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In what is now Modern-day Angola, Portuguese colonial forces had kidnapped members of the Kongo and Ndongo tribes. They were sent to the port of Luanda to be loaded onto the San Juan Bautista and shipped to New Spain(West and Midwest of America). While on its journey, the San Juan Bautista was intercepted by two Dutch privateer ships, the White Lion and Treasurer where both ships had taken up to 60 of the Bautista's slaves. The White Lion reached Point Comfort in Virginia and had traded "20 or odd" Angolans for food. Those Angolans had become indentured servants for only a period of time but in the following years, laws of slavery would be introduced.

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Dred Scott v Sandford U.S. Supreme Court decision.

Dred Scott, who was an enslaved black man had sued for his freedom claiming that he and his wife were in Wisconsin, a free territory where slavery was forbidden. The Scotts had the evidence that they were enslaved in a free territory and were then returned to a slave state so the odds were in their favor. However, after 11 years the case had worked its way up to the supreme court where on March 6, 1857, the majority of the court ruled that slaves were not citizens of the United States and could not expect any protection from the federal government or the courts. The opinion also argued that Congress could not ban slavery from a federal territory.

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Emancipation Proclamation- Abraham Lincoln freed 4 million slaves.

On January 1, 1863, Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation which stated that slaves in rebellious states are free and as a result, around 4 million slaves were freed. However, the Emancipation Proclamation didn't completely end slavery, as loyal border states and Union captured confederate states weren't included, along with a dependence on a Union victory in the civil war. Nevertheless, the proclamation sparked a new meaning to the Civil war and had lead to the inclusion of black soldiers in the Union military. Around 200,000 black soldiers had fought in the civil war.

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13th Amendment passed which abolished slavery.

Due to the Emancipation Proclamation not completely abolishing slavery, the 13th amendment was passed after the civil war in 1865. The 13th amendment stated that "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction." While initially, the Senate passed the amendment in April 1864, the House had not. However in January 1865, the House passed it with a vote of 119-56.

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The Black Codes laws were passed in Southern States- enforced segregation and limited the political power of blacks

In southern states, The Black Codes were passed to impose racial segregation and silence black voters. South Carolina's Black Codes were to have a heavier impact to people of colors. Labor contracts and apprenticeship were to be pressured to people of color. It also would include a different court system for people of color but along with Missouri's, South Carolina's Black Codes weren't passed.

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First Civil Rights Act passed- declared all persons born in the U.S. were now citizens regardless of race, color, or previous condition. Citizens could create contracts, sue, have personal property, etc. People who didn't give these rights to former slaves were given a fine of 1,000 and a year or more in prison. This is a predecessor to the Civil Rights Acts of the 1960s, and until the Civil Rights Acts of the 1960s, the original rights weren't taken seriously. The Ku Klux Klan and others who still believed in slavery and segregation had threatened and killed blacks after these laws were passed.

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14th Amendment passed- all men are created equal and considered citizens with rights. This now included former slaves who were now citizens. States who blocked voting rights of former slaves were punished. Congress required former Confederate states to agree to the Fourteenth Amendment to be recognized in the government.

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15th Amendment passed- African American men were given the right to vote. Throughout the southern states, blacks held office and used their right to vote but steps were taken to minimize this such as "white supremacy".  The Ku Klux Klan are an example and along with others, discouraged blacks to vote. Literacy tests(Grandfather clauses) also stopped blacks from voting where it was required that to vote, your ancestors also had to have voted.

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Jim Crow Laws began- laws that enforced segregation

Jim Crow Laws had diminished the quality of education, denied the right to vote, and ability to hold jobs for blacks. While claimed "Separate but Equal", places where those of color were allowed were of a much lower quality than the white counterparts. Those who opposed the Jim Crow laws were often arrested, killed, or fined. Blacks who were arrested had longer sentences than white prisoners and as a result, died before their sentence ended.

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Plessy vs. Ferguson- U.S. Supreme Court “Separate but Equal” ruling that upheld racial segregation based on the railway cars event (Plessy-African American took a seat in a white car, refused to move, and was arrested). Homer Adolph Plessy had argued against the constitutionality of the "Separate But Equal" laws where he was 7/8ths Caucasian and 1/8th African blood. He also noted that this went against the 14th Amendment which states equal protection. In 1896, the Supreme Court ruled that the 14th Amendment only applied to political and civil rights, not "social rights".

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The Scottsboro Boys- nine teenagers accused of sexually assaulting two white women- one of the women later admitted lying and served as a witness for the defense- they were still convicted. Two landmark U.S. Supreme Court cases resulted- the right to counsel and the right to a jury of one’s peers

Nine black teenagers were falsely accused of sexually assaulting two white women in Scottsboro, Alabama in 1931. When the 9 boys were jailed, a white mob surrounded the jail leading to the Alabama National Guard being called to suppress them. When in court, an all white-jury had sentenced eight of the nine boys to death. However, since one of the Scottsboro boys was thirteen, life imprisonment was sentenced for him.

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As a result of World War 2, President Harry S. Truman integrated the U.S. Armed Forces by Executive Order 9981. The order stated that "there shall be equality of treatment and opportunity for all persons in the armed forces without regard to race, color, religion, or national origin." In 1948, Harry Truman issued an executive order that abolished segregation in the armed forces and allowed for full integration of all branches of military. There was resistance and protest against integration but by the end of the Korean War, most of the military was integrated.

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Brown vs. Board of Education- (Topeka, Kansas) integration of schools

A plaintiff by the name of Oliver Brown filed a case against the Topeka, Kansas board of education for rejecting his daughter to go to an all-white elementary school. He noted that black schools weren't "equal but separate" but rather separate and less in quality. He noted that this went against the 14th amendment where no state can “deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.” The U.S. District Court in Kansas agreed that the school segregation had a “detrimental effect upon the colored children and contributed to a sense of inferiority,” but still could be considered “separate but equal."

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Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat in Montgomery, Alabama and was arrested for it. According to a Montgomery laws in 1955, African Americans were required to sit at the back of public buses and they were forced to give up their seats to whites if the front of the bus filled up (Compound Complex). Rosa Park was in the first row of the Black Section and was forced to give up her seat and when African American protestors/activists heard of Rosa Park's arrest, the bus boycott had begun. The boycotts were present for over a year.

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Bus Boycott- the years blacks refused to ride segregated buses to make regions see and feel the economic impact and the injustice of the laws

The bus boycotts began on December 5th 1955 and ended on December 20th, 1956 after word of Rosa Parks' arrest. 40,000 black bus riders had boycotted on December 5th. Their demands didn't involve civil rights, but instead hiring of black bus drivers, first come first serve policy, and courtesy. Even though a majority of Montgomery bus riders were black, the city refused to give them their demands.

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Little Rock 9 (Little Rock, Arkansas)- 9 African American students are selected to be the first to integrate Central High School in 1957. On the first day of integration, the governor of Arkansas called the National Guard who blocked the entrance doors to the high school. When President Eisenhower was notified of this, he called in the 101st Airborne to escort the nine to school. Each one of the little rock 9 had their personal escort.

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Greensboro Four Lunch Counter Sit-ins (North Carolina- Woolworth’s)- black college students sat at forbidden white lunch counters to protest not being served. This movement spread throughout towns in the South. Many protestors were arrested however, for trespassing and disorderly conduct. Their actions made a heavy impact causing establishments to change their segregation policy.

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April 16th- Letter from Birmingham Jail- MLK, Jr. arrested for violating laws against protests. When MLK was arrested, he wrote a letter explaining how there is a moral responsibility to breaking unjust laws. Written as a response to "A Call of Duty", MLK writes that "injustice is a threat to justice everywhere." It became an important piece of literature from the Civil Rights Movement.

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August 28th- MLK, Jr. “I Have a Dream” Speech at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, DC

Arguably the most important event in the Civil Rights Movement, the "I Have a Dream" speech had focused on justice and equality for all. Not to mention it played an important role in passing the 1964 Civil Rights. King states, "Black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual: Free at last. Free at last. Thank God almighty, we are free at last."

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March from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama to bring attention to discriminatory voting practices and register black voters (3 Days straight- 54 miles). The marchers were attacked by county members and state troopers on the Edmund Pettus Bridge. This didn't falter the march, as MLK led the second march with 2,500 people but had to obey a court order that stopped them from crossing the bridge. However, the third march broke through with support from military policemen and army troops. The marchers sent a petition to the Governor at the Alabama State Capitol.

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As a result of the Civil Rights Movement, Jim Crow Laws were gradually abolished(complex). While thought to be separate but equal, the Jim Crow Laws had actually excluded African Americans from quality needs such as education. In 1964, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act which ended the Jim Crow Laws and the segregation that occurred because of them. As more laws passed that gave colored people rights, Jim Crow Laws were soon removed.

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Loving v Virginia- U.S. Supreme Court decision that struck down the ban on interracial marriages

A white man by the name of Richard Loving married a African American and Native American woman named Mildred Jeter. In July 1958, after their marriage on June 2, 1958, they were arrested for interracial marriage. The court had no legitimate purpose other than racial discrimination. Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote, "Under our Constitution the freedom to marry, or not marry, a person of another race resides with the individual, and cannot be infringed by the State."

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April 4th- MLK, Jr. assassinated

At the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee, MLK was shot by fugitive James Earl Ray. He was later caught in the UK in 1969 and was sentenced to 99 years of imprisonment. President Lyndon B. Johnson ordered that April 7th be a day of mourning where public libraries, museums, schools, and businesses were closed along with postponing the Academy Awards ceremony. In the funeral recording tape, King spoke, "I’d like somebody to mention that day that Martin Luther King, Jr., tried to give his life serving others".