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The Middle ages, comprised of the Dark Ages, High middle ages, and Late middle ages, was the timeframe between 500 and the beginning of The Renaissance. The Highest authority during this era was the church, as it gave a place for worship, and took care of the elders, orphans, sick, and poor.
As many could have guessed, there's a good reason why part of the middle ages was called "Dark", As the conquest of the dominion of Genghis Khan, the black plague, a really classist system, and a powerful yet sadistic faith marked this period with such name.

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1085 - The Domesday Book is completed

1096 - 1300 The crusades ravage the lands

1206 – Genghis Khan becomes ruler of the Mongols.

1320 – Dante Alighieri completes the Divine Comedy. (Great book by the way)

1347-51 – Black Death.

1420 - Brunelleschi develops the Linear perspective, a technique that will be used until the modern day to build different architectonic buildings.

1425 - Masaccio paints "The Trinity", considered his masterpiece, Masaccio passes on in history as the founder of renaissance paintings.

1429 - Joan of Arc participates in the siege of Orleans.

1439 - Johann Gutenberg invents the Printing Press.

1464- The Head of the Medici family, Cosimo di Medici, dies. The Medici family is known for funding most of the architecture and paintings during the Renaissance.

1475 - Tomasso Portinari commissions "Portinari Altarpiece" one of the most famous paintings of the renaissance along with using the newly acquired oil painting technique.

1478 - The Spanish Inquisition begins.

1492 – Columbus sails to the Americas.

1498 - Leonardo da Vinci finishes painting the last supper.

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Famous writers and their most popular literary pieces.

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Famous writers and their most popular literary pieces.

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The Divine Comedy, Dante (1300): a trilogy of poems chanting the poet’s journey from hell, Purgatory, and Heaven, guided by a poet named Virgil.

The Canterbury Tales, Geoffrey Chaucer (1400):

A social critique of the medieval times hidden as a story about pilgrims who share their stories at a bar on their journey

Le Morte d'Arthur, Sir Thomas Mallory (1485): tells the story of King Arthur and his Knights at the Round Table.

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There have been 62 monarchs in about 1200 years in Britain and England.

One thing to note about the monarchy in England is that, despite the typical procedure of successors via blood relation (passing the crown to the next generation), the royal crown is tainted in blood. Many people were either killed in some sort of territorial/political dispute or as common as it sounds, beheadings. And some kings had kids with multiple women in order to make the succession...a royal mess.

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Notorious Kings: William the Conqueror (1066-1087)

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Notorious Kings: William the Conqueror (1066-1087)

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William conquered England. This brave but illiterate warlord. With 5,000 knights at his command, the English ruling class was wiped out, its lands taken over by the invaders, and French replaced English as the language of government.

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Notorious Kings: Richard The Lionheart (1189-1199)

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Notorious Kings: Richard The Lionheart (1189-1199)

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Richard I was the most famous knight of his age, he sought adventures in which he could prove his military skill, amongst other "things" indeed. Richard was called Lionheart’, in recognition of his dauntless valour, and he looked the part: more than six feet tall, immensely strong, with blue eyes and reddish-gold hair.

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Notorious Queens: Elizabeth II (April 21, 1926 - September 8, 2022)

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Notorious Queens: Elizabeth II (April 21, 1926 - September 8, 2022)

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The most recent queen, which sadly passed away not too long ago. Not only has she witnessed royalty come and go, but has developed a big family in the process. A strong woman who even after having to attend her husband's funeral, lost her daughter in law which gave the crown bad reputation and watching as prince Harry distanced himself, and ultimately, rejected the crown, remained strong for the sake of her kingdom's people. After more than 70 years serving her country, Queen elizabeth died on the 8th of september of the present year.

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EGBERT 827 – 839

AETHELWULF 839 – 858

AETHELBALD 858 – 860

AETHELBERT 860 – 866

AETHELRED I 866 – 871

ALFRED THE GREAT 871 – 899

EDWARD (The Elder) 899 – 924

ATHELSTAN 924 – 939

EDMUND 939 – 946

EADRED 946 – 955

EADWIG 955 – 959

EDGAR 959 – 975

EDWARD THE MARTYR 975 – 978

AETHELRED II THE UNREADY 978 – 1016

EDMUND II IRONSIDE 1016 – 1016

CANUTE (CNUT THE GREAT) THE DANE 1016 – 1035

HAROLD I 1035 – 1040

HARTHACANUTE 1040 – 1042

EDWARD THE CONFESSOR 1042-1066

HAROLD II 1066

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This period in humanity's history is more commonly known for its art and changes in architecture, but more importantly, the focus of knowledge and faith being the church changed, as many philosophers began appearing during this period, giving humanism and naturalism. The art during this era was more refined and looked for naturality and realism as well as highlighting the beauty of the human more than the divine.

It is also important to note that the Renaissance has roots in the 1300s, but due to the Black Plague, the growth of this Period was stumped until the 1400s, Dante's inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso are considered part of the Renaissance in essence, but not in the timeframe.

The Renaissance is different when it comes to England. As opposed to the Italian version, the English Renaissance is more focused on literature and music, whilst the visual art aspect of things is lacking in comparison to the Italian's. Despite this, historians have stated that, despite the Renaissance being a thing that spanned all of Europe, there's still a clear distinction between this two, notarially, the age in which the English one started. (English: late 16th century to 17th)

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1504 - Michelangelo Finishes sculpting "David"

1503 - Leonardo da Vinci paints the Mona Lisa.

1512 - Raphael finishes painting the Sistine chapel's ceiling and walls.

1594 - William Shakespeare Publishes his first poem, Venus and Adonis.

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Famous writers and their most popular literary pieces.

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Famous writers and their most popular literary pieces.

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The Prince, Niccolo Machiavelli (1532): A short treatise on how to acquire power, create a state and keep it.

Romeo and Juliet, William Shakespeare (1597):  A young lovesick Romeo Montague falls instantly in love with Juliet Capulet, who is due to marry her father's choice, the County Paris.

Don Quixote, Miguel de Cervantes (1605): Alonso Quijano, reads so many chivalric romances that he either loses or pretends to have lost his mind in order to become a knight-errant.

The Fairie Queene, Edmund Spenser (1596): The first book follows the adventures of the Redcross Knight Redcross is on a mission from the Faerie Queene Gloriana to lead his companion, Una, back to her homeland.

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The restoration period is marked when King Charles II was "restored" to the English throne, hence the name of this period. It is also a part of a bigger period, known as "Neoclassical". With it, of course, came many changes, the biggest one being the creation of Great Britain, a plurinational state comprised of England, Scotland, and Wales (Known nowadays as the United Kingdom) In this period, the different literary forms, such as novels, biographies, history or books, were enrichened with knowledge. Due to the high humanism and changes in critical thinking inspired by the Renaissance, the literature of this period was very vast and rich.

During this period in history, drama and comedy became much more prominent, as it was the main source of literacy during the said period. One of, if not the best poet of this time, John Dryden, had very satirical poems, laughing at the common life in this day and age. This gave the playwrights of this time many ideas for their plays, such as the typical hero story inspired by the neoclassicist mindset of the time, but was mostly remembered by their comedies.

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1660 -  Restoration of Charles II

1660 - Theaters are reopened

1667 -  John Milton publishes Paradise Lost

1672 - John Dryden publishes Marriage à-la-Mode

1675 - William Wycherley publishes The Country Wife

1677 - Aphra Behn publishes The Rover

1678 - John Bunyan publishes Pilgrim's Progress

1682 - John Dryden publishes Mac Flecknoe

1700 - William Congreve publishes The Way of the World

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Famous writers and their most popular literary pieces.

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Famous writers and their most popular literary pieces.

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Mac Fleknoe, John Dryden (1670's): It is a mock-heroic satire. It is a direct attack on Thomas Shadwell, another prominent poet of the time.

The Virtuoso, Thomas Shadwell (1676): Bruce and Longville have fallen in love with the two nieces of the virtuoso, Sir Nicholas Gimcrack. Bruce is in love with Clarinda and Longvil is with Miranda. Unfortunately, Clarinda is in love with Longvil and Miranda with Bruce.

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WILLIAM I(The Conqueror) 1066- 1087

WILLIAM II (Rufus) 1087-1100

HENRY I 1100-1135

STEPHEN 1135-1154

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HENRY II 1154-1189

RICHARD I (The Lionheart) 1189 – 1199

JOHN 1199 -1216

HENRY III 1216 -1272

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EDWARD I 1272 – 1307

EDWARD II 1307 – deposed 1327

EDWARD III 1327 – 1377

RICHARD II 1377 – deposed 1399.

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HENRY IV 1399 – 1413

HENRY V 1413 – 1422

HENRY VI 1422 – deposed 1461

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EDWARD IV 1461- 1483

EDWARD V 1483 – 1483

RICHARD III 1483 – 1485

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HENRY VII 1485 – 1509

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HENRY VIII 1509 – 1547

EDWARD VI 1547 – 1553

MARY I (Bloody Mary) 1553 – 1558

ELIZABETH I 1558-1603

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The Stuarts.

JAMES I and VI of Scotland 1603 -1625

CHARLES 1 1625 – 1649

The Common Wealth.

OLIVER CROMWELL, Lord Protector 1653 – 1658

RICHARD CROMWELL, Lord Protector 1658 – 1659

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This period is the oldest recorded history where the english language began to be used. It is thus first and foremost the language of the people normally referred to by historians as the Anglo-Saxons. It were times of war, of the break up of Roman Britannia into several separate kingdoms. A time of religious beliefs changing, and also of nonstop battles against a new foe: The Vikings.

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590: Gregory the Great becomes Pope

449: Angles and Saxons first arrive in Britain.

590s-700: Anglo-Saxons convert to Christianitism.

787: Viking invasions begin.

878: Establishment of the Danelaw. (danish armies colonized northern, central, and eastern England.)

937: The Battle of Brunanburh takes place.

957-975: England is united under King Edgar.

1016: Cnut becomes king of England.

1016-1042: England starts being ruled by Danish kings.

1066: The Norman Conquest begins.

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Famous writers and most popular literary pieces.

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Famous writers and most popular literary pieces.

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Anonymous, The Ruin: Written by an unknown author probably in the 8th or 9th century, the poem evokes the former glory of an unnamed ruined ancient city that some scholars have identified with modern Bath, juxtaposing the grand, lively past with the decaying present.

Anonymous, Beowulf (700-750):  It tells the story of Beowulf, who gains fame as a young man by defeating the monster Grendel; later, as a king, he kills a dragon but dies soon after.

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Also called the Age of Reason, the Neoclassical refers to a style that is based on, but different from, the classic structures of the Roman and Greek writers of old. ''Neo'' means ''new,'' so the term literally means the ''old classic.'' However, neoclassicism was a unique style with its own themes and works. Thinkers of this age considered reason to be the highest mental faculty and sufficient guide in all areas. Both religious beliefs and morality were grounded on reason.

Neoclassicism began after the Renaissance. Whereas the Renaissance focused on lifting the individual and making people larger than life and limitless in their potential, neoclassicism placed the individual in the context of society. The individual became flawed, and passion needed to be curved by reason.

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1666: The Great Fire of London allows the people to rebuild the city in this new style

1662: the Royal Society was created to further scientific study

1700: the Act of Settlement prohibited a Catholic from being king or queen.

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Famous writers and their most popular literary pieces.

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Famous writers and their most popular literary pieces.

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Paradise Lost, John Milton (1667): The moment when Adam and Eve were tempted by Satan to eat the forbidden fruit from the Tree of Knowledge, God banished them from the Garden of Eden forever.

The History of Tom Jones, Henry Fielding (1749): Squire Allworthy suspects that the infant whom he adopts and names Tom Jones is the illegitimate child of his servant Jenny Jones. When Tom is a young man, he falls in love with Sophia Western, his beautiful and virtuous neighbor.

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The movement was characterized by a celebration of nature and the common man, a focus on individual experience, an idealization of women, and an embrace of isolation and melancholy.

Romantic writers turned inward, valuing the individual experience above all else. This in turn led to a heightened sense of spirituality in Romantic work, and the addition of occult and supernatural elements. Alongside this, isolation, and melancholy is a key features of many works of Romanticism, usually seen as a reaction to inevitable failure.

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1780-1840: The Industrial Revolution.

1789: The French Revolution

1818: Mary Shelley publishes Frankenstein

1819: John Keats publishes Ode on a Grecian Urn and Ode to a Nightingale

1821: John Keats dies at 25 years old

1824: Lord Byron dies at 36 years old (the oldest one of the 3 authors mentioned)

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Famous writers and their most popular literary pieces.

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Famous writers and their most popular literary pieces.

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Frankenstein or the modern Prometheus, Mary Shelley (1818): Frankenstein tells the story of Victor Frankenstein, a young scientist who creates a sapient creature in an unorthodox scientific experiment.

Wuthering Heights, Emly Bronte (1847) (has both victorian and romantic qualities, so it's worth mentioning in each period.):  It concerns two families of the landed gentry living on the West Yorkshire moors, the Earnshaws and the Lintons, and their turbulent relationships with Earnshaw's foster son, Heathcliff

Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen (1813): The novel follows the character development of Elizabeth Bennet, the dynamic protagonist of the book who learns about the repercussions of hasty judgments and comes to appreciate the difference between superficial goodness and actual goodness.

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characterized by the expanding horizons of education and literacy, as well as by an increased desire of the people to question religion and politics. During this time period, publications such as the Communist Manifesto and Darwin’s Origin of the Species served as catalysts for political and religious controversy.

These new notions of government and science signaled a turn from the idealism of the Romantics to a more empirical worldview. Many writers reacted to both the wonders of this Industrial Revolution as well as the troubles that come with it. Also, during the Victorian Era, the influence of literature became more prevalent in society as reading evolved into a hobby.

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1838: Coronation of Queen Victoria.

1840: The London Library opens.

1848: Marx and Engles’ Communist Manifesto is published.

1859: Charles Darwin’s Origin of Species is published.

1891: Education is made free for children under 13.

1901:  Queen Victoria dies.

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Famous writers and their most popular literary pieces.

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Famous writers and their most popular literary pieces.

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Wuthering Heights, Emly Bronte (1847) (has both victorian and romantic qualities, so it's worth mentioning in each period.):  It concerns two families of the landed gentry living on the West Yorkshire moors, the Earnshaws and the Lintons, and their turbulent relationships with Earnshaw's foster son, Heathcliff

The Communist Manifesto, Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels (1848): an attempt to explain the goals of Communism, as well as the theory underlying this movement. It argues that class struggles, or the exploitation of one class by another, are the motivating force behind all historical developments.

On the Origin of Species, Charles Darwin (1859): He proposed that species evolve and that all living things can trace their descent to a common ancestor. Often regarded as one of the most important scientific studies ever published.

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The period is named after King Edward VII. Although Edward died in 1910, the 4 years that succeeded are also part of his period. The Edwardian era is the last period of time named after a reigning monarch.

Although it was a very short time, it was a period of enormous change. It began with the death of Queen Victoria, and in 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated, which was the main reason why the First World War happened, and this also marks the end of the Edwardian era.

Writers focused on the bigger picture: metaphors, symbolic meaning, and characters  were in opposition to the forces of nature. In adittion, writers also examined the fears and social anxiety surrounding technological advances.

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1901: Death of Queen Victoria, aged 81, after a reign of 63 years. Edward VII succeeds to the throne.

1901: First Nobel Prizes awarded.

1902: Coronation of Edward VII, delayed from July because of the King's appendicitis.

1903: Edward VII proclaimed Emperor of India.

1906: Vesuvius erupts.

1910: Death of Edward VII, succeeded by George the fifth.

1914: Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria assassinated in Sarajevo.

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Famous writers and their most popular literary pieces.

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Famous writers and their most popular literary pieces.

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The Hounds of Baskerville, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (1902): After Sir Charles Baskerville is found dead with his face twisted in stark terror, Holmes is called upon to protect his heir, Sir Henry Baskerville. Narrating the story is Holmes’s assistant, Dr. Watson, who is sent to Dartmoor while the busy Holmes remains in London. Upon his arrival, Watson learns that an escaped convict is on the loose. More unsettling events occur, including the appearance of an unknown figure on the moor.

Nostromo, Joseph Conrad (1904): Set in the fictional South American country of Costaguana during a violent revolution, the story concerns an Italian longshoreman named Nostromo, who becomes entrusted to safeguard a priceless silver mine owned by an Englishman named Charles Gould, aka The King of Sulaco.

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This new period is essentially Edward's legacy, as King George V is his son. This, however, was not supossed to be his coronation, but his brother's. Since the poor Albert died, we got the georgian period instead of the albertian one.

George, despite not being the rightful heir to the throne, had the attitude of a real king. Once the First World War started, he played an active role supporting the troops. Many of the empires of his cousins had fallen prey to this war, but the expansion of the british empire was on an all time high.

Sadly, King George V died due to multiple health problems he had, but more importantly, due to a smoking-related disease at the age of 70.

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1914: World War I.

1918: The war ends.

1928: women are now able to vote at the same age as british gentlemen.

1936: George V dies.

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Famous writers and their most popular literary pieces.

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Famous writers and their most popular literary pieces.

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I, Claudius, Robert graves (1934): Follows the history of the early Roman Empire, narrated by the elderly Roman Emperor Claudius, from the year 24 BC to his death in AD 54.

Undertones of war, Edmund Charles Blunden (1928: Paul Fussell has called Undertones of War an "extended elegy in prose,"[3] and critics have commented on its lack of central narrative. Like Henri Barbusse's Under Fire and Erich Maria Remarque's All Quiet on the Western Front, the text presents a series of war-related episodes rather than a distinct, teleological narrative.

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Common features of this time period include matter, style or bold experimentation.  Many Modernists wrote in free verse and they included many countries and cultures in their poems.

Some wrote using numerous points-of-view or even used a “stream-of-consciousness” style. These writing styles further demonstrate the way the scattered state of society affected the work of writes at that time. Racism, The Great Depression and fascism were on the rise.

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1905: Albert Einstein develops his Special Theory of Relativity, which was followed in 1915 by the General Theory of Relativity.

1914: World War I

1916: James Joyce publishes Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man.

1928: D.H. Lawrence's Lady Chatterley's Lover appears in Italy.

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Famous writers and their most popular literary pieces.

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Famous writers and their most popular literary pieces.

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Ulysses, James Joyce (1920): Ulysses chronicles the appointments and encounters of the itinerant Leopold Bloom in Dublin in the course of an ordinary day, 16 June 1904.

To the lighthouse, Virginia Woolf (1927): In a summerhouse on the Isle of Skye, James is enraged when Mr. Ramsay insists he won’t get to go to the Lighthouse the next day. Mr. Tansley echoes Mr. Ramsay. Mrs. Ramsay tries to preserve James’ hope. She reflects on Mr. Tansley’s charmlessness, then recalls his confiding in her about his poverty.

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Post-modernist Artwork (it's just so it looks pretty)

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The postmodern period begins about the time that World War II ended. Many believe it is a direct response to modernism., orrather modernist literature’s quest for meaning in light of the significant human rights violations of World War II.

Postmodern literature is a literary movement that gives up absolute meaning and instead emphasizes play, fragmentation, metafiction, and intertextuality.

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1945: World War II ends.

1948: Gandhi is assasinated.

1957: Sputnik is launched.

1958: Discovery of the DNA structure.

1958: NASA was founded.

1963: Assasination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy.

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Famous writers and their most popular literary pieces.

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Famous writers and their most popular literary pieces.

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The literature of exhaustion, John Barth (1967):  The manifestó proposed that the conventional modes of literary representation had been "used up," their possibilities consumed through over use.

Waiting for Godot, Samuel Beckett (1953): The play consists of conversations between Vladimir and Estragon, who are waiting for the arrival of the mysterious Godot, who continually sends word that he will appear but who never does.