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Research Question: How do nuclear wars affect the deterioration of the balance in the global climate?

This literature review conveys the impact of disaster scenarios that may arise in the world after a nuclear war on climate deterioration. Heneghan (2022) examines that nuclear war has worldwide effects, albeit within certain limits. It appears to produce visible and serious large-scale soot in the upper atmosphere from nuclear weapons, explosions, and bombs during and after a nuclear war. Heneghan (2022) writes that it causes firestorms around the world for these reasons. The resulting firestorms and soot are observed to spread globally and can cause rapid cooling of large parts of the world. Heneghan (2022) argues that even if nuclear war breaks out in a short time and ends in a short time, the effects and disruptions on the Earth's climate and global food supply will spread over a long time. Heneghan (2022) writes that one of the effects and consequences of a small-scale nuclear war is to focus on a strong theory that global food production will decrease by 7% in the first five years. And Heneghan (2022) writes that in the continuation of his research, he states that in a post-nuclear world, global temperatures can drop by 10-15°C, sunlight will decrease by 50-80%, and therefore precipitation in crop fields will decrease by more than 50%. Thus, it explains the impact on worldwide climate deterioration after a nuclear war in percentages. Due to these negative consequences, it is stated that by comparing global food production and the production obtained from land and sea, it will take more than ten years for the effects of nuclear war to fall below 20% of the pre-war production levels, especially the devastating consequences arising from climate deterioration, for food production to be regulated. Galbraith and Scherrer (2020) examine that after a nuclear war, smog can greatly reduce and block the effect of sunlight, therefore it can cool the planet for years. According to their research, Galbraith and Scherrer (2020) state that dark and cold adverse conditions caused by climate deterioration slow down the growth of fish, and that the decrease in the rate of algae in the sea will cause the fish to be hungry. And they also suggest that after a minor regional nuclear war, climate disruptions would reduce the rates of crops by about 10 percent.

To conclude, For this reason, it is stated that the effects of post-nuclear war play a major role, especially in climate deterioration, and deteriorating climate scenarios can have devastating consequences for food supply. It is stated that the impact of these climate disruptions and thus the deterioration and deficiencies in the food supply will lead millions of people to hunger and widespread global hunger will occur. According to the authors' research, scenarios will be realized whereby the negative consequences of nuclear war, resulting from climate change and climate deterioration, will deteriorate major crops, fisheries, and livestock on a large scale, causing devastating damage and lowering global food production.

REFERENCES:

Source 1

A full-text reference in APA format: Heneghan, R. (2022, August 15). Even a ‘limited’ nuclear war would starve millions of people, new study reveals. The Conversation.Retrieved from: https://theconversation.com/even-a-limited-nuclear-war-would-starve-millions-of-people-new-study-reveals-188602

Source 2

A full-text reference in APA format: Galbraith, E. & Scherrer, K. (2020, November 9). After a nuclear war, the world’s emergency food supply could be seafood — if overfishing stops now. The Conversation. Retrieved from: https://theconversation.com/after-a-nuclear-war-the-worlds-emergency-food-supply-could-be-seafood-if-overfishing-stops-now-149607

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Feminism is known to have emerged as a movement that aims to raise and develop women's existence, status, and power in society, and a combination of feminist ideas. The power relations between men and women, which are frequently discussed today, are based on feminist issues. It is known that feminism reconciles the relationship between gender and power and considers it political. Feminists often come up with strategies planned in line with the suggestions and needs they put forward to find solutions to existing inequalities. It is known as an ideology that emerges in line with critical interpretations and the needs of a destructive social movement. There seem to be multiple perspectives within the feminist framework. It is observed that these different points of view on feminism are presented during the political analysis. Feminism dialogues, which are at the center of the agenda in the developing and changing world, are seen. The development and differentiation of feminism over time help to reveal perspectives. It is known to have a significant impact on political science inspired by the principles and ideologies of feminism. Liberal feminism is known to exist within the framework of rationality, in terms of the distinction between public and private, and in an important status in society. In addition, it is known that liberal thought and goals are emphasized and interacted with many assumptions. It is known that Marxist feminism is founded on the principles and goals of Marxism. It is known that it is based on expressing and showing the functional aspect of women's inferiority in the context of capitalism. Radical feminists touch upon the physical aspects of male oppression. Radical feminism touched on the debate about the traditional distinction between the public and private spheres. Where feminist activists focus on public policy with specific content, such as cases of domestic violence, women's abortion status, or childcare, feminist political scientists seem to advance their policy-making efforts in these areas. The idea of women's culture, which emerged in the direction of cultural feminism, has been influential in the evaluation of opportunities, assuming that women's ways of thinking and participating in politics can be realized. As a result, it has been seen that feminist political science, the developing movements towards women and the place of women in social life, and the differences between men and women regarding certain political contexts, which are the basis of feminism in this context, are the subject of discussion.

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Week 5: Constructivism and Interpretive theory

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Week 5: Constructivism and Interpretive theory

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Constructivism in international relations is known as a social theory formed by intellectual contexts of important and serious factors of international relations. When viewed differently from IR approaches and theories such as realism and rational choice, it is known that constructivists state their interests as socially established and changeable. Identities are not considered static. In terms of the rational choice similarity aspect, it is known that constructivism cannot be predicted in a broad context and specific issues within the framework of international relations, and it cannot be accepted as a concrete theory of international politics. Constructivist analysis shows that concrete statements, situations, or predictions emerge only after the content of the relevant actors and their wishes, interest, and social building blocks about the situation and the subject are clarified. The main rival theories of constructivism are known to be materialism. It seems that there are theories of openness, liberalism, and rational choice that emphasize the idea that the world structurally exhibits political behaviors and attitudes and is determined by interests, and that individual units can be studied separately from broader systems and structures. While other hypothesized approaches frame the concept of power in the material dimension and deal with material terms and abilities, constructivist analyses are differently expressed as the ability of the actors to configure and emphasize the nature of the social bond and sharing between each other, the power standard.

Interpretation is associated with the concept of constructivism. It is known that the constructivist-interpreter context is used together to express and show the existence of facts. Emphasizing the uniqueness of interpretive research projects, they address the specific aspects of actors in systems of the usual order, the practices that they evoke and express, and meaning-making. They focused on this important issue in light of the existence of the real world examined apart from the research and the controversial truth framework. It is seen that interpretation, which draws attention to the processes of revealing and determining what to mean, greatly benefited from the ideas and practices arising from hermeneutics and phenomenology. It is known that interpretive theory aims to explore the promise of political science. It appears to help us understand and connect with the action and behavior of individuals and societies. Contexts of intrinsic diversity are known to be based on the ongoing debate over interpretative theories. Therefore, the ongoing debate between positivist and interpretive approaches is emphasized. In the context of the discussions, the emphasis is placed on the expansion and diversification of the interpretative theory, in addition to revealing higher quality and important scientific reflexivity. It is also known that it is emphasized that it is important to distinguish between quantitative, quality, time, and interpretive research.

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Week 4: What is Behavioralism / Rational Choice? 

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Week 4: What is Behavioralism / Rational Choice? 

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The behavioral approach is based on the focus of analysis in areas where individuals and societies participate. It is known in the behavioral tradition that social and political analyzes should be suitable for empirical tests. Behavioral movements seem to contain useful tautologies and empirical statements from a positivist point of view. The systematic use of empirical observation and empirical evidence in the behavioral approach in the social setting is crucial. It has been seen that behavioral researchers prefer quantitative technology and treat it as a heuristic tool to process evidence. From the epistemological point of view of behaviorism, it is seen that there is nothing internal that is evaluated as quantity. Thus, it is known that the method of empirical analysis of quantitative and qualitative systems is equally applicable to behavioral researchers. Behaviorists are highly cited in theory evaluation by talking about the importance of realizing the situation of being tested against the world of observation and trying to explain something. Looking at the criticisms of the behavioral approach, it is seen that modern behaviorists have adopted the special criticism of positivism. It is known that positivism moves away from inductivism. Modern behaviorists and researchers working in other intellectual traditions seem to strongly disagree with the idea that theory and observation are independent. Among contemporary behaviorists, it is often emphasized that theoretical analysis should always be the basis of important empirical inquiry. It is stated that these theories do not mean that they cannot be changed, developed, or rejected based on empirical observation.

It is seen that it is claimed that rational choice is used as a tool by a political scientists. The rational choice appears to emerge as a part of the behavioral revolution that aims to see and evaluate how individuals behave when they prefer empirical methods. Rational choice makes use of economics methodology. Rational choice theory often states that individuals and societies are right in their interests. The basic building block of rational choice predicts that individuals and societies have all the important rational capacity power, and time to choose the right course of action and behavior. Rational choice describes individual actions and styles of behavior, and the resulting consequences and strategies for them, and the choices made by various individuals around the end-states brought about by combinations of actions. It is known that rational choice theorists are used universally. And it is claimed that the desire and purpose of producing a model of politics led them to flee and ignore the contradictory evidence. Rational choice theory can help shed light on the way structures emerge and are transformed. It is known that rational choice theory can be used by a wide variety of social scientists who act and behave in very different paradigms.

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In today's lessons, we examined the uses and importance of fields such as ontology, epistemology, relativism, and positivism in research methods. From the point of view of positivism, we determined that only observing the facts is important. Therefore, the qualitative method is associated with the positivist framework. From the perspective of relativism, we examined in the course that there is an approach that argues that it is relative to society. We talked about the fact that the existence of knowledge, how it is learned, taught, and produced based on the individual's understanding of reality, has an important place in the research methods of an epistemological understanding. When evaluated from the point of view of ontology, we can say that ontology has an important place in research methods by stating that the types of examples and categories of entities and objects consist of existing objects. In the course, we talked about the importance of the use of these various fields in research methods.

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WEEK 3/ What is the role of qualitative methods in research?

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WEEK 3/ What is the role of qualitative methods in research?

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Qualitative methods are known to be research method that includes group interviews working in this context, where there are observations, individual participants are present, and opinions are evaluated so that experiences and practices are discussed. From the point of view of positivism, it is seen that a connection is established between facts based on direct observation only by observing the facts. Therefore, the qualitative method is associated with the positivist framework. Thus, it is known that it is based on observable concepts, namely positivist, objective, and concrete. Qualitative research is generally accepted as a research technique used by political scientists to express the subjective behaviors and attitudes, views, beliefs, and values of society. The role of qualitative methods in political science is very important. Qualitative methods are seen to be used in a number of sub-fields of political science. It has been used in political science to examine the views of society and individuals within political platforms and spaces and to examine the political views and actions of voters. However, it is seen that the analyzed and interpreted data are also included. It makes it easier to observe the environment applied in the survey research and examine the details and understand the behavior of the actions. Ideas and reactions emerge as participants interact with the topic discussed through qualitative methods. It is known that the discussion process between the public and the administrators is analyzed, especially in the qualitative methods used on political issues. Thus, it reveals the purpose of the research and the subjective experiences and actions of individuals. Qualitative methods seem to focus on contextual issues. It allows the attitudes, thoughts, and behaviors of the interviewee in the research to be placed in the condition of a large and wide social environment. For this reason, Qualitative methods keep the relationship of meaning, process, and context together by bringing the discussion of the subjects to certain results. In this way, qualitative methods reveal perspectives that express the situations of individuals and groups by emphasizing the bright aspects of social reality.

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It has a very important place in our lives by being able to distinguish between qualitative and quantitative methods in research. The foundations on which the subjects discussed and observed situations are based are evaluated with qualitative and quantitative methods. For example, it is known that the qualitative method used in the research meets the situations, concepts, definitions, and features expressed by the things in our lives. Quantitative research refers to the measurement of anything and the number of pieces, the size of anything. Since quantitative methods are done in the computer environment in research, there are more scientific factors in the quantitative method than the qualitative method. Thus, in qualitative research, analysis methods contain requirements that involve very difficult stages. Triangulation methodology is known to play an important role in research. Some researchers consider research methods and research questions as theoretical tools rather than conceptual methods that prepare questions for research. When the events are observed and examined directly during the research, it is known that the researchers and the participants are highly affected by the events and the accompanying situations. The methods used in the research deal with different perspectives of symbolic realities towards the same and common framework. Different perspectives and lines come together and play an active role in making the real framework more concrete. Triangulation occurs through multiple viewing angles and lines used. And triangulation is often applied in survey activities. Qualitative research aims to find correct answers by examining communities in various social spaces. For this reason, those who do qualitative research are primarily concerned with how individuals organize themselves and their environment, and how they discover and perceive the social structures, social roles, and environment in the environment. Through qualitative techniques, it allows researchers to share other people's frameworks of understanding and perceptual mindsets and how they make sense of everyday situations. Researchers who deal with qualitative techniques are known to examine how individuals in society collect information about themselves and other people, and thus the perceptions and ideas formed. Researchers usually examine the concerns that arise in line with the individual's perceptions and mentalities as qualitative data in any problem or the subjects they deal with. In addition, scientific researchers advocate and take up a more positivist view.