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The terms “postmodern” and “postmodernism” first of all referred to new departures in the arts, in literature, and in architecture that had their origins in the 1950s and early 1960s, gained momentum in the course of the 1960s, and became a dominant factor in the 1970s.

Postmodernism is largely a reaction against the intellectual assumptions and values of the modern period in the history of Western philosophy (roughly, the 17th through the 19th century).

Postmodernism broadly refers to a socio-cultural and literary theory, and a shift in perspective that has manifested in a variety of disciplines including the social sciences, art, architecture, literature, fashion, communications, and technology.

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Literature characterized by a reliance on narrative techniques such as fragmentation, paradox, and the unreliable narrator, is often defined as a style or trend that emerged in the post-World War II era.

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Some important works:
The Rise of Silas Lapham (1885)
Adam Bede (1859)
The Mill on the Floss (1860)

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(1920-1929)
The Great Migration was one of the historical developments in which 6million African-American moved out of the rural Southern United States to the urban northeast, midwest, and west.
The Red Summer in 1919, in summer and early autumn was marked by hundreds of deaths and higher casualties across the United States.

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The main themes were:
- The influence of the experience of slavery and emerging African-American folk traditions on black identity.
- The effects of institutional racism.
- The dilemas inherent in performing and writing for elite white audiences.
- The questions of how to convey the experience of modern black life in the urban North.
Comments on racism indirectly and directly, as well as a feeling of racial pride.

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Introduction of Tv commercials

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Greek-French philosopher, sociologist, economist and psychoanalyst, defender of the concept of political autonomy and founder of Socialism in the 1940s, underlines the problems arising from the structuring of the social order based on negotiations of meaning and the weight of institutions such as the state.

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After World War II, the authors refused to glorify war. Also, they showed that human weaknesses exist in times of war as well as in civil life and some authors satirized war and argued that war is mixed with madness.

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Important Italian philosopher, one of the main authors of postmodern philosophy and considered the philosopher of weak thought, dedicated himself to religious thought.

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Civil rights, feminism, anti-war, minority activism, and the rise of the counterculture occurred during this time. Literature and rhetoric explored this turbulence. A New Journalism emerged that used fictional techniques. Literature mainly on realism and ethical views, focusing on themes of family, home, history, land and religion...

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Barth wrote this literary criticism essay describing writing as imitation, considered by many to be the manifesto of postmodern literature.

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Gabriel García Márquez: One hundred years of Solitude, this novel shows the smallness of human.

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People focus more on individual interests than on social problems. On the other hand, the authors experimented less and cared more about realism. :)

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Writer and novelist, he was the first Japanese to win the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1968.
The loneliness in which he spent his childhood after the death of his loved ones deeply marked his personality.

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Novel by Italo Calvino, great example of metanarrative

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He was a French philosopher, sociologist, and literary theorist. He reflects on learning or knowledge in post-industrial societies.

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He studied musicology and musical composition, began studying literature and aesthetics at the Charles University in Prague, but switched to the Film Faculty of the Prague Academy. In 1982, Kundera received the European Prize for Literature.

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Black authors wrote works about the black experience of the 20th century. Asians and Latin Americans wrote books about growing up in a post-World War II America. Native American fiction addressed the loss of traditional wilderness-based life, struggles with poverty, unemployment, and alcoholism.

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Bertens, Hans. The Idea of the Postmodern: A History.
This work shows postmodernism as part of the general revaluation of postwar values ​​that also led to feminism and decolonization processes.

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David Foster Wallace described postmodernism through its eclectic, encyclopedic structure, characters trapped within the postmodern condition.

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narrative exploring the rise of global capitalism, American manufacturing, the CIA, civil rights, etc.

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Born in Azinhaga (Portugal) in 1922, he was a Portuguese writer, novelist, poet, journalist and playwright. In 1998 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature.

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Literature uses diverse voices, settings, and identities. The authors question external structures in political philosophy and art. They usually appear in science fiction, spy and detective stories.

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He was one of postmodernism’s earliest writers. Writing almost exclusively in short stories, Borges’s work explored philosophical ideas and the boundaries of time and space, all without leaving the reader with any sense of a key theme or meaning.

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Semiotician, philosopher and novelist, he has completed endless studies that he has addressed in multiple fields, from the medieval to avant-garde poetics or mass communication. Doctor honoris causa in 25 universities around the world, he has numerous awards and decorations.

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He might be one of postmodern literature’s most recognizable authors—his works explored the counter-culture movement, state oppression and war. He frequently employed satire, irony and dark humor in his stories, and one of his most well-known ones is his 1969 book Slaughterhouse-Five, the obscure tale of aliens, time travel and World War II.

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Nobel Prize winning author, brought an important female perspective to postmodern literature, as her 1950 book The Golden Notebook played with fragmentation and explored topics like mensuration and female sexual pleasure. Lessing’s works often walked the line between modernism and postmodernism and used scattered narratives and parody to tell a story.

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Brian Duignan. (2022). Postmodernism. 30/08/22, de Encyclopedia Britannica Sitio web: https://www.britannica.com/topic/postmodernism-philosophy/Postmodernism-and-relativism

Hans Bertens. (2019). Postmodernism. 30/08/22, de Oxford Bibliographies Sitio web: https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780190221911/obo-9780190221911-0081.xml

NASRULLAH MAMBROL. (2016). Postmodernism. 30/08/22, de Literary Theory and Criticism Sitio web: https://literariness.org/2016/03/31/postmodernism/

Rabekah Henderson. (2020). Postmodern Literature: The Literary Movement Of The Mid Century. 30/08/22, de Atomic Ranch Sitio web: https://www.atomic-ranch.com/home-decor/postmodern-literature/

N/A. (2007). Postmodern Literature. 30/08/22, de Timetoast Sitio web: https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/postmodern-literature

Alex San Inocente Rodríguez. (2017). 20th CENTURY LITERATURE TIMELINE. 30/08/22, de Prezi Sitio web: https://prezi.com/ikuj2fpbipi3/20th-century-literature-timeline/

MasterClass. ((2017)). Postmodern Literature Guide: 10 Notable Postmodern Authors. 30 de agosto 2022, de MasterClass Sitio web: https://www.masterclass.com/articles/postmodern-literature-guide