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(a) anther

b) filament

c) petal

d) sepal

e) stigma

f) style

g) ovary

h) receptacle

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1. Xylem and phloem

2.Guttation is a secretion of water droplets through a special structure at the end of the leaf veins without involving the stomata caused by a high root pressure.

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Question 1

1. The carbon cycle involves the movement of carbon in various forms, such as carbon dioxide, organic matter, and fossil fuels, while the water cycle involves the movement of water in different states, including liquid, vapor, and ice.

2. The processes in the carbon cycle include photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, combustion, and sedimentation, whereas the water cycle involves evaporation, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, and runoff.

3. The main reservoirs in the carbon cycle are the atmosphere, oceans, fossil fuels, and living organisms, while the water cycle's reservoirs include oceans, rivers, glaciers, groundwater, and the atmosphere.

4. The carbon cycle is primarily driven by biological processes like photosynthesis and respiration, as well as geological processes, while the water cycle is powered by solar energy, which drives evaporation and precipitation.

Question 2

Provides Essential Nutrients
The nitrogen cycle converts atmospheric nitrogen, which is inert and unusable by most organisms, into forms like ammonium and nitrate. These compounds are essential nutrients for plants, which form the base of food chains.

Supports Protein and DNA Synthesis
Nitrogen is a critical component of amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, and nucleotides, which form DNA and RNA. Without the nitrogen cycle, life would lack the foundation for growth and reproduction.

Maintains Ecosystem Balance
The nitrogen cycle ensures a continuous supply of nitrogen in ecosystems. Processes like nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, and decomposition balance nitrogen availability, preventing excessive accumulation or depletion in the environment.

Improves Agricultural Productivity
The cycle naturally enriches soils with nitrogen compounds, which are vital for plant growth. Human activities, such as adding fertilizers, mimic aspects of the nitrogen cycle to enhance crop yields.

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1.The carbon cycle and water cycle are both important processes that support life on Earth, but they work in different ways. The carbon cycle is the movement of carbon between the Earth's land, air, oceans, and living things. It includes processes like photosynthesis, where plants take in carbon dioxide (CO2) from the air to make energy, and respiration, where animals and plants release CO2 back into the air. When living things die and break down, carbon is also released. Natural events like volcanic eruptions and the breaking down of rocks help store and release carbon over time. Human activities, such as burning fossil fuels and cutting down forests, have changed the carbon cycle by adding more CO2 to the air, which leads to climate change.

On the other hand, the water cycle is about the continuous movement of water on Earth. Water moves between oceans, rivers, lakes, the atmosphere, and underground water sources. This cycle is mainly driven by the sun's energy, which causes water to evaporate from surfaces and plants to release water vapor. This vapor rises and cools to form clouds, which eventually leads to rain, snow, or other forms of precipitation. Water then goes back to rivers and oceans or soaks into the ground to refill underground water. Unlike the carbon cycle, the water cycle is influenced more by physical forces like sunlight and gravity, rather than living things.

2.

Essential for Living Organisms: Nitrogen is a fundamental component of amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), and other biomolecules essential for life. The nitrogen cycle makes nitrogen available to plants, which are then consumed by animals and humans to obtain this essential nutrient.

Maintains Ecosystem Balance: The nitrogen cycle helps maintain a balance between the different forms of nitrogen in the environment. This balance ensures that ecosystems function properly, supporting plant growth and sustaining the food chain.

Supports Plant Growth: Plants need nitrogen in the form of nitrates or ammonium to grow. The nitrogen cycle converts atmospheric nitrogen (which most plants cannot directly use) into forms that plants can absorb and use for their development, leading to healthier crops and vegetation

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1. Comparison Between Carbon Cycle and Water Cycle

- Definition: The carbon cycle refers to the transfer of carbon between the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere, while the water cycle describes the continuous circulation of water through the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere, driven by physical forces.

- Key Processes: Biological and chemical processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, combustion, and ocean absorption drive the carbon cycle. In contrast, the water cycle depends on physical processes, including evaporation, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, runoff, and transpiration.

- Reservoirs: Carbon is stored in the atmosphere (as CO₂), fossil fuels, soil, oceans, and living organisms, whereas water is stored in forms such as atmospheric water vapor, oceans, rivers, lakes, glaciers, and groundwater.

- Role in Climate: The carbon cycle controls atmospheric CO₂ levels, which significantly influence global temperature and climate patterns. Meanwhile, the water cycle regulates humidity and precipitation, affecting weather patterns and temperature stability.

- Impact of Disruption: Disruptions in the carbon cycle, such as increased CO₂ emissions, contribute to climate change and ocean acidification. On the other hand, disturbances in the water cycle, such as overextraction or pollution, lead to problems like water scarcity, droughts, and floods.

- Biological Relevance: The carbon cycle provides the carbon necessary for forming essential molecules like DNA and proteins, fundamental to life. Similarly, the water cycle is vital for hydration and metabolic activities, ensuring the survival of all organisms.

2. Importance of Nitrogen Cycle

- The nitrogen cycle is essential for plant growth, as plants need nitrogen in forms such as ammonium (NH₄⁺) and nitrate (NO₃⁻) to synthesize chlorophyll and other compounds necessary for photosynthesis.

- It is critical for protein production since nitrogen is a key component of DNA and proteins, which are crucial for the growth, reproduction, and functioning of all living organisms.

- Nitrogen-fixing bacteria enhance soil fertility by converting atmospheric nitrogen into forms that plants can absorb, supporting agricultural and ecological productivity.

- The cycle maintains ecosystem balance by preventing nutrient imbalances, which can cause problems like eutrophication and harm aquatic biodiversity.

- Globally, the nitrogen cycle ensures the stability of ecosystems by supporting life processes in both terrestrial and aquatic environments, highlighting its significance in maintaining ecological health.

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1.Comparison Between the Carbon Cycle and the Water Cycle

The carbon cycle focuses on the movement of carbon, an essential element in organic molecules, through different reservoirs such as the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. Key processes include photosynthesis, where plants absorb carbon dioxide (CO₂) to produce oxygen and organic compounds, and respiration, where organisms release CO₂ back into the atmosphere. Other processes like combustion and decomposition further transfer carbon between living and non-living systems. Carbon stored in fossil fuels can take millions of years to re-enter the cycle, showing the long-term nature of some aspects of the carbon cycle.

In contrast, the water cycle describes the continuous movement of water through the atmosphere, land, and oceans. This cycle is powered by solar energy, which drives evaporation from water bodies. Water vapor then condenses to form clouds and falls as precipitation. Processes like infiltration and runoff transport water across the Earth's surface, while plants contribute through transpiration. Unlike the carbon cycle, the water cycle occurs on a shorter time scale, often completing within days or months.

2.Importance of the Nitrogen Cycle

The nitrogen cycle is a cornerstone of life on Earth, ensuring that nitrogen, an essential element for biological processes, is available in usable forms. Nitrogen exists abundantly in the atmosphere, comprising approximately 78% of the air we breathe. However, in its atmospheric form (N₂), nitrogen is inert and unavailable to most living organisms. The nitrogen cycle transforms this gas into compounds that are vital for life.

Nitrogen is a key component of amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, as well as DNA and RNA, the molecules that carry genetic information. Through nitrogen fixation, specialized bacteria and lightning convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia (NH₃) or nitrates (NO₃⁻), forms that plants can absorb. Plants use these compounds to grow, forming the base of the food chain. Animals then obtain nitrogen by consuming plants or other animals.

The nitrogen cycle also supports soil fertility, which is critical for agriculture. Decomposition and waste release nitrogen back into the soil, maintaining nutrient levels. Human activities, such as using fertilizers, augment this natural process but can also disrupt the cycle, leading to environmental challenges like water pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.

By regulating nitrogen availability, the nitrogen cycle maintains ecosystem productivity and stability. It is essential for food security and the survival of life on Earth. Without this cycle, the biosphere would face a severe nitrogen deficiency, halting the production of proteins and nucleic acids crucial for all living organisms.

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The carbon cycle and water cycle are both important processes in nature, but they work in different ways. The carbon cycle moves carbon through the air, plants, animals, soil, and oceans. This happens through processes like photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposition. The main storage areas for carbon are the atmosphere, living things, soil, and fossil fuels. Meanwhile, the water cycle moves water through evaporation, condensation, rainfall, and runoff. Water is stored in places like oceans, rivers, glaciers, and the air. The carbon cycle is important for creating energy in living things, while the water cycle provides water needed for life. Human activities, like burning fuels and polluting water, can harm both cycles and affect the environment.

The nitrogen cycle is also very important for life. It provides nitrogen that plants and animals need to grow. Nitrogen is used to make proteins and DNA, which are essential for all living things. Plants absorb nitrogen in forms like ammonium and nitrate, which helps them grow and keeps the soil fertile. This cycle also supports farming and food production, ensuring we have enough food. It also helps balance nitrogen levels in the air, keeping the environment healthy.

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1. The carbon cycle refers to the movement of carbon (in the form of carbon dioxide) between the atmosphere, plants, animals, land, and oceans while the water cycle  involves the movement of water in the form of liquid, vapor, and ice between the atmosphere, the earth's surface (seas, rivers, lakes), and land.

2. carbon cycle helps control the amount of carbon in the atmosphere and affects the global climate while the water cycle This cycle ensures that water is continuously available for plant, animal, and human life

3. For carbon cycle, carbon comes from fossil fuels, plants, animals, and the atmosphere. and for water it comes from natural sources such as oceans, rivers, lakes, and the atmosphere.

i) Nutrient Sources for Plants because Nitrogen is essential for plants for growth and the formation of proteins and DNA. Healthy plants produce food that supports the life of animals and humans.

ii) Reduce environmental pollution like water pollution because nitrates in the soil transform into nitrogen gas which can help reduce water pollution caused by excess nitrates.

iii) The nitrogen cycle reduces the release of greenhouse gases such as nitrous oxide, which contributes to climate change. The process of nitrification and decomposition in the nitrogen cycle increases soil fertility, which in turn reduces the need for synthetic steel that can pollute the environment.

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1. Processes involved

In the carbon cycle, photosynthesis is a key process where plants absorb carbon dioxide (CO₂) from the atmosphere and convert it into glucose. Respiration by animals and plants releases CO₂ back into the atmosphere. Decomposition of dead organic matter by microorganisms releases carbon compounds into the soil and air. Combustion, such as the burning of fossil fuels and biomass, also releases CO₂ into the atmosphere. Additionally, carbonate formation in oceans and the weathering of rocks contribute to the long-term storage and release of carbon.

In the water cycle, evaporation is a key process where water changes from liquid to vapor due to heat from the sun. This vapor condenses in the atmosphere to form clouds in a process called condensation. Precipitation, such as rain or snow, occurs when the water in clouds becomes too heavy to remain suspended. Water infiltrates into the soil in a process called infiltration, and excess water moves across the surface as runoff. Transpiration, the release of water vapor by plants, also plays a critical role in moving water from the biosphere to the atmosphere.

2.⁠ ⁠Reservoirs

In the carbon cycle, carbon is stored in several reservoirs. The atmosphere contains carbon in the form of CO₂ and methane. The biosphere stores carbon in living organisms, such as plants and animals, as well as in decomposed organic matter. The lithosphere acts as a long-term reservoir through fossil fuels, soil, and carbonate rocks. The hydrosphere also stores carbon, particularly as dissolved CO₂ in oceans and other water bodies.

In the water cycle, water is stored in multiple reservoirs. The atmosphere holds water in the form of vapor. The hydrosphere stores most of the Earth’s water in oceans, rivers, lakes, and groundwater. The cryosphere acts as a reservoir by storing water in the form of ice and snow in glaciers and ice caps. The biosphere contains water within the cells of plants and animals.

3.⁠ ⁠Role in the Ecosystem

The carbon cycle plays a crucial role in regulating global temperatures by controlling the levels of greenhouse gases like CO₂ in the atmosphere. Carbon is also essential for life, as it is a fundamental component of biological molecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. The carbon cycle influences soil fertility and supports plant growth, which sustains ecosystems and food chains.

The water cycle is essential for maintaining life on Earth by regulating climate and hydrating organisms. It helps transport nutrients through processes like erosion and sediment movement, which are vital for ecosystem health. The water cycle also plays a key role in influencing weather patterns and stabilizing global temperatures by redistributing heat across the planet.

2. The importance of nitrogen cycle

1. The nitrogen cycle is essential for plant growth as it allows plants to synthesize proteins and nucleic acids, which are necessary for their development and reproduction.

2. It helps maintain the fertility of soil by replenishing nitrogen compounds, which supports agricultural productivity and improves crop yields.

3. The nitrogen cycle plays a crucial role in supporting ecosystems by providing nitrogen, an essential nutrient for the survival of plants and other organisms.

4. It helps reduce nitrogen toxicity by converting excess nitrogen from chemical fertilizers into usable forms or releasing it into the atmosphere. However, if the nitrogen cycle is disrupted, it can lead to eutrophication, which negatively impacts aquatic ecosystems.

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1.Compare between Carbon cycle and Water cycle

Carbon Cycle usually key processes include photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, combustion (burning of fossil fuels), and oceanic absorption and release.Meanwhile Water Cycle key processes involve evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation ,rain, snow and runoff.

Besides, Carbon Cycle involving the carbon moves between living organisms, the atmosphere, soil, and oceans. Plants absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and convert it into organic matter, which animals consume. When organisms respire, carbon is released back into the atmosphere.Meanwhile,Water Cycle is Water moves through evaporation (from water bodies and land) forms clouds through condensation, falls as precipitation, and returns to water bodies or infiltrates the ground as groundwater.

Other than that Carbon Cycle is essential for life as it is the basis for energy transfer in ecosystems. Carbon in the form of carbon dioxide is crucial for photosynthesis, while stored carbon in fossil fuels provides energy for human use.Meanwhile Water Cycle is usually Critical for sustaining life, as it distributes water necessary for drinking, agriculture, and other biological processes. It helps regulate the Earth’s temperature and supports various ecosystems.

2. The importance of nitrogen cycle

-the Nutrient supply for Plants:Nitrogen is an essential component of amino acids and nucleic acids, making it a crucial element for plant growth and development. The nitrogen cycle converts inert nitrogen gas from the atmosphere into usable forms like ammonia and nitrates through nitrogen fixation.

-Protein Synthesis: Animals and humans rely on the nitrogen cycle to obtain nitrogen for building proteins. Plants absorb nitrates from the soil, and animals acquire nitrogen by consuming plants or other animals.

-Soil Fertility: The nitrogen cycle enriches soil by replenishing essential nutrients, promoting healthy plant growth. This is significant for agriculture, as it ensures that crops receive the nitrogen they need for optimal yield.

-Ecosystem Balance: By cycling nitrogen through the atmosphere, soil, and living organisms, the nitrogen cycle maintains ecological balance. It helps in the breakdown of organic matter and prevents the accumulation of nitrogenous waste in the environment.

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Comparison between carbon cycle and water cycle

1. The carbon cycle involves carbon in various forms such as carbon dioxide (CO₂),   methane, carbonates, and organic matter. The water cycle deals with water in its liquid, vapor, and solid states.

2. The carbon cycle includes processes like photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition and combustion. In contrast, the water cycle involves evaporation, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, runoff, and transpiration.

3. The carbon cycle regulates greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, which play a critical role in controlling global temperatures. The water cycle influences climate by affecting precipitation patterns and cloud formation.

4. The carbon cycle is driven by biological activities such as photosynthesis and respiration, along with geological processes like volcanic eruptions. The water cycle, however, is primarily driven by solar energy and gravity.

Important of Nitrogen Cycle

1. Nitrogen is importance to support the plant growth. Nitrogen is a critical component of chlorophyll, which plants use in photosynthesis. The cycle ensures plants have access to usable forms of nitrogen, like nitrates and ammonium.

2. The cycle contributes to soil fertility by replenishing nitrogen in the soil, making it vital for agriculture and crop production.

3. The nitrogen cycle provides nitrogen, an essential element for the formation of amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), and other biological molecules.

4. Decomposers play a role in the nitrogen cycle by breaking down organic matter, releasing nitrogen back into the soil and atmosphere.

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1) The processes involved in the carbon cycle include photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and combustion. For example, during photosynthesis, plants absorb carbon dioxide to produce glucose, while in combustion, carbon is released back into the atmosphere. Meanwhile, the water cycle consists of processes such as evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and transpiration, which can occur in the form of solid, liquid, or water vapour. Next, in carbon cycle, carbon is stored in various reservoirs, including the atmosphere as carbon dioxide, the ocean as dissolved carbon, the biosphere within living organisms and terrestrial environments like soil and rocks. Additionally, fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas, which contain carbon will be released back into the atmosphere when burned. While, in the water cycle, water is stored in the ocean, frozen in glaciers, present in the atmosphere as water vapour and within living organisms and plants in the biosphere. It is also stored underground as groundwater in aquifers, which plays a critical role in maintaining water availability. In addition to that, carbon cycle also plays a vital role by providing carbon for the formation of organic molecules which is the basic parts of life. Since carbon forms the backbone of these molecules, it is essential for the survival and functioning of all living organism. Meanwhile, in water cycle, it ensures the availability of fresh water by distributing it trough processes like evaporation, condersation and precipitation. It also plays a crucial role in maintaining a steady supply of fresh water necessary for the survival of plants, animals and humans.

2) The nitrogen cycle is important because it supports plant growth by helping plants synthesis proteins and nucleic acids, which are essential for building cells and enabling development. It also maintains soil fertility by replenishing vital nutrients, supporting agriculture and ensuring healthy and productive crop yields. Furthermore, the cycle sustains ecosystems by providing nitrogen to all living organisms, ensuring a balanced flow of nutrients through the environment. Additionally, it helps reduce nitrogen toxicity and pollution by converting excess nitrogen into safer forms, preventing environmental harm and protecting water and soil quality.

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PUTERI QISTINA ADRIANA BINTI ABDUL KARIM K2

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PUTERI QISTINA ADRIANA BINTI ABDUL KARIM K2

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A Comparison of the Water Cycle and the Carbon Cycle

While the water cycle concentrates on the constant flow of water through evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and runoff, the carbon cycle deals with the exchange of carbon between the atmosphere, biosphere, seas, and rocks. The water cycle depends on physical changes like evaporation and precipitation, whereas the carbon cycle involves processes like photosynthesis, respiration, and combustion. Whereas water is stored in glaciers, oceans, and groundwater, carbon is stored in the atmosphere, living things, and soil. Both cycles are necessary for life; the water cycle guarantees that there is water available for living, while the carbon cycle controls Earth's temperature and gives organisms energy. Pollution affects the water cycle, while human activities like deforestation affect the carbon cycle.

Why the Nitrogen Cycle Is Important

Ecosystems depend on the nitrogen cycle because:

1. Promotes Plant Growth: transforms atmospheric nitrogen (N₂) into forms that plants can absorb and utilise for growth, such as nitrates (NO₃⁻) and ammonium (NH₄⁺).

2. Constructs Proteins and DNA: A vital component of proteins, amino acids, and nucleic acids (DNA/RNA), nitrogen is necessary for all living things.

3. Maintains Ecosystem Balance: Controls nitrogen availability to maintain ecosystem productivity and avoid excess nitrogen, which can cause problems like water eutrophication.

4. Maintains Food Chains: Bacteria that fix nitrogen enable plants to flourish, which forms the base of food chains and sustains animal existence.

Ecosystems wouldn't have the nutrients needed to support life if the nitrogen cycle didn't exist.

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1. Compare between carbon cycle and water cycle.

Aspect reservoirs

Carbon Cycle focuses on reservoirs of carbon-containing compounds, including solid (coal, rocks), liquid (oil, dissolved CO₂ in oceans), and gaseous (CO₂, methane) forms while water cycle deals with reservoirs of water in its three states (solid, liquid, gas), distributed across the planet's surface and atmosphere.

Aspect processes involved

Processes carbon cycle include photosynthesis, where plants convert carbon dioxide (CO₂) into organic matter; respiration, which releases CO₂ back into the atmosphere; and decomposition, where microorganisms break down organic materials, emitting carbon gases. Other significant processes include combustion of fossil fuels and biomass. While processes water cycle includes evaporation of water from surfaces due to solar energy, transpiration from plants, and condensation that forms clouds. Precipitation brings water back to the surface as rain or snow, followed by processes like infiltration into the ground and runoff into water bodies. Additional processes, such as sublimation (direct conversion of ice to vapor) and deposition (vapor to ice), also play roles. While both cycles involve transfers between reservoirs, the carbon cycle emphasizes energy and chemical transformations, whereas the water cycle is driven primarily by physical phase change.

Aspect role in ecosystems

Carbon cycle provide carbon for organic molecules like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, making it a vital element of life. While water cycle provide fresh water, which is critical for the structure and function of cells for maintaining turgor pressure in plants and facilitating molecular transport .

2. Importance of nitrogen cycle.

The nitrogen cycle is essential for sustaining life on Earth, particularly in supporting plant growth. Nitrogen is a key element required for the synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA, which are fundamental for cellular processes, energy transfer, and overall development in plants. Additionally, the nitrogen cycle plays a crucial role in maintaining soil fertility by converting atmospheric nitrogen into forms like nitrates and ammonium, which plants can readily absorb. This process ensures a continuous supply of nutrients for agriculture and natural vegetation. Beyond its role in plant and soil health, the nitrogen cycle supports ecosystems by providing nitrogen to all organisms through the food chain, thereby maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem balance. Moreover, the cycle helps mitigate nitrogen toxicity in the environment and reduces pollution risks. By controlling nitrogen levels, it prevents the harmful effects of eutrophication, where excessive nitrogen leads to algal blooms and oxygen depletion in water bodies, ultimately safeguarding aquatic life and water quality.

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Comparison between carbon cycle and water cycle

1. The carbon cycle involves carbon in various forms such as carbon dioxide (CO₂),   methane, carbonates, and organic matter. The water cycle deals with water in its liquid, vapor, and solid states.

2. The carbon cycle includes processes like photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition and combustion. In contrast, the water cycle involves evaporation, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, runoff, and transpiration.

3. The carbon cycle regulates greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, which play a critical role in controlling global temperatures. The water cycle influences climate by affecting precipitation patterns and cloud formation.

4. The carbon cycle is driven by biological activities such as photosynthesis and respiration, along with geological processes like volcanic eruptions. The water cycle, however, is primarily driven by solar energy and gravity.

Important of Nitrogen Cycle

1. Nitrogen is importance to support the plant growth. Nitrogen is a critical component of chlorophyll, which plants use in photosynthesis. The cycle ensures plants have access to usable forms of nitrogen, like nitrates and ammonium.

2. The cycle contributes to soil fertility by replenishing nitrogen in the soil, making it vital for agriculture and crop production.

3. The nitrogen cycle provides nitrogen, an essential element for the formation of amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), and other biological molecules.

4. Decomposers play a role in the nitrogen cycle by breaking down organic matter, releasing nitrogen back into the soil and atmosphere.

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1.Comparison between the Carbon Cycle and the Water Cycle

Carbon Cycle:

1)The movement of carbon among the earth's atmosphere,oceans,biosphere and geosphere.

2)It involves processes such as photosynthesis ,respiration,decomposition and the combustion of fossil fuels.

3)Provides carbon for living things to create energy and build tissues . it affects global temperatures and climate because CO2 is a green house gas.

4) Extra CO2 from burning fossil fuels leads to global warming ,climates changes,and ocean acidification.

Water Cycle:

1) The continuous movement of water within the Earth and atmosphere.

2)This cycle includes processes such as evaporation,condensation,precipitation,infiltration and runoff.

3) Fresh water reaches plants,animals,and humans.It controls weather and climate patterns and supports all living organisms.

4)Changes from deforestation or climate change can course drought,flood,and water shortage.

2.Importance of the Nitrogen Cycle

1)It support plant growth by nitrogen were used to produce chlorophyll,which is essential for photosynthesis.This process enables plants to create food and energy.

2)Nitrogen is a part of proteins and nucleic acids,which are the building blocks of cells in all living organisms.

3)Excessive use of nitrogen- based fertilizers can disrupt the natural nitrogen cycle,leading to problems such as water pollution,algal blooms and eutrophication.

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1. Comparison between the Carbon Cycle and the Water Cycle

1. The carbon cycle involves processes like photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and combustion meanwhile the water cycle includes evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and collection

2. The carbon cycle stores carbon in the atmosphere, oceans, earth's interior and terestial biosphere while the water cycle holds water in oceans, rivers, glaciers and lakes

3. The carbon cycle is the process through which carbon moves between the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere while water cycle describes the continuous movement of water through evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and runoff.

4. The carbon cycle provides carbon necessary for forming organic molecules like carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids while the water cycle ensures water availability, crucial for hydration, ecosystems, and climate regulation.

2. Importance of the Nitrogen Cycle

1. Essential for Life, provides nitrogen for the synthesis of amino acids, proteins, DNA, and RNA, which are vital for all living organisms.

2. Soil Fertility,converts atmospheric nitrogen into usable forms (ammonia, nitrates, nitrites) to support plant growth.

3. Ecosystem Balance ,maintains a balance of nitrogen between the atmosphere, soil, and organisms, ensuring ecosystem stability.

4. Agricultural Productivity, enhances crop growth and yield by supplying nitrogen, either naturally through fixation or with fertilizers.

5. Environmental Health, reduces excess nitrogen accumulation, minimizing air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.

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COMPARE

Reservoirs

c-Major reservoirs include the atmosphere (CO₂), oceans, fossil fuels, soil, and forests (biomass).

w- Major reservoirs are oceans, glaciers, rivers, lakes, soil moisture, and groundwater.

Plant Absorption

c- Plants absorb carbon dioxide (CO₂) from the atmosphere during photosynthesis.

w- Plants absorb water mainly from the soil through their roots, which is essential for photosynthesis.

Processes

c- Key processes include photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, combustion, and sedimentation.

w- Key processes include evaporation, condensation, precipitation, transpiration, and runoff.

Human Impact

c- Burning fossil fuels releases excess CO₂, increasing greenhouse gases and leading to climate change.

c- Deforestation reduces carbon storage, increasing CO₂ levels.

w- Water pollution and overuse of freshwater resources strain water availability.

w- Climate change disrupts precipitation patterns, affecting water availability.

IMPORTANCE

Plant Growth: Nitrogen is an essential nutrient for plants, as it is a key component of chlorophyll, amino acids, and proteins. Through the nitrogen cycle, nitrogen is converted into forms (like ammonium and nitrate) that plants can absorb and use to grow, ultimately improving crop yields and vegetation health.

Soil Fertility: The nitrogen cycle naturally replenishes nitrogen in the soil, maintaining soil fertility. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the soil and root nodules of certain plants (like legumes) convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, enriching the soil with nutrients that benefit other plants.

Reducing Nitrogen Pollution: By balancing nitrogen in the environment, the nitrogen cycle helps reduce nitrogen pollution. Processes such as denitrification convert excess nitrates back into nitrogen gas, preventing the accumulation of nitrates in water bodies, which can cause harmful algal blooms and eutrophication.

Support for Ecosystems: The nitrogen cycle supports ecosystems by providing a steady supply of nitrogen to various organisms, sustaining food chains and biodiversity. It maintains the balance of nitrogen in air, soil, and water, allowing ecosystems to thrive without excessive nitrogen buildup or depletion.

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Compare between carbon cycle and water cycle .

Differences :

1.       Focus of Each Cycle.

The carbon cycle focuses on the movement of carbon, an essential element for life, through the atmosphere, living organisms, soil, water, and rocks.

The water cycle revolves around the movement of water through the atmosphere, land, and oceans.

2.       Processes Involved.

The carbon cycle includes processes like photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, combustion, and sedimentation.

The water cycle involves processes like evaporation, condensation, precipitation, runoff, and infiltration.

3.       Energy Source.

The carbon cycle is driven by biological activity (photosynthesis and respiration) and geological activity (volcanic eruptions and rock formation).

The water cycle is powered mainly by solar energy (causing evaporation) and gravity (causing water to flow downhill).

4.       Time Scale

The carbon cycle can take years to millions of years, especially when carbon is stored in rocks or fossil fuels.

The water cycle is faster, typically completing within days or weeks.

5.       Human Impact.

Human activities like burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial processes increase CO₂ in the atmosphere, disrupting the carbon cycle.

Human activities like pollution, deforestation, and urbanization affect water availability and quality, disrupting the water cycle.

Similarities:

1.       Essential for Life

Both cycles are critical for sustaining life on Earth. The carbon cycle provides carbon for building blocks of life (e.g., proteins, DNA), while the water cycle ensures the availability of water, which is essential for hydration and ecosystems.

2.       Movement Through the Environment

Both cycles involve the movement of substances through the atmosphere, land, and water systems. For example, carbon moves through plants, animals, and air, while water cycles between oceans, rivers, and clouds.

3.       Interconnectedness.

The cycles are interconnected. For instance, carbon dissolves in water, so the oceans absorb CO₂  from the atmosphere, linking the two cycles. Changes in the carbon cycle (e.g., increased CO₂) can alter climate patterns, affecting the water cycle.

4.       Impact of Climate Change.

Disruptions in either cycle contribute to climate change. Excess carbon in the atmosphere leads to global warming, which alters rainfall patterns, evaporation rates, and the overall water cycle.

State the importance of nitrogen cycle.

1.       Supports Plant Growth

The nitrogen cycle turns nitrogen from the air into forms like ammonium and nitrate that plants can absorb, helping them grow and forming the base of the food chain.

2.       Builds Essential Molecules

Nitrogen is needed to make proteins and DNA, which are vital for all living things.

3.       Improves Soil Fertility

The cycle replenishes soil nutrients through processes like nitrogen fixation and decomposition, keeping ecosystems and farms productive.

4.       Balances Ecosystems

It regulates nitrogen levels in the air, soil, and water, preventing problems like pollution and algal blooms.

5.       Boosts Food Production

The cycle provides nitrogen for crops, ensuring global food security.

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Comparison Between the Carbon Cycle and the Water Cycle

1. The carbon cycle revolves around the movement of carbon through the atmosphere, living organisms, oceans, and Earth's crust, while the water cycle focuses on the movement of water through evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and runoff.

2. In the carbon cycle, plants play a key role in absorbing carbon dioxide through photosynthesis, whereas in the water cycle, plants contribute through transpiration.

3. The carbon cycle involves processes such as combustion and decomposition, which release or store carbon, while the water cycle includes processes like infiltration and runoff that regulate water flow.

4. Human activities such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation impact the carbon cycle, whereas pollution and groundwater extraction affect the water cycle.

5. The carbon cycle directly influences climate change through greenhouse gas emissions, while the water cycle regulates weather patterns and ensures water availability.

Importance of the Nitrogen Cycle

1. It supports plant growth by converting atmospheric nitrogen into usable forms like nitrates and ammonium through nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

2. The cycle maintains ecosystem balance by recycling nitrogen to ensure its availability for organisms at various trophic levels.

3. It enhances soil fertility, contributing to better agricultural productivity and food security.

4. Nitrogen is essential for the synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids, fundamental for all living organisms.

5. The cycle prevents nitrogen pollution and environmental problems such as eutrophication, thereby ensuring ecological stability.

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MUHAMMAD HAIKAL SAFWAN BIN MOHD KHAIRUDDIN (K2)

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MUHAMMAD HAIKAL SAFWAN BIN MOHD KHAIRUDDIN (K2)

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Main elements

The Carbon cycle moves carbon atoms, often as carbon dioxide (CO₂) and organic matter. Carbon is a building block for all living things and is stored in plants, animals, soil, oceans, and rocks. The water cycle moves water molecules (H₂O) between the atmosphere, oceans, rivers, lakes, soil, and organisms. Water is essential for all forms of life, and it helps regulate temperature and support ecosystems.

Process

The Carbon cycles play a role to do Photosynthesis that Plants absorb CO₂ from the air and use it to make food.
Respiration that Animals and plants release CO₂ when they breathe. The water cycle help in Evaporation process that Water evaporates from surfaces like oceans and lakes, turning from liquid into water vapor in the air and Condensation that Water vapor cools and turns into clouds, forming tiny droplets.

Role in nature

The carbon cycle store and moves carbon for plants and help to control earth's temperature. The water cycles provides water for all living things to keep earth's climate stable.

Human impacts

For carbon cycles activities like Burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) for energy releases extra CO₂ into the atmosphere will contributing to global warming. besides that, for water cycle activities like Water extraction for agriculture, industry, and human consumption can deplete water sources and leading to droughts and affecting water availability.

QUESTION 2

Supports Plant Growth: Plants need nitrogen to grow, but they cannot use nitrogen in its atmospheric form (N₂). Through the nitrogen cycle, nitrogen is converted into forms that plants can absorb, such as nitrates (NO₃⁻) and ammonium (NH₄⁺), which help plants produce essential proteins and enzymes.

Maintains Ecosystem Balance: By recycling nitrogen through different forms, the nitrogen cycle helps maintain balanced levels of nitrogen in soil and water, supporting diverse ecosystems and promoting biodiversity.

Supports Food Chain: As plants absorb nitrogen, animals obtain nitrogen by eating plants or other animals, transferring it throughout the food chain. This sustains animal life and supports agricultural systems that rely on nitrogen for crop production.

Climate Change & the Atmosphere: The nitrogen cycle also impacts the atmosphere and climate. Certain nitrogen compounds, like nitrous oxide (N₂O), are potent greenhouse gases. Proper nitrogen cycling helps manage these emissions, reducing their contribution to climate change and helping to stabilize the global climate.

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1. Three types of tropism are:

Phototropism

Geotropis

Thigmotropism

2. Danish discovered that mimosa leaves fold up when a flame from a lighter was held close to its leaves because this is a protective response called thermonasty. Just like how we quickly pull our hand away from something hot, the mimosa plant has a similar defense mechanism. When the leaves sense heat from the flame, special cells at the base of the leaves quickly lose water, causing the leaves to fold up and move away from the heat source. This quick movement helps protect the plant from getting damaged by the heat. Once the flame is removed, the leaves will slowly return to their normal position. This behavior is a survival adaptation that helps the plant protect itself from harm.

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a) anther

b) filament

c) petal

d) sepal

e) stigma

f) style

g) ovary

h) receptacle

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1. Three macronutrients:

- Nitrogen (N)

- Phosphorus (P)

- Potassium (K)

Three micronutrients:

- Iron (Fe)

- Zinc (Zn)

- Copper (Cu)

2. Effect of deficiency:

- Nitrogen: Yellowing of leaves.

- Potassium: Brown leaf edges.

- Calcium: Poor growth and distorted leaves.

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1. The two types of tissues that perform the function of transport systems in plants are xylem and phloem.

2. Gutation is the process by which water droplets are expelled from the edges of leaves, usually occurring at night or in high humidity.

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4a INTRODUCTION TO ECOLOGY AND BIOSPHERE 

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4a INTRODUCTION TO ECOLOGY AND BIOSPHERE 

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1. Compare between carbon cycle and water cycle

2. State the importance of nitrogen cycle

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Question 1

1. Phototropism

2. Gravitropism

3. Thigmotropism

Question 2

When Mimosa pudica leaves fold in response to a nearby flame, it’s due to seismonasty and a rapid movement triggered by external stimuli like touch or heat. The heat causes specialized cells at the leaf base to lose water and turgor pressure, making the leaves fold inward. This response is thought to protect the plant by reducing exposure to potential harm, unlike tropism, which involves growth direction towards or away from stimuli.

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a) anther

b) filament

c) petal

d) sepal

e) stigma

f) style

g) ovary

h) receptacle

# data[].attributes.body
Question 1

Macronutrients:

1. Nitrogen (N)

2. Phosphorus (P)

3. Potassium (K)

Micronutrients:

1. Iron

2. Manganese

3. Zinc

Question 2:

Nitrogen Deficiency:
Nitrogen deficiency often causes chlorosis, which is the yellowing of leaves, particularly in older leaves. This occurs because nitrogen is essential for chlorophyll production, and a deficiency leads to reduced photosynthesis and stunted growth.

Potassium Deficiency:
Potassium deficiency can result in scorched or brown leaf edges, especially on older leaves. Potassium is critical for enzyme activation, photosynthesis, and water regulation, so its deficiency weakens plants, making them more susceptible to disease and environmental stress.

Calcium Deficiency:
Calcium deficiency typically causes blossom-end rot in fruits (such as tomatoes and peppers), where the bottom part of the fruit turns brown and soft. Calcium is crucial for cell wall structure and membrane stability, so its lack affects young tissues, leading to deformed or necrotic growth.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Xylem and phloem

2. Gutation is the process by which plants release excess water from the edges of their leaves, usually in the form of droplets. This occurs through specialized structures which are located at the margins or tips of leaves.

# data[].attributes.body
1. two types of tisue are xylem dan phloem

2. gutation is the  the process of secretion of water droplets from the pores of some vascular plants like grass

# data[].attributes.body
1. 3 macronutrients

i) Nitrogen

ii) Phosphorus

iii) Potassium

3 micronutrients

i) Copper

ii) Iron

iii) Manganese

2)i) Nitrogen deficiency - Nitrogen deficiency causes stunted growth, yellowing of older leaves (chlorosis), poor yield, thin stems, and premature leaf drop. Plants also produce less protein, affecting their nutritional quality.

ii) Potassium deficiency- Potassium deficiency in plants leads to yellowing or browning of leaf edges, weak stems, poor root development, reduced drought resistance, and lower crop yields. It also affects photosynthesis and the plant's ability to regulate water.

iii) Calcium deficiency -  Calcium deficiency in plants causes stunted growth, distorted young leaves, weakened cell walls, blossom end rot in fruits (like tomatoes), poor root development, and increased susceptibility to diseases.

# data[].attributes.body
a) anther

b) filament

c) petal

d) sepal

e) stigma

f) style

g) ovary

h)receptacle

# data[].attributes.body
1. 3 types of tropism are phototropism, gravitropism and thigmotropism

2. The folding up of Mimosa leaves when exposed to a flame is an example of thigmonasty (or seismonasty), a rapid plant movement in response to touch, heat, or other stimuli. In this case, the heat from the flame triggers the sensitive cells in the leaf's pulvinus (a joint-like structure at the base of the leaf), causing water to quickly move out of these cells. This results in a loss of turgor pressure, causing the leaves to fold up as a protective mechanism to minimize damage from the heat.

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Setelah selesai lawatan ke Muzium Anatomi di USM, terdapat beberapa ilmu dan pengalaman baharu yang dapat saya peroleh. Di sana, saya dapat memegang mayat asli yang telah diproses. Pengalaman yang saya lalui ini memberi impak kepada perspektif saya terhadap cara pembelajaran anatomi manusia. Saya dapat melihat dan mengamati struktur tubuh manusia (otak, sistem pembiakan, usus dan lain-lain) dari bayi hingga dewasa. Saya juga dapat mengtahui sedikit sebanyak cara memproses mayat untuk dijadikan bahan anatomi dengan menggunakan cecair bernama formalin.

Setelah selesai lawatan ke Muzium Anatomi, kami bergerak makmal untuk melihat beberapa pameran. Saya mengetahui cara mengesan duit yang sah, cara mengesan DNA anak, cara mengenal pasti jantina melalui tengkorak dan sebagainya.

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1. phototropism, gravitropism, and thigmotropism

2. This phenomenon known as thermogenesis or the plant's defensive response. Mimosa pudica has specialized cells in its leaves that are sensitive to changes in temperature and other stimuli. When the leaves detect heat, they respond rapidly to protect themselves. The folding of the leaves occurs due to a rapid loss of turgor pressure in the cells. The heat causes water to exit the cells in the pulvini (the specialized regions at the base of the leaflets), leading to a decrease in pressure. This loss of turgor causes the leaflets to fold together. This reaction also serves as a defense mechanism, likely evolved to respond to threats. By folding up, the plant can appear less palatable or may reduce the surface area available for herbivory.

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a) anther

b) filament

c) petal

d) sepal

e) stigma

f) style

g) ovary

h) receptacle

# data[].attributes.body
1. macronutrients:

Nitrogen (N)

Phosphorus (P)

Potassium (K)

micronutrients

Iron (Fe)

Manganese (Mn)

Zinc (Zn)

2. Nitrogen Deficiency

Yellowing of leaves (chlorosis), particularly in older leaves, as the plant breaks down chlorophyll to recycle nitrogen.

Potassium Deficiency

Marginal leaf burn and browning of leaf edges, leading to weak stems and increased susceptibility to disease.

Calcium Deficiency

Blossom end rot in fruits (like tomatoes) and stunted growth due to impaired cell division and structure in developing tissues.

# data[].attributes.body
1. - xylem

- phloem

2. Guttation is the process by which plants excrete excess water through specialized structures called hydathodes, usually found on the edges or tips of leaves. This occurs when soil moisture levels are high, and the roots absorb more water than the plant can use or transpire.

# data[].attributes.headline
Nurul Shahirah binti Mohamed Zamri / Group 2

# data[].attributes.subject
Nurul Shahirah binti Mohamed Zamri / Group 2

# data[].attributes.body
1. Three types of tropism are:

Phototropism: Growth towards or away from light, typically with stems growing towards light (positive) and roots away (negative).

Gravitropism: Growth in response to gravity, where roots grow downward (positive) and stems grow upward (negative) .

Chemotropism: Movement or growth in response to chemicals, such as the growth of pollen tubes toward ovules during fertilization.

2. The observation that Mimosa pudica leaves fold up when exposed to a flame is due to its rapid response mechanism to stimuli, primarily driven by changes in turgor pressure within specialized cells called pulvinus. When the heat from the flame is detected, it triggers an electrical signal that causes potassium and chloride ions to redistribute, leading to water movement out of extensor cells and into flexor cells.

# data[].attributes.headline
Nurul Shahirah binti Mohamed Zamri / Group 2

# data[].attributes.subject
Nurul Shahirah binti Mohamed Zamri / Group 2

# data[].attributes.body
1. Macronutrients = carbohydrates, proteins and fats

Micronutrients= vitamins, minerals, trace elements

2. Nitrogen, potassium, and calcium deficiencies each have distinct effects on plant health:

Nitrogen deficiency leads to stunted growth and yellowing of older leaves, resulting in reduced leaf area and poor overall development.

Potassium deficiency causes chlorosis and necrosis at the leaf margins, particularly in older leaves, which can lead to weak stems and increased susceptibility to disease.

Calcium deficiency results in stunted growth of new leaves and root tips, often causing younger leaves to curl and exhibit tip burn.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Types of tropisms are phototropism, geotropism, thigmotropism

2. The phenomenon Danish observed with the mimosa leaves folding up when exposed to a flame is a response called thigmonasty. Thigmonasty is a non-directional plant movement triggered by touch, heat, or mechanical stimulation, and in this case, the flame's heat acts as the stimulus.

# data[].attributes.headline
Nurul Shahirah binti Mohamed Zamri / Group 2

# data[].attributes.subject
Nurul Shahirah binti Mohamed Zamri / Group 2

# data[].attributes.body
a. anther

b. filament

c. petal

d. sepal

e. stigma

f. style

g. ovary

h. receptacle

# data[].attributes.body
a) anther

b) filament

c) petal

d) sepal

e) stigma

f) style

g) ovary

h) receptacle

# data[].attributes.headline
Nurul Shahirah binti Mohamed Zamri / Group 2

# data[].attributes.subject
Nurul Shahirah binti Mohamed Zamri / Group 2

# data[].attributes.body
1. Xylem and phloem

2. Guttation is the process by which some vascular plants exude water droplets from specialized pores called hydathodes, typically occurring at night when stomata are closed.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Macronutrients

-nirogen

- phosphorus

- pottasium

Micronutriens

- iron

-boron

- zinc

2. Deficiency

- Nitrogen: leaves are smaller and yellowish.Slow growth

- Pottasium: small fruits, susceptible to disease.Older leaves may wilt.

- Calcium: weak plant.New leaves are often distorted or irregularly shaped.

# data[].attributes.body
1. ﻿﻿﻿List three types of tropism.

Phototropism

Gravitropism

Thigmotropism

2. Danish discovered that the mimosa leaves fold up when a flame from a lighter was held close to its leaves. Explain this observation.

-When Mimosa pudica leaves are exposed to a lighter flame, they fold up due to a quick plant movement known as thigmonasty. The heat from the flame stimulates sensory cells in the plant, resulting in a rapid reduction of turgor pressure in specialised cells at the base of leaflets (pulvini). As a result, the leaves fold up as a defensive mechanism.

# data[].attributes.body
1. phototropism

geotropism

thigmatropism

2. The Mimosa leaves fold up in response to heat because of a rapid loss of water in specialized cells, causing the leaves to collapse as a defense mechanism

# data[].attributes.body
1. xylem and phloem

2. Guttation is the loss of water in the form of water droplets from hydathodes (small pores) on the leaf margin of a small herbaceous plant.

# data[].attributes.body
a.﻿﻿﻿anther

b.﻿﻿﻿filament

c.petal

d.﻿﻿﻿sepal

e.﻿﻿﻿stigma

f.﻿﻿﻿style

g.﻿﻿﻿ovary

h.receptacle

# data[].attributes.body
a) anther

b) filament

c) petal

d) sepal

e) stigma

f) style

g) ovary

h) receptacle

# data[].attributes.body
1. ﻿﻿﻿State 3 macronutrients and micronutrients.

macronutrients

i. Nitrogen (N)

ii. Phosphorus (P)

iii. Potassium (K)

micronutrients

i. Iron (Fe)

ii. Zinc (Zn)

iii.Copper (Cu)

2. State one effect of deficiency of nitrogen, potassium and calcium.

Nitrogen deficiency is stunted growth and yellowing of older leaves (chlorosis).

Potassium deficiency is leaf edges turn brown and plants become more susceptible to diseases.

Calcium deficiency is poor root development and blossom end rot in fruits like tomatoes.

# data[].attributes.body
1. pottasium, nitrogen, phosphorus

zinc, iron, copper

2. Nitrogen : Stunted growth and yellowing of older leaves (chlorosis).

Potassium : Marginal browning or scorching of leaves, particularly at the edges.

Calcium : Stunted growth and distorted young leaves, often with tip burn in crops like lettuce.

# data[].attributes.headline
SITI NUR AFRINA BINTI ABDUL RASHID (group 2)

# data[].attributes.subject
SITI NUR AFRINA BINTI ABDUL RASHID (group 2)

# data[].attributes.body
1. xylem and phloem

2. gutation is the loss of water in the form of water droplets from hydathodes (small pores) on the leaf margin of a small herbaceous plant.

# data[].attributes.body
1. ﻿﻿﻿State two types of tissues that perform the function of transport systems in plants.

Xylem

Phloem

2. ﻿﻿﻿What is gutation?

Guttation is the exudation of drops of xylem and phloem sapon the tips or edges of leaves of some vascular plants, such as grasses, and also a number of fungi.

# data[].attributes.body
1. three types of tropism

i.Thigmotropism

ii.Phototropism

iii. Geotropism

2. Danish noticed that when mimosa leaves fold up in response to a flame from a lighter, it demonstrates a plant's rapid movement which is thigmonasty. The heat from the flame is detected by the plant, causing a rapid loss of turgor pressure in the specialized cells (pulvinus) at the base of the leaflets. This flaccidity leads to the leaves folding inward, serving as a defense mechanism to protect the plant from potential threats.

# data[].attributes.body
a. anther

b. filament

c. petal

d. sepal

e. stigma

f. style

g. ovary

h. receptacle

# data[].attributes.body
1. Macronutrients

i.Nitrogen

ii.Pottasium

iii.Phosphorus

Micronutrients

i.Iron

ii.Zinc

iii.Copper

2. Effect deficiency nitrogen : stunted growth and yellowing of leaves (chlorosis)

Effect deficiency pottasium: weak stem growth, poor fruit development, and marginal leaf scorching.

Effect deficiency calcium : blossom end rot in fruits (like tomatoes), stunted growth, and deformed leaves.

# data[].attributes.body
1. xylem and phloem

2. Guttation is the process of a plant secreting excess liquid from its leaves or blades. It can only occur in small plants with a vascular system, such grass, tomatoes, and strawberries. This process occurs primarily at night or in humid conditions when transpiration is reduced.

# data[].attributes.body
1. i) Phototropism

ii )Gravitropism

iii )Thigmotropism

2. Danish noticed the folding of mimosa leaves when exposed to a flame is an example of thigmonasty, a rapid, non-directional response to stimuli such as heat or touch. This reaction occurs due to specialized cells called pulvinus at the base of the leaflets, which rapidly lose water and decrease in turgor pressure when stimulated, causing the leaves to fold inward. This protective mechanism helps the plant avoid potential damage from herbivores or environmental stressors, allowing it to react swiftly to immediate threats.

# data[].attributes.body
a) Anther

b) Filament

c) Petal

d) Sepal

e) Stigma

f) Style

g) Ovary

h) Receptacle

# data[].attributes.body
1. 3 Macronutrients

i) Nitrogen (N)

ii)Phosphorus (P)

iii)Potassium (K)

3 Micronutrients

i) Iron (Fe)

ii) Zinc (Zn)

iii) Manganese (Mn)

2. i) Nitrogen Deficiency:

Effect: Chlorosis (yellowing of leaves). When plants lack nitrogen, older leaves often turn yellow and may die off as the plant reallocates nitrogen to newer growth. This deficiency can lead to stunted growth and reduced yield.

ii) Potassium Deficiency:

Effect: Leaf margin burn or scorching. Potassium deficiency can cause older leaves to develop yellow or brown edges, which may lead to curling or wilting. This can affect overall plant health and reduce resistance to diseases.

iii) Calcium Deficiency:

Effect: Blossom end rot in fruits. Calcium deficiency can lead to physiological disorders such as blossom end rot in tomatoes and peppers, where the bottom of the fruit develops dark, sunken spots. It also affects cell wall structure, leading to weak plant tissue and stunted growth.

# data[].attributes.body
1. i) Xylem

ii) Phloem

2. Gutation is the process by which water is exuded from the tips or edged of leaves in the form of droplets. This phenomenon typically occurs in certain plants during the night or early moring when the condition are humid.

# data[].attributes.body
phototropism

gravitropism

hydrotropism

2. Mimosa pudica known as the sensitive plant which has leaves that fold up in response to touch, heat, or other stimuli. For example, when a flame is held close to its leaves, the plant perceives it as a threat. The cells at the base of the leaflets lose water quickly, causing the leaves to fold up as a defense mechanism. This reaction helps protect the plant from potential harm, such as being eaten by herbivores or damaged by fire.

# data[].attributes.body
a) anther

b) filament

c) petal

d) sepal

e) stigma

f) style

g) ovary

h) receptacle

# data[].attributes.body
1. Micronutrients:

zinc

copper

iron

Macronutrients:

calcium

nitrogen

magnesium

2. The availability of nutrients and water, especially nitrogen, which is necessary for the growth of stems and leaves, can be linked to the growth of plants. When calcium is removed from a treatment, the leaves become yellowish green, older leaves wither, and the tips of brown leaves burn. The low amount of potassium will produce 0–4 strands of weak stem tissue that fall more easily because of the plant's decreased turgor.

# data[].attributes.body
1. a） Thigmotropism

b） Geotropism

c） Hydrotropism

2.The observation by Danish that the mimosa leaves fold up when a flame is held close is an example of a plant's response to a stimulus called thigmonasty.

In this case, the heat from the flame acts as a stimulus, causing the leaf cells to rapidly lose water through specialized cells called pulvini at the base of the leaflets. This sudden loss of turgor pressure in the cells causes the leaves to fold up quickly. The folding is a protective response, helping to minimize potential damage from the heat. This response is not directional, meaning it doesn't depend on the direction of the stimulus but rather is triggered by the intensity of the stimulus itself.

# data[].attributes.body
a） Anther

b） Filament

c）Petal

d） Sepal

e）Stigma

f） Style

g）Ovary

h） Receptacle

# data[].attributes.body
1. Xylem and Floem

2. Guttation is the process of secretion of water droplets from the pores of some vascular plants. The liquid of guttation comprises a variety of inorganic and organic compounds which mainly include potassium and sugars.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Refleksi aktiviti lawatan:

Lawatan ke Muzium Anatomi dan Pusat Forensik di Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, menawarkan pengalaman yang unik dan berharga. Lawatan ini memberikan peluang kepada para pelajar atau peserta untuk melihat sendiri struktur anatomi tubuh manusia. Melalui koleksi spesimen anatomi, kami dapat memahami secara lebih mendalam tentang organ-organ, sistem badan, dan kaitan fungsinya dalam kehidupan seharian. Di Pusat Forensik, kami dapat belajar tentang pentingnya forensik dalam siasatan jenayah. Pendedahan kepada proses autopsi dan kajian forensik membantu menyingkap bagaimana badan manusia dapat memberikan petunjuk dalam kes-kes penyiasatan, sekaligus memupuk rasa hormat kepada bidang perubatan dan undang-undang.

2. Dapatan lawatan:

cara membezakan tengkorak kepala wanita dan lelaki iaitu dengan melihat rahang perempuan lebih kecil berbanding rahang lelaki.

otak mempunyai 4 bahagian iaitu lobus frontal, lobus temporal, lobus parietal dan lobus occipital.

cara mengenal pasti tulisan tangan atau print.

mengenal pasti duit palsu dengan sinaran uv.

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1. 3 Macronutrients

a)Nitrogen

b) Calcium

c) Magnesium

3 Micronutrients

a) Iron

b) Zinc

c) Copper

Effects of Deficiency

1. Nitrogen - Leaves underga chlorosis (yellowing of the leaves) mainly on matured leaves

2. Potassium - Protein synthesis disrupted

3. Calcium - Parts between leaf veins become yellowish

# data[].attributes.body
1. Xylem and phloem

2.Guttation is a secretion of water droplets through a special structure at the end of the leaf veins without involving the stomata caused by a high root pressure.

# data[].attributes.headline
PUTERI QISTINA ADRIANA BINTI ABDUL KARIM GROUP 2 

# data[].attributes.subject
PUTERI QISTINA ADRIANA BINTI ABDUL KARIM GROUP 2 

# data[].attributes.body
1. List three types of tropism.

phototropism

geotropism

thigmotropism

2. Danish discovered that the mimosa leaves fold up when a flame from a lighter was held close to its leaves. Explain this observation.

The mimosa plant exhibits thigmonasty or seismonasty, which is a rapid movement in response to touch, temperature, or other external stimuli. When the flame from the lighter was held close to its leaves, the heat acted as a stimulus, causing the plant to close its leaves as a defense mechanism. This response helps protect the plant from potential harm or dehydration by reducing the surface area exposed to the heat.

# data[].attributes.headline
PUTERI QISTINA ADRIANA BINTI ABDUL KARIM GROUP 2 

# data[].attributes.subject
PUTERI QISTINA ADRIANA BINTI ABDUL KARIM GROUP 2 

# data[].attributes.body
a) anther

b) filament

c) petal

d) sepal

e) stigma

f) style

g) ovary

h) receptacle

# data[].attributes.headline
PUTERI QISTINA ADRIANA BINTI ABDUL KARIM GROUP 2 

# data[].attributes.subject
PUTERI QISTINA ADRIANA BINTI ABDUL KARIM GROUP 2 

# data[].attributes.body
1. State 3 macronutrients and micronutrients.

Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K)

Zinc (Zn), Boron (B), Iron (Fe)

2. State one effect of deficiency of nitrogen, potassium and calcium.

nitrogen deficiency

potassium deficiency

calcium deficiency

# data[].attributes.headline
PUTERI QISTINA ADRIANA BINTI ABDUL KARIM (GROUP 2)

# data[].attributes.subject
PUTERI QISTINA ADRIANA BINTI ABDUL KARIM (GROUP 2)

# data[].attributes.body
1. State two types of tissues that perform the function of transport systems in plants.

Xylem

Phloem

2. What is gutation?

Guttation is when a plant gets rid of extra water by letting it out as tiny droplets from the edges of its leaves. This happens usually at night or early morning when the plant has too much water. The plant pushes the extra water out because it can't get rid of it through its leaves like it usually does during the day.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Three types of tropism:

- Phototropism

- Gravitropism

- Thigmotropism

2. Danish's observation is an example of a nastic movement, specifically thigmonasty or a response to heat. The mimosa plant is sensitive to external stimuli like heat, touch, or light. When a flame is held close, the heat triggers rapid water loss from cells in the leaf's pulvinus (a specialized structure at the base of leaflets), causing the leaves to fold as a protective mechanism to avoid damage from the heat. This response is not directional like tropism but rather a rapid, reversible movement in reaction to a stimulus.

# data[].attributes.body
a)anther

b)filament

c)petal

d)sepal

e)stigma

f)style

g)ovary

h)receptable

# data[].attributes.body
1. 3 macro :

i) Nitrogen (N)

ii)Phosphorus (P)

iii) Potassium (K)

3 micro

i) iron (Fe)

ii) Zinc (Zn)

iii) Manganese (Mn)

2. I)Nitrogen – Stunted plant growth and yellowing of leaves (chlorosis).

II)Potassium – Weak stems and poor root development in plants, along with yellow or brown leaf edges.

III)Calcium – In plants, it leads to blossom end rot, while in humans, it causes weakened bones and increased risk of osteoporosis.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Xylem and phloem

2. Guttation is when plants release drops of water from the edges of their leaves. This happens usually at night or early morning when the air is humid, and the plant has taken in more water than it needs. Instead of evaporating, the excess water gets pushed out through special openings in the leaves.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Macronutrients: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium

Micronutrients: zinc, copper, iron

2. Nitrogen: reduced the plant growth

Potassium : premature death of plants

Calcium : stunted growth

# data[].attributes.body
1. phototropism

geotropism

thigmotropism

2. Danish's observation of mimosa folding its leaves near a flame is due to its natural defense mechanism called thigmonasty or seismonasty. This rapid, reversible response occurs when physical stimulus, like heat are detected by the plant. While mimosa typically reacts to touch, it also responds to temperature changes. When the heat reaches the leaves, it causes a loss of turgor pressure in specialized cells called pulvini, leading to water leaving the cells and the leaves folding inward. This behavior helps protect the plant by reducing its exposed surface area, potentially deterring herbivores or reducing heat damage.

# data[].attributes.body
a) anther

b) filament

c) petal

d) sepal

e) stigma

f) style

g) ovary

h) receptacle

# data[].attributes.body
1. ﻿﻿﻿phloem and xylem

2. ﻿﻿﻿guttation is the secretion of water droplets through special structures at the tips of leaf veins and caused by high root pressure. Root pressure pushes water to the leaves and stems. Guttation also occurs at night and early in the morning when the the rate of transpiration is low.

# data[].attributes.body
1. 3 micronutrients

nitrogen (N)

potassium (K)

Calcium (Ca)

3 micronutrients

iron (Fe)

zinc (Zn)

Manganese (Mn)

2. Nitrogen deficiency: Causes chlorosis, where leaves turn yellow due to lack of chlorophyll, especially in older leaves.

Potassium deficiency: Results in scorched leaf edges (leaf margin necrosis) and weak stems, affecting overall plant health.

Calcium deficiency: Causes blossom end rot in fruits like tomatoes and leads to stunted growth and deformed leaves

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1. phototropism, geotropism, thigmotropism

2. Mimosa plants exhibit thigmonasty, a non-directional movement triggered by physical stimuli such as touch, heat, or sudden movement. When a flame from a lighter is held close to the Mimosa leaves, the heat acts as a stimulus, triggering the plant’s rapid defensive response. This causes the pulvinus to lose turgor pressure as water is rapidly transported out of its cells. The reduced turgor pressure makes the leaflets fold up quickly as a protective mechanism to reduce exposure to the potential danger.

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a. anther

b. filament

c. petal

d. sepal

e. stigma

f. style

g. ovary

h. receptacle

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1. i. geotropism

ii. phototropism

iii. thigmatropism

2. When the mimosa plant exposed to the heat from a flame, it quickly folds its leaves. The heat makes the plant's cells lose water, so the leaves fold as protection.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Macronutrients

i. Nitrogen (N)

ii. Potassium (K)

iii. Phosphorus (P)

Micronutrients

i. Manganese (Mn)

ii. Zinc (Zn)

iii. Iron (Fe)

2. i. Nitrogen deficiency causes yellowing of older leaves (chlorosis) and stunted growth.

ii. Potassium deficiency results in yellowing or browning of leaf edges and weak stems.

iii. Calcium deficiency leads to distorted young leaves and blossom-end rot in fruits.

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1. xylem and phloem

2. Guttation is the process where plants exude droplets of water from the edges of their leaves. It typically occurs at night or in the early morning when soil moisture is high, and transpiration is low, causing pressure to build up in the plant’s roots. This pressure forces excess water out through special openings called hydathodes at the leaf margins.

# data[].attributes.body
a) anther

b) filament

c) petal

d) sepal

e) stigma

f) otyle

g) ovary

h) receptacle

# data[].attributes.body
1. Xylem and phloem

2. Guttation is the loss of water in the form of water droplets from the tips and margins of the leaves.

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1. phototropism , gravitropism and thigmotropism

2. The folding of mimosa leaves when exposed to a flame is an example of a nastic movement , which is thigmonasty or seismonasty . This response is triggered by stimuli such as heat , touch or vibrations . When a flame is brought close , the heat causes changes in the water pressure within the plan cell . The water is forced out , causing the leaflets to collapse and fold as a protective mechanism against potential harm , such as from heat or physical damage .

# data[].attributes.body
a) anther

b) filament

c) petal

d) sepal

e) stigma

f) style

g) ovary

h) receptacle

# data[].attributes.body
1. micronutrients

Nitrogen , Phosphorus and Potassium

2. macronutrients

Iron , Zinc and Manganese

3. Effect deficiency nitrogen are causing yellowing of older leaves @ chlorosis and stunted growth.

4. Effect deficiency potassium are leads to browning or yellowing leaf edges and poor root development.

5. Effect deficiency calcium are stunted growth , curled or disorted leaves and blossom end rot in fruit like tomatoes.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Xylem and Phloem

2. Guttation is the process by which plants exude droplets of water from the tips or edges of their leaves , typically occur at night or early in the morning . This happens when soil moisture levels are high and the plant roots absorb more water than it can transpire . The excess water , along with dissolved minerals is forced out throuh hydathodes .

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1.Three types of tropism are:

1. Phototropism

2. Geotropism (gravitropism)

3. Thigmotropism

2.Danish's observation that Mimosa leaves fold up when exposed to a flame from a lighter can be explained by a process called thigmonasty (or seismonasty). Thigmonasty is a rapid plant movement in response to touch, heat, or other stimuli. When a flame is brought close to the leaves, it creates heat, which acts as a stimulus. This triggers an immediate loss of water pressure (turgor) in the cells at the base of the leaflets (called pulvini), causing the leaves to fold or droop as a defense mechanism.This reaction helps the plant protect itself from potential harm, such as from herbivores, excessive heat, or physical damage. The movement is not directional like in tropism but is a quick, reversible movement in response to the stimulus.

# data[].attributes.body
a)anther

b)filament

c)petal

d)sepal

e)stigma

f) style

g) ovary

h) receptacle

# data[].attributes.body
a)3 Micronutrients (required in small amounts by plants):

1. Iron (Fe)

2. Manganese (Mn)

3. Zinc (Zn)

3 Macronutrients (required in large amounts by plants):

1. Nitrogen (N)

2. Phosphorus (P)

3. Potassium (K)

b)Here is one effect of deficiency for each nutrient:

1. Nitrogen deficiency: Causes yellowing of older leaves (chlorosis) and stunted growth, as nitrogen is crucial for chlorophyll production and overall plant growth.

2. Potassium deficiency: Leads to browning or scorching of leaf edges (leaf margin necrosis), weak stems, and poor resistance to diseases.

3. Calcium deficiency: Results in deformed or stunted new leaves and poor root development, often seen as "blossom end rot" in fruits like tomatoes.