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Martin Luther's Ninety-five Theses were published. (1517)

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Martin Luther's Ninety-five Theses were published. (1517)

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That this act questioned the ways the Catholic Church did things, especially the selling of indulgences, makes it often seen as the start of the Protestant Reformation.

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 Arrival of the First Africans in Jamestown (1619)

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 Arrival of the First Africans in Jamestown (1619)

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A Dutch ship arrives in Jamestown, Virginia, carrying at least twenty Africans who are sold as indentured servants. This marks the beginning of the African presence in mainland British America.

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Mayflower Compact was signed by Pilgrims (1620)

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Mayflower Compact was signed by Pilgrims (1620)

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Before landing at Plymouth, they signed the Mayflower Compact, a governing agreement that established a form of self-government based on majority rule.

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During this time in American history, many people were accused of witchcraft and some were put to death. The cases show how religious people were and how tense things were in society at the time.

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The First Great Awakening Occurs (1730s-1740s)

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The First Great Awakening Occurs (1730s-1740s)

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This religious revival movement emphasized personal conversion, emotional preaching, and a democratization of religion.

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A series of conflicts between British America and New France, with both sides supported by military units from their parent countries and Native American allies.

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The conflict between the Thirteen American colonies and Great Britain, resulting in the colonies gaining independence and forming the United States of America.

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The Declaration of Independence was Declared. (1776)

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The Declaration of Independence was Declared. (1776)

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The United States became a separate country when the Declaration of Independence was read aloud. Every year, this event was honored, and it became an important part of American civil religion.

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Official Declaration of Fourth of July (1778)

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Official Declaration of Fourth of July (1778)

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Congress officially designates the Fourth of July as a day to honor American independence, establishing a tradition of celebration that becomes integral to civil religion.

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An agreement between Congregationalists and Presbyterians to cooperate in missionary activities and share resources, especially on the American frontier.

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Nat Turner's rebellion in Virginia was a slave revolt based on end-of-the-world and prophetic ideas that included violence against white people. It led to tighter controls on religious and slave meetings.

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The Union and the Confederacy are in a fight over slavery, states' rights, and the future of the country. Many people see the war as a fight between good and evil, which has a big effect on American society and how people think about the end of the world.

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Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

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Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

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The Chinese Exclusion Act was passed by Congress, marking the first significant law restricting immigration to the United States and targeting Chinese immigrants, leading to a decline in the Chinese population in America.

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Oglala Sioux were victims of the United States military.

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The Pittsburgh Platform was a declaration by Reform rabbis that outlined the principles of Reform Judaism, emphasizing the ethical aspects of Judaism and downplaying ritual observance and Jewish nationalism.

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Central Conference of American Rabbis was founded (1889)

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Central Conference of American Rabbis was founded (1889)

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The Central Conference of American Rabbis (CCAR) was created to support the goals and ideals of the Reform movement and to be a professional group for Reform rabbis in the United States.

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Native American tribes, like the Oglala Sioux, started the Ghost Dance movement as a way to deal with the terrible conditions they were living in because they had to move and lose their native lands and their culture was being pushed down. The movement aimed to bring people together, bring back Native American culture, and bring back the hope of the traditional way of life.

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The Second Great Awakening takes place. (Early 19th Century)

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The Second Great Awakening takes place. (Early 19th Century)

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The Second Great Awakening contributed to the rise of various Protestant denominations and fueled social reform movements, including abolitionism and women's rights.

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Marcus M. Garvey was strongly opposed by the government and was sent out of the United States in 1927, even though he made important efforts to giving African Americans more power. Garvey was deported because he was accused of financial fraud. This was bad for the Pan-African organization he had led.

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Great Depression and Rise of Anti-Semitism (1930s)

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Great Depression and Rise of Anti-Semitism (1930s)

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Anti-Semitism grows in both Protestant and Catholic groups during the Great Depression and the rise of fascism in Europe. Economic problems and social unrest make attitudes against Jews worse, which leads to more violence and discrimination.

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Formation of the American Council of Christian Churches and the National Association of Evangelicals (1940s)

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Formation of the American Council of Christian Churches and the National Association of Evangelicals (1940s)

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In the early 1940s, conservative Protestant groups started to form their own separate organizations. The National Association of Evangelicals was made up of moderate fundamentalists, while the American Council of Christian Churches was made up of more independent fundamentalists.

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National Council of Churches formed in the United States, becoming the largest cooperative body of Protestants (1950)

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National Council of Churches formed in the United States, becoming the largest cooperative body of Protestants (1950)

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This council facilitated joint efforts and initiatives among various Protestant denominations in the country.

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Formation of Campus Crusade for Christ International (1951)

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Formation of Campus Crusade for Christ International (1951)

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Campus Crusade for Christ International was established in 1951, becoming one of the institutions championed by the new evangelicals.

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In 1960, John F. Kennedy became the first Catholic president of the United States. This was a big step forward in religion acceptance and tolerance. Kennedy's win goes against the widespread prejudice against Catholics and shows that American society is becoming more open to everyone.

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Formation of the Unitarian Universalist Association (1961)

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Formation of the Unitarian Universalist Association (1961)

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The merger of the Unitarian and Universalist denominations, creating a liberal religious community based on shared ethical principles rather than traditional creeds.

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In 1965, Malcolm X was killed. He was a well-known figure in the civil rights movement and a major voice in the Nation of Islam. The killing of Malcolm X shocked the country and was a terrible loss for the fight for racial freedom.

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Founding of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (1965)

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Founding of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (1965)

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ISKCON, also known as the Hare Krishna movement, combined dualistic Hindu teachings with monastic lifestyle practices.

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U.S. Court of Appeals ruling on Transcendental Meditation (1979)

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U.S. Court of Appeals ruling on Transcendental Meditation (1979)

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The court ruled TM as a religion, affecting its inclusion in public school curricula.

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Sociologist Robert N. Bellah revives the term "civil religion" in 1967, sparking renewed scholarly interest in understanding its role in shaping American identity and values.

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The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) becomes law. (1990)

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The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) becomes law. (1990)

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The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) was signed into law. It makes it legal for institutions that get government funding to return human remains and cultural artifacts to their home countries. It was a big step forward when Native American cultural rights and customs were recognized.

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The Heaven’s Gate cult, led by Marshall Applewhite, believed in extraterrestrial contact and committed mass suicide in 1997. They combined elements of UFO groups, gnostic beliefs, science fiction, and Christianity, seeking to ascend to a higher level of existence.