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1800 - The Election of President Thomas Jefferson

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1800 - The Election of President Thomas Jefferson

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The election of 1800 was a turning point in American politics as the power dynamic shifted from the federalist party to the democratic-republicans which was led by Thomas Jefferson. This election also solidified the importance of the electoral college as the popular vote was tied and Thomas Jefferson was elected by the House of Representatives.

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1803 - Marbury v. Madison and Judicial Review

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1803 - Marbury v. Madison and Judicial Review

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Marbury v. Madison was an incredibly important court case that resulted in the establishment of judicial review. Judicial review gives the supreme court the power to determine the constitutionality of laws passed by the federal and state governments. This relates to American politics by giving the Supreme Court the power to check other branches of government. Marbury v. Madison was incredibly important as judicial review was used in other important cases during this time period such as McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), Gibbons v. Ogden (1824), and Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857).

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The Louisiana Purchase was when America purchased 828,000 square miles of land West of the Mississippi River from the French for $15 million, essentially doubling the size of the country and increasing Western expansion. More and more people migrated Westward and created new states by settling in this region which allowed for political debate over the expansion of slavery within these states. This purchase occurred because of the expansion of the idea of manifest destiny which promoted Western expansion and eventually led to the Missouri Compromise that would settle governmental disputes over the expansion of slavery into this region, making it one of the first obstacles to the expansion of slavery during this period.

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The War of 1812 was a war between Britain and the United States that ended in the establishment of the United States as an independent country in the eyes of the British government. This connects to the theme of national identity because the United States was finally being seen as an equal power with Britain as it continued to develop into a powerhouse throughout this time period.

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The Era of Good Feelings was a stretch of time following the War of 1812 in which the Republican party dominated the government and there was peace within the US and within international affairs. This connects to the theme of American national identity because almost the whole nation was united in the republican party and the government was something that Americans took a lot of pride in as it was functioning very well and helped strengthen it.

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The Missouri Compromise was an agreement over the spread of slavery into newly acquired Louisiana Purchase Land. This Compromise admitted Maine as a free state, Missouri as a slave state, and determined that all states West of Missouri would be free to ensure equal representation of slave and free states in congress at the time. This relates to the theme of politics and power as this compromise's purpose was to try to diffuse the growing tensions between the Northern and Southern parties who wanted equal representation in government. This compromise was important during this time period because it was the start to the trend of creating temporary solutions to the issue of slavery without actually solving the root problem, eventually leading to the civil war.

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The Monroe Doctrine stated that if any European power tried to colonize any land in the Americas, the US would see it as a direct threat to them and defend those areas accordingly. This relates to the theme of America in the world as it was one of the first official international policies that would define America as completely separate from the dominion of Europe, especially as the US continued to expand West into valuable land throughout this time period.

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Politics and Power: Andrew Jackson's presidency led to multiple changes within America including a new currency, different governmental parties, and expanding America's territory and influence westward in North America.
Andrew Jackson was important during this time period because he advanced American society as its 7th president. He expanded democracy and encouraged national pride, lessened national debt, solved internal problems between the state governments and the federal government, and more. Jackson pushed America through its growing stage and encouraged further growth beyond this time period.

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Politics and Power: President Andrew Jackson exceeded past presidential powers and removed indians from American soil despite ruling saying he did not have the power to do so.
This is important to this time period because it singled out Indian tribes while moving them further west into areas including modern-day Oklahoma, allowing the general American population to thrive and expand, without internal conflict against outsiders. It also led to the extinction of certain indian tribes in America, which had thrived for years before the country developed.

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America and Regional Culture: Nat Turner's Rebellion established a new form of oppression against blacks in the south, tightening rules on slaves and increasing the slave culture found in the south.
This even is very important to this time period because it only gave strength to whites attempting to further restrict slaves and African Americans. The rebellion of many slaves against whites caused the whites to feel threatened leading to them establishing stricter rules to deeper implement white supremacy in southern society, taking away any change blacks had at real freedom or equallity.

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Settlement and Migration: As Manifest Destiny was being implemented deeper into American society, more and more people began moving and settling west, which was in itself helped by the American victory in the Mexican-American War, establishing US land on the Pacific Ocean.
This is important during this time because it established America's dominance in the western hemisphere and even in the world, because of their larger than before size. Manifest Destiny also was accomplished, leaving disputes over land and slavery divisions, later to be solved by the Compromise of 1850.

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American and National Identity: The Battle of the Alamo resulted in a great Texan loss, but also prompted a boost in morale for Texans in upcoming battles.
The Battle of the Alamo is important because it could be identified as a turning point in the Texan Revolution when Texans morale increased leading to a victory and successful defeat of Mexican forces, furthering Texas's attempts at gaining independence.

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Society and Culture: The Second Great Awakening represented a shift in American culture by reviewing society, and making it better and more well-mannered. This was based on personal growth and led to the establishment of new religions.
The Second Great Awakening is important in this time period because people began to view society more closely and began to change their actions as better based on God. Alcohol, prison, education, and societies were all relooked as needing improvement, restrictions, or other reforms, while abolition also grew in popularity, enlarging slavery as a topic of dispute. Religions that exist today such as Methodist and Baptist were also established during this time.

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America and Regional Culture: The annexation of Texas expanded America's southern and western borders, also gaining citizens into the Union along with the territory. Texas was immediately treated as a state and gained stateship as a slave state, fulfilling the Missouri Compromise, as Texas was south of the Mason-Dixon line.
The annexation of Texas is important to this time period because it was a foundation of carrying out "Manifest Destiny," expanding America's borders, but it also prompted conflict between America and Mexico as Texas was trying to break free as a Mexican territory. Ultimately, this annexation sparked the Mexican-American War, causing battles such as that of the Alamo, and Texas joined the American union.

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Politics and Power: Under President Polk, America used its military strength to defeat the Mexicans and win territory in the South-West, showing its power over its neighbors to the south.
This event is important in this time period because it enlarged America's size by adding almost 1/3 of its previous area. America also gained multiple new states, establishing the goal of "Manifest Destiny," expansion to the Pacific Ocean. It also left the question of how slavery would be split up among the new territories, causing temporary unrest in congress over disputes on the division of slavery within the country. However, this would be solved by the Compromise of 1850.