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Sweden is a constitutional monarchy. The power is given to the people and they hold an election every 4 years to elect leaders. It is made up of a parliament of 349 people that the people of Sweden vote for. The people of parliament propose a prime minister and they vote on that person to be elected.

https://sweden.se/life/democracy/swedish-government

Capital: Stockholm

Sweden is a part of the united nations and also a part of the European Union. However, they are not part of NATO as of now. They are an independent state and have been for hundreds of years.

https://sweden.se/culture/celebrations/the-national-day-of-sweden

Sweden follows a traditional legal system like most countries in the European Union. Everyone has a right to a trial in Sweden and the right to an attorney in court.

Every 4 years Sweden holds elections in the parliament that the people vote on. Those elected parliament members then elect the prime minister. This is usually very peaceful with some expected political turmoil.

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Swedish National Anthem - "Du Gamla, Du Fria" (SV/EN)

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Sweden is a very economically stable country. Some of the main players in their economy are timber, hydropower, and ore. They export motor vehicles, pharmaceuticals, production equipment, and home goods to name a few. over the past 10 years, their GDP has steadily increased by about 5 and a half percent a year. This is because they export a lot of goods so there are lots of jobs that keep the economy going. Their GDP is 635 billion USD which is higher than Norway at 482 billion USD and Switzerland which is 800 billion. The at-risk poverty rate in Sweden in 2023 is about 15%.  In 2019 the poverty rate was .9%.

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What are the main issues Sweden is facing? The main issue that Sweden is facing is opposition to joining NATO. Sweden wanted to join NATO after Russia invaded Ukraine and Russia is not having it. They have told Sweden that this will lead to Russia targeting military operations at Sweden. People are immigrating to Sweden right now. The country has historically been very accepting of lots of middle eastern immigrants from Syria when there has been turmoil. Now because of the threat to their economy and culture, they are starting to push back on these high immigration rates.

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The main issues this country is facing is war with other countries and a struggling economy. Latvia has some issues with Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus. Latvia has always had an interesting relationship with Russia because they were  apart of the Soviet Union. People are emigrating to Latvia to escape conflict.

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What are the main issues the country is facing?

inflation

country's economic position

health system

What disputes is this country having with other countries? Regionally? Internationally?

Romania has no quarrels with any other country except for Russia as they have recently gained independence and are currently supporting Ukraine in the war.

Are people emigrating or immigrating to this country? Why?

before the war between Ukraine and Russia, more people emigrated out of Romania because of the economics and the poor health system. However, this current war has caused a flood of Ukrainian refugees to immigrate to Romania.

Source:

https://www.statista.com/statistics/1109873/challenges-romania/

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An economic overview of the country (Describe how the country has been doing economically for the past 10 years or so, and why they have faced the success and struggles they have.)

a high-income country with flat taxation structure and sustained growth prior to COVID-19

GDP of the country (How does this compare with other countries in the region?)

588.451 billion dollars

Country comparison to the world: 37

Major industries in the country (List the major industries that exist and how they take advantage of the natural resources that exist in the country.)

electric machinery, textiles, footwear, petroleum refining, mining,

Percentage of the population living below the poverty line

23.8% of the population is living below the poverty line

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Similar to other countries, Latvia was hit by COVID. This caused their economy to weaken. Latvia a country that has a lot of corruption when it comes to finance. Latvia has also been effected by the conflicts in East Europe.

The GDP of Latvia is 60.457 billion dollars. Compared to their southern neighbor, Lithuania, Latvia's GDP is half.

The major industries are processed foods, processed wood products textiles, processed metals, pharmaceuticals, and electronics. The food and wood industries use up the fertile land and water in Latvia. The metal industry destroys the land of Latvia.

The percentage of the population living below the poverty line is 22.9%

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- Latvia is a democratic parliamentary republic. Latvian government has a head of government which is the prime minister. The President chooses the council which has to be accepted by Parliament and Prime Minister. The president is the head of state. The president is elected every four years.
- The capitol city is Riga.
- Latvia was invaded by the Soviet Union. They had their independency fully restored when the Soviet Union collapsed.
- According to the CIA, the legal system of Latvia is a civil law system with traces of socialist legal traditions and practices.  Similar to the USA, Latvia has a constitution that lays out levels of judicial power. Their judicial branch is independent but works alongside the legislative and executive branches.
- The president and legislative branch are elected. The prime minister is appointed by the president and approved by the legislative branch or parliament. The transition is generally peaceful.
- The national anthem https://youtu.be/CeLvkobOlss
-  Latvia has land forces, naval forces, air forces, and national guard. In 2022, the Latvian government made military service mandatory for men aged 19-27. They will start enforcing it in summer of this year. Otherwise, military personal volunteered themselves. They are trained at military training sites. The trainig is called "Namejs". Latvian military forces are involved in the War on terror and Central African Republic Civil War. Latvia was involved with various Soviet conflicts during the 1900s.

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National anthem of Latvia (Latvian/English translation)

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The Czech Republic operates on a parliamentary republic system. This means that they have a president who is the head of state and a separate prime minister that is the head of the government.

Capital city of the country is Prague

Independent

The Czech Republic has a national police system that deals with basically everything.  They don't have a regional police, but what is called municipal police wardens that deal with things like traffic and public order.

Since they are a parliamentary system they elect their president by the popular vote, but the president elects the prime minister.  There has been some disagreement when it comes to elections, but overall they're pretty peaceful.

National anthem - Kde domov můj - https://youtu.be/e12rGRO4JuA
Links to an external site.

The Czech Republic actually doesn't have a navy since they are a landlocked country.  They have a navy and air force that are on a volunteer basis. It used to be an in-voluntary thing, but in 2005 they disbanded that rule.

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Has high emissions of green house gases

There are 31 deaths per 100,000 people due to the air quality

There hasn't been an increase in there prevalence of undernourishment for the past several years

Their prevalence of severe food insecurity had increased from 0 to 1.6% from 2018-2020

1/3 of the land is forest and about half is agricultural land

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The total population is 10.5 million

Nationality is Czech

Ethnic groups that live in the country are Czech, Moravian, Slovak, Roma, Silesian, Polish, German, Ukrainian, and Vietnamese

The official language is Czech

The main religions practiced are Roman Catholicism and Protestantism, but about half of the country practices atheism.

Since this country has a low birth rate, in the next 50 years the population’s median age will increase.

Median age - 41

Birth rate - 1.71 births per woman

Death rate - 12.5 per 1,000

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The Czech Republic is sandwiched between Poland and Germany.

This most common natural disasters that happen in this country are floods and landslides.

They have frequent snowstorms in the winter and often is below zero in the winter.

The main resources in the Czech Republic are coal, timber, and clay.

The highest elevation is 1,602 m above sea level and the lowest point of elevation is 117 m above sea level.

Prague is the capitol of the country and has the highest population out of the cities.

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Government type (Describe the system of governance in 1 paragraph)

Romania has a semi-presidential government. This means that Romania has a prime minister and a president. The Prime Minister is the head of the government. The President represents the country and signs decrees, approves laws, and nominates the head of the state. The Prime minister is often elected by the president.

Capital city of the country

Bucharest

Independence/dependence on other countries

Gained their independence in 1877 from the ottoman empire

Legal system (Describe the legal system in 1 paragraph)

They have a civil law system. This system is based on concepts, categories, and rules which were derived from the Roman law. During trials, there are no juries and the judge has a proactive role in finding the judiciary truth.

Transition of power (Describe how new leaders come into power. Is the transition generally peaceful or contentious?)

Presidents are elected by the majority vote. The Prime Minister is then appointed by the President with the consent of the parliament

National anthem (Provide a link to the country's national anthem, if they have one)

"Desteapta-te romane!" - linked

Military and security forces (Describe the forces they have, how they are recruited and trained, and what responsibilities or events they have been involved in over the past 50 years.)

Romania has the Romanian Armed Forces: Land Forces, Naval Forces, Air Force; Ministry of Internal Affairs: Romanian Gendarmerie, Romanian Police, Romanian Border Police

all-volunteer, no conscription or draft

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- France is in Western Europe. As you can see, France is located in between two water ways. It is also in between Germany and Spain.

- total: 643,801 sq km ; 551,500 sq km (metropolitan France)
land: 640,427 sq km ; 549,970 sq km (metropolitan France)
water: 3,374 sq km ; 1,530 sq km (metropolitan France)

- France typically as cold winters and mild summers. It has very heavy winds as well. Along the mediterranean, France has hot summers and mild winters.

- In the north and west, France is mostly flat with subtle rolling hills. The rest of France is very mountainous with the Alps and Pyrenees.

- Highest elevation: 4.810 above sea level Lowest elevation: -2 below sea level

- Natural resources include coal, iron ore, bauxite, zinc, uranium, antimony, arsenic, potash, feldspar, fluorspar, gypsum, timber, arable land, fish.

- Most of the population is concentrated in the north and the southeast. Paris is ultimately the most populated city.

- The three biggest natural disasters are flooding, avalanches, and midwinter windstorms. Because France is surrounded by water on both sides of its country, there is going to be natural flooding that can occur. There is also a lot of snowfall in some areas which can cause flooding as well. Along with flooding, avalanches can occur because of the many mountains that France possess. There is also a lot of wind that can be attributed to being close to the sea or the mountains as well.

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Total population: 68,305,148

Nationality: French

Ethnic groups that live in the country: Celtic and Latin with Teutonic, Slavic, North African (Algerian, Moroccan, Tunisian), Indochinese, Basque minorities

Languages spoken: French

Religions practiced: Roman Catholic, Muslim, Protestant, Buddhist, Orthodox, Jewish, none

Age structure: 0-14 years: 18.36% 15-24 years: 11.88% 25-54 years: 36.83% 55-64 years: 12.47% 65 years and over: 20.46%

Median age: 41.7 This can change a lot in the next 50 years because of the growing and developing of ages.

Population growth rate: .32% Frances population growth is slowly growing. If it grows too drastically there can be a threat to resources and infrastructures.

Birth rate: 11.66 births/1,000 population This is a dominate factor in the population growth rate which can affect a lot of things including the neighboring countries.

Death rate: 9.54 deaths/1,000 population The implication is affected by the age distribution of the country. There should be sudden spikes in the death rate when there is declining fertility or mortality of ages.

Total fertility rate: 2.03 children born/woman This can affect the population growth. Because the fertility rate is low, there is a smaller population growth rate in France.

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Environmental Issues:

forest damage due to acid rain

air pollution from industrial and vehicle emissions

water pollution from urban wastes and agricultural runoff

Land Use:

agricultural land: 52.7%

arable land: 33.4%

permanent crops: 1.8%

permanent pasture: 17.5%

forest: 29.2%

other: 18.1%

I think that the land is used this way because there has to be a lot of land dedicated strictly to agriculture in any country so that they can provide food for the tenants that live there. I thought it was interesting that there was a lot of arable land but I think this just means that there is opportunity for France to grow.

Food Insecurity:

food insecurity is fairly uncommon in France

it affects 2.5% of the population

can be attributed to poverty, climate change, poor public policy and food waste

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A current environmental issue that is going on in Sweden is deforestation and overlogging. Most Swedens logging is done using a clear-cutting technique. This is where whole areas of trees are cut down at once. This is an environmentally harmful practice because it destroys large portions of ecosystems at a time and leaves them bare.  One of the main problems with the industry is that it claims to be one of the most sustainable logging industries in the world. It turns out that only 3% of all logging in Sweden is done in an environmentally conscious way. This affects the people of Sweden because it decreases the health of the land which can cause a lot of environmental issues.

Food insecurity is about 1.3% of the population. This number has been going up year by year probably because of the high immigration rate. Sweden has done a good job of accepting immigrants and providing the resources they need. As of recent, they have been wearing thin and have not been able to provide adequate food for these Syrian immigrants

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Current environmental issues

soil erosion- decreases the quality of agriculture which is a big part of the Romanian economy

air pollution- poor air quality can cause health issues for the population which is bad in Romania because the health system is very poor

Land use

agricultural land 60%- agriculture is a big part of the Romanian economy and Romania has very rich soils despite the soil erosion they are facing

Forrest 28%- Lots of mountain ranges that contain forests that are the soul of Romania

other 12%

Food insecurity

Food insecurity is pretty rare with only 2.50% of the population suffering from food insecurity. The few that do suffer from food insecurity most often do because of low income or homelessness.

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Latvia has improved its industries. The main environmental issues are nature protection and water management. I think this affects the citizens because they will have more nature to enjoy.

The main use of land is forest and agriculture. I think this is because they have lots of lands and a smaller population.

There are low rates of food insecurity. The main cause for it is poverty due to the pandemic and the Ukraine war.

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Government type: Semi-Presidential Republic; A semi-presidential republic has a lot of different leaders working side-by-side to provide the best kind of care for their citizens. With this government type, there is a president working along side a prime minister and a cabinet. The president has significant power but is still in check with the help of the prime minister and the cabinet. The prime minister and the cabinet are over the legislature in the country. The president is specifically over foreign affairs and defense policy. This means the prime minister focuses on economic policy and domestic policy.

Capital city of the country: Paris

Independence/dependence on other countries: Dependent: Clipperton Island, French Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, New Caledonia, Saint Barthelemy, Saint Martin, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Wallis and Futuna. Independent: the first sign of independence was in August 843

Legal system: Frances legal system can be described as a civil law. This kind of legal system is the most common legal system among the world with over 100 countries using it to this day. This style of legal system originated with the Roman people a long time ago and has held up ever since. In France specifically, has a civil law legal system where there is a review on administrative laws but not legislative acts.

Transition of power: New power comes into office very peacefully for the most part. Presidents are elected in a 2 series population voting system. They are elected for 5 year terms with eligibility for a second term.

National anthem: French National Anthem - "La Marseillaise" (FR/EN) - YouTubewww.youtube.com › watch
Links to an external site.

Military and security forces (Describe the forces they have, how they are recruited and trained, and what responsibilities or events they have been involved in over the past 50 years.) France has the following military forces; French Armed Forces, Army, Navy, Air and Space Force, National Guard. The France military forces are all voluntary for both men and women with a 12 month service obligation. The France military has been highly involved in the last 50 years. They help with many foreign affairs and necessary allies.

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Overview: In the last ten years, France has developed a high-income rate. They have also advanced and diversified EU economy and euro user because of the strong tourism that France acquires. They have developed aircraft manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, and industrial sectors. One negative part of their economy is the ongoing pension reform protests. These have increased the amount of trash in the cities as well as a lot of upset citizens. There is also a high amount of public debts and COVID-19 spending increases. There is a global environmental leader as well.

GDP: $3.048 trillion Compared to a lot of the other countries in this region, Frances GDP is way higher than the other countries.

Industries: machinery, chemicals, automobiles, metallurgy, aircraft, electronics, textiles, food processing, tourism. France is mostly taking advantage of the large amount of tourism that occurs every year.

Percentage of Population Living Below the Poverty Line: 13.6%

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Total population: 1.844 million
Nationality: Latvian
Ethnic groups that live in the country: Russians, BElarusian, Ukrainians, Poles, Jews, Germans
Languages spoken: Latvian. Latgalian, Russian, English
Religions practiced: Lutheran, Roman Catholic, Latvian Orthodox Christian
Age structure (population pyramid

Low birth rates and higher mortality for men have impacted these numbers. Latvia also experiences some immigration which may skew the numbers. Because of the low birth rates, there will be fewer people in the future. Median age: 42.9
Population growth rate: -0.8%
Birth rate: 1.55 births per woman
Death rate: 155.5 per 1000 people
Total fertility rate: 1.55%

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Located in northern Europe on the Scandinavian peninsula.

Borders the baltic sea, Norway, and Finland.

204035 square miles. 39960 square km.

Sweden has all 4 seasons. It is a mild climate with the northern parts being sub-arctic.

The terrain is very diverse with hills, mountains, streams, and lakes.

The highest peak is just above 2000 meters and the lowest is -2.41 meters below sea level.

Sweden has lots of ore such as copper, gold, hydropower, iron ore, lead, silver, timber, uranium, and zinc.

Sweden has over 10 million people. Stockholm is the biggest city with about 1.5 million people. 88% of Sweden is urban.

The biggest natural disasters in Sweden are storms. Being on the baltic sea, there tends to be flooding when these storms hit. This is because Sweden is high fairly far north and between seasons the cold and the warm weather can cause a higher frequency of storms

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Total Population: 10.42 million.

Nationality: Swedish.

Ethnic groups: Swedes, Finns, Danes, and Samis all live in Sweden.

Language: Swedish.

Religion Practiced: Over half of Sweden is Lutheran and the rest do not identify or are from other religions.

Sweden has this age structure because they are a very advanced society. They have good healthcare so people live a long time. They also do not have a high reproduction rate so there are fewer children.

median age: 41.1. This is very old for the population. This means that there are not a ton of people to take care of the older generations.

Population growth rate: .59% a year. This means the population is nearly staying the same and not growing much.

birth rate: 1.66 per woman. This means that the population is not producing enough to sustain its population.

death rate: 10 per 100,000. This has gone up since last year.

total fertility rate: 1.66 which means the population is not sustainable.

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Total population

18,519,899

Nationality

Romanian

Ethnic groups that live in the country

Romanian, Hungarian, Romani, Ukrainian, German

Languages spoken

Romanian, Hungarian, Romani

Religions practiced

Eastern Orthodox, Protestant, Roman Catholic

Age structure (population pyramid)

the factors that contribute to this pyramid are the fertility rate and the median age of the population

Median age

42.5 years

this means that within the next 50 years this will most likely lower because the young women that are taken into account will have children and remain under that median age which will lower it

Population growth rate

-1.09%

if the growth rate stays the same over the next 50 years then the population will decrease

Birth rate

8.76 births/1,000 population

the birth rate will most likely go down in the next 50 years as Romanian women seem to be having fewer children and Romania is slowly being urbanized

Death rate

15.26 deaths/ 1,000 population

the death rate will most likely decrease as well as we continue to discover new medical technology that can help us live longer

Total fertility rate

1.63 born/ 1 woman

this will probably go down minorly as romanian women seem to be on a trend to having only one child

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What are the main issues the country is facing?

The country is facing many disputes including refugees, internally displaced persons, and illicit drugs.

What disputes is this country having with other countries? Regionally? Internationally?

France is in a territorial dispute with Madagascar because they are trying to claim different islands that is technically French territory. France is also asserting a territorial claim in Antarctica.

Are people emigrating or immigrating to this country? Why?

There is a lot of emigrating and immigrating. A lot of people have been moved around lately especially because of the war in Ukraine. Because of this, there have been a lot of refugees coming to seek shelter in France.

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Romania is surrounded by countries on all sides except for the southeast where it opens up to the black sea. On the eastern side from North to south Romania borders Ukraine and Moldova. On the western side from North to South Romania borders Hungary, Serbia, and Bulgaria.

Romania is 92,046 square miles and is one complete piece of land with no islands.

Romania has 3 main types of terrain coastal, plains, and mountain ranges.

The climate differs from the terrain but has a relatively mild climate of 32 degrees Fahrenheit in the mountains and 54 degrees Fahrenheit in the plains.

The highest elevation is 2,544 m (8,346 ft) and

the lowest is 0 m (0 ft).

One of Romania's most valuable natural resources is the land itself. Romania has very fertile land, along with forests containing both hard and soft wood, and petroleum reserves.

Romania's population distribution is pretty balanced with most of the Hungarian presence being in eastern Transylvania.

Romania's most common natural hazard is flooding, along with earthquakes and landslides. This makes sense as droughts are also common and the sudden change from drought to heavy rain can cause a lot of landslides and flooding to happen.

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Latvia is located in Europe in the Baltic States. Some Neighbors are Estonia, Lithuania, and Russia.

The area of Latvia is  64,589 km² (24,937 sq. mi.)

The highest Elevation is  312 m (1,024 feet)

The lowest Elevation is 0 m

natural Resources present in Latvia are sand, dolomite, limestone, gypsum, clay, peat, and oil.

The population distribution is 0 per Km2 (79 people per mi2)

Flooding is common in Latvia. It is close to the ocean and is generally wet. Latvia is pretty flat meaning there are little hills or mountains to help with flooding. The other most common natural hazard is the cold temperatures during the winter time. Latvia is very north so the winter months are extremely cold and white.