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Melanau is an Austronesian language that is spoken in Sarawak, Malaysia, Brunei and the coastal region of the Rajang delta on northwest Borneo. Melanau belongs to the Malayo-Polynesian language family's North Bornean branch. There are approximately 113,280 people speak this language and most of them are in the Mukah division of Central Sarawak in Malaysia and the Kuala Belait town region of Brunei. The majority of Sarawak's population is from the Melanau ethnic group. The Melanau ethnic group speaks Melanau since Sarawak is home to more than 27 different ethnic groups, which leads to interethnic communication in one language.

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There are five variations of Melanau language. They are called Melanau Sentral, Melanau Kanowit-Tanjong, Melanau Daro-Matu, Melanau Sibu and Melanau Seru. The first three variations listed are considered as endangered language. These three varieties all shared the issue of a lack of language speakers. Melanau Sibu is given transition status to Melanau Sentral whilst Melanau Sibu. Melanau Seru, on the other hand, is believed to be extinct.

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The dialects that can be found in Melanau Sentral are Balingian, Bruit, Dalat, Oya, Sarikei, Segahan, Segalang, Sileng, and Igan. The Mukah delta coastal region, extending from Sungai Rajang to Sungai Balingian, is home to the majority of language speakers.

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The Melanau language (or languages) share structural similarities with both Malay and Philippine languages, on the one hand. With the exception of quantity terms, preferred clause types typically follow their respective Heads in both nominal and verbal syntagma. There is no clear distinction between predicative and attributive verbs. In Melanau, a surface pronoun was not observed in any injunction. However, it should be noted that the verb's form indicates that the underlying pronoun in positive injunctions is chosen from set B, while the underlying pronoun in negative injunctions is chosen from set A as shown in the picture attached above.

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Since more than half of the population of Sarawak belongs to the Than ethnic group, this region's primary language is Than. In addition, the mixed community in Sarawak prefers the Sarawak dialect of the Malay language. Also, the primary languages used in their daily communication are dominant tongues like Malay and Iban. Other minority languages, however, suffer from a lack of speakers and have been pushed to the edges. Particularly in areas where speakers of the most common language are dominant, minority languages frequently lose influence to that language.

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Thought I would want to share with you some knowledge about the Melanau language.

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Thought I would want to share with you some knowledge about the Melanau language.

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The Sound of the Melanau language (Numbers, Sentences & Sample Text)

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Is it true that Javanese language is endangered?

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Is it true that Javanese language is endangered?

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Pretty sure everyone has heard of Javanese people. But did you know that there are around 72 million people worldwide speak the Javanese language, or Boso Jowo as it is known in Javanese, with most of them lives in the central and eastern regions of the Indonesian island of Java. The greatest populations outside of Indonesia are in Malaysia, particularly in Selangor, Johor, Kedah, and Perak. Speaking of the Javanese language used in Malaysia, the majority of Malaysians of Javanese tradition have assimilated into the local Malay culture and instead of speaking the Javanese language of their ancestors, they prefer to use Malay as their first language.

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Therefore, this happens as a result of both assimilation and intermarriage with other ethnic groups. Currently, Malay is widely spoken among Javanese people in Malaysia, making Javanese an endangered language that is in danger of extinction as its speakers pass away or switch to speaking another language.

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How is Bajau's language different from other languages?

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How is Bajau's language different from other languages?

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There are three main groups of sea nomads in Southeast Asia and all three of them are separated by geography, culture and language. The Bajau are a multiethnic group with a variety of cultures and languages that populate Sabah, Malaysia, eastern Indonesia and the southern Philippines. The Malayo-Polynesian tongue spoken by the Bajaus is referred to as "Sama" by them. There are around 260,000 people can speak this language and there are three main dialects: West Coast Bajau, Indonesian Bajau and Mapun.

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Just like Malay, of course Bajau too has the /e/ taling vowel and the /ə/ pepet vowel. The traditional Malay spelling distinguished between these two vowels by writing the taling vowel (/e/) with a 'e' and the pepet vowel (/ə/) with 'ӗ'. For example, semak means 'edit' while sӗmak means 'undergrowth'. Despite the fact that these sounds have different meanings, the present Malay orthography fails to differentiate between them. Both of these words are spelt as 'semak' in modern Malay writing, so one must rely on context to determine which word is meant it to be received

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What about /e/ taling in both syllables?

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What about /e/ taling in both syllables?

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Honestly this could be an issue because the second-to-last syllable's 'e' can stand for either 'e' taling or 'ə' pepet. "So is it compulsory to differentiate between /ə/ and /e/ in Bajau spelling system?" It really depends actually but if one's primary value is to base the orthography on the sound system, then yes. However, the usage of such words is infrequent, the two phonemes could be represented by the same symbol, "e," according to Bajau speakers. Besides, the Malay writing has lost the ability to discriminate between these two vowel sounds is an important factor.

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Believe it or not, Minangkabau is one of the most significant regional languages in the archipelago and its survival has been deemed as 'safe'. The Minangkabau language's significance is impacted by its speakers' numbers, geographic range and use in daily speech in addition to its function.

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The literary output of the Minangkabau people is boundless and includes a wide range of oral, handwritten and printed works. A description of sentiments, values, and views articulated in the Minangkabau language and passed down orally, kato-kato, or rundiang kato bamisa from one generation of kegenarasi is known as Minangkabau literature, which is indigenous literature. Minangkabau has many kinds of literary and linguistic traditions.

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As opposed to vowels, which can serve as a syllable's central component, Javanese consonants only appear unintentionally in relation to syllables. There are no recorded examples of syllabic consonant s in Javanese that are similar to those found in English words like 'button', 'cotton', and 'glottal'. The vowels are organised into two categories that are in opposition to one another, which is, height and advancement. Three positions ; high, mid and low along the vertical height axis are recognised. In Javanese, there is only one low vowel, called 'a', which is distinguished by the maximum lowering of the tongue. Another three positions ; front, middle and back make up the horizontal axis of the tongue's relative advancement. Lip-rounding is a non-functional characteristic in Javanese, meaning that back vowels frequently go along with it.

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Strangely enough, the Bajau of Sabah never identify as it is. They lack a name or nomenclature for their own group, which has a phonetic similarity to the word "Bajau," as well. Instead, they refer to themselves as "Sama." Sama is a term that is occasionally used to describe the west coast Bajau as well as their language. These people, whether they go by the names "Bajau" or "Sama," have a manner of expressing the meaning of these terms through their oral traditions.

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Boats and boating--Equipment and supplies

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Kagayan, Ubian, Laminusa, Bajau Banaran, Bajau Semporna, Bajau darat, Bajau laut, Simunul and Bajau Balangingi are a few names by which these east coast Bajau identify themselves and their language.

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An optional specification of human may be included with a noun that is specifically declared as conscious. The impact of the human specification on the pronominalization differs between English and Javanese. While there are restrictions on how a noun can be prenominated in English, human nouns can only be related to human pronouns within certain bounds, a noun is always related to its proper substitute. Only human nouns can be given a pronominal suffix in Javanese. Simply put, there are only three types of personal pronouns which include 'aku' as I and 'kowe' as you. Picture attached shows how a human noun can appear alongside a non-human animate noun and how to pronoun the human noun, where # represents a pause or boundary and brackets represent an optional occurrence.

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1. Bajau
2. Bugis
3. Javanese
4. Minangkabau
5. Melanau

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Javanese language but we will be discussing about communication.

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Javanese language but we will be discussing about communication.

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Javanese is spoken differently depending on the social context. Three main speech patterns are frequently used in everyday conversation. Each dialect has its own vocabulary, grammatical conventions and even unique linguistic features like tone, syllables and other things.

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Now let's do some learning on Bajau's language, shall we?

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Now let's do some learning on Bajau's language, shall we?

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The Sound of the Bajau / Sinama language (Numbers, Greetings & The Parable)

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A profound, comprehensive, precise, delicate, and figurative sentence or phrase is known as a petitih petitih or petitih maxim. The proverb petitih or expression in an oral tradition society departs from nature where they are or in terms of the natural custom of the mine to be a teacher and contains the doctrine, the very significant view of life.

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Map of Sulawesi and Indonesia. Circled ; the place where Bugis is spoken. Source: Google Maps

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According to Ethnologue, approximately 5 million speakers, mostly in Sulawesi in Indonesia, speak the Malayo-Polynesian language known as Bugis or Buginese. The island of Sulawesi, which is politically a part of Indonesia, is where the language was first spoken. De', Rapping Buginese and Ugi are a few of the language's alternative names. Despite the fact that Bugis has recently been taught in schools as a subject, Bahasa Indonesia is still the primary language of the institution.

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The Lontara script is a Brahmic script traditionally used for the Bugis, Makasarese and Mandar languages of Sulawesi in Indonesia. Since most of Lontara texts are written in the Buginese language, it is also known as the Buginese script. The Malay name for the palmyra palm, lontar, whose leaves are typically used for manuscripts, is where the word Lontara originates. This script is known as urupu sulapa eppa in Buginese, which translates to "four-cornered letters" and reflects to the Bugis Makasar belief that the the universe was created from the four elements of fire, water, air and earth.

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Are you really an English student if you are not familiar with the word Morphology? Well Morphosyntax is practically the same thing, except the fact that it is a linguistic or grammatical units' morphological and syntactic features being studied. Tryon (1995, p. 554) describes Bugis as an ergative-absolutive language in which a lot word ordering can be encountered. Being ergative-absolutive for a language refers to how the single argument of an intransitive verb operates differently from the agent of a transitive verb and more like the object of a transitive verb. Bugis is a pro‐drop language. In contrast to English, where expressing the subject is usually required, in Spanish the subject of a sentence might be omitted. Bugis can omit the subject since it has already been expressed verbally.

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One of the oral and extensive literary forms of Minangkabau literature to date is invasion and customary speech. This is due to the Minangkabau people who still use it for all ceremonies, including weddings, funerals, eating and drinking. Sambah entails showing that humility.

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I'm sure everyone is familiar with pantun, right? Well, fun fact (if you don't already know it), pantun started among the Minangkabau people. The word 'pantun' itself is taken from Minangkabau. Pantun generally is recognised to rhyme with the letters a-b-a-b. They use it quite often especially when they joke around with one another in their circles. Pantun contains such things as pantun kids, kaulamuda, solace, loneliness and kesangsian. Up to 195 titles and subjects related to ethics, people, history, custom institutions, suctoms fable, adata ritual and other topics are collected in Pantun.

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Let's find out about the uniqueness of Bugis language.

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Let's find out about the uniqueness of Bugis language.

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The Sound of the Buginese language (Numbers, Greetings, Words & Sample Text)

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In case you are curious what Minangkabau language sounds like:

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In case you are curious what Minangkabau language sounds like:

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Deola speaking Sijunjung Simaung | Minangkabau language | Wikitongues and Wikimedia Indonesia

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Ngoko is a term for casual conversation (they would call it Ngoko lugu in Javanese). It may be applied among close friends and family members. Ngoko can also be used when people of higher status (such as elders or bosses) are speaking to people of lower status (such as children or coworkers' subordinates). Ngoko is the first step in learning Javanese if you've ever wanted to learn the language, and many younger generations of Javanese Malaysians are fluent in it.

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Krama Madya is a medium level of speech between ngoko and krama inggil. Strangers on the street may use it when speaking to one another since they don't know each other's status and don't want to be too official or informal. Krama madya is the most polite, welcoming, and non-threatening speech pattern to use while speaking to a new friend.

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This style of speech is polite and formal. When people of the same status don't want to be casual, they apply it. People of lesser status than those of a higher position, such as children to their parents or subordinates to their employers, use the Kromo Inggil language.

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The Sound of the Javanese language (UDHR, Number, Greetings & The Parable)