treatment of workers?

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How did big business explain their treatment of workers?

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“Employers justified harsh treatment of their workers on competitive grounds, claiming that an employer who shortened work hours would not be able to compete with more exploitative businesses, whether British or foreign.”(Burns 2020). Workers were not treated well at all and they performed long hours of harsh labor.

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Why did labor unions form during the Industrial Revolution?

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Why did labor unions form during the Industrial Revolution?

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Labor unions formed during the Industrial revolution due to workers not getting fair wages and reasonable hours. Big businesses kept trying to outdo each other, which took advantage of the workers, already working hard, tiring jobs. They fought the jobs by rioting, and demanding that they get fair wages, While it took them a few years, they ended up earning fairer and fairer wages, and less hours over time.

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“In October, Lenin led the government's overthrow during the "October Revolution," and the next day delivered this speech outlining aims for his planned workers' government, composed of representatives from soviets (local workers' councils). In November he was elected premier of what was to become the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Lenin's party became the more radical Communist Party in 1918.”

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Russian revolutionary, He served as the first and founding head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 1924 and of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1924.