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In the recent 2011 census, Christianity was the largest religion in Scotland. In the 2011 Census, 53.8% of the Scottish population identified themselves as Christian (down from 65.1% in 2001) when asked, "Which religion, denomination or body do you belong to?". The Church of Scotland, a Presbyterian denomination, often known as the Kirk, is recognized in law as the national church of Scotland. It is not an established church and does not depend on state control

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The national Scottish costume is represented by a kilt. But such an element of the wardrobe was originally an integral part of the outfit of the highlanders. It is a large, even voluminous piece of fabric that goes around the hips and is firmly fixed with a belt. And such clothes were extremely comfortable during the period of prolonged rains, which is characteristic of the mountainous areas of Scotland. This outfit did not restrict movement, while maintaining the necessary warmth. Another advantage is that the kilt dries quickly, and in the evenings it was often used in Scotland instead of a plaid. At the moment of battle, this element of clothing is quickly removed so that nothing interferes with movement. Later, the size of the kilt began to change. From a large one, it turned into a small one, which became even more convenient to use and wear.

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The Scottish Gaelic language belongs to the Indo-European languages, the Celtic group, the Insular subgroup, the Heidel subgroup. It is distinct from the British branch of the Celtic languages, which also includes Welsh, Cornish and Breton languages. The Manx and Irish languages, which also belong to the Heidel languages and have a common ancestor, the Old Irish language, are considered genealogically closest to the Scottish languages.

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The national Scottish dish is haggis - lamb or veal belly cooked with oatmeal and richly seasoned with onions and pepper. Haggis is traditionally eaten on January 25, the day in memory of Scotland's national poet Robert Burns, who wrote a laudatory ode to haggis.

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On the days of the winter solstice, ritual bonfires are lit in the countryside: to protect against witches who are gathering for a coven on this night, in addition, according to the Druids (Scottish magicians), the bonfire has a purifying value. During the summer solstice, fortune-telling is done, lovers make vows for life, breaking an oath is a crime.

On New Year's Day, you can enter any house, the door is not locked, you only need to throw a ember into the hearth - a symbol of life and well-being.

Valentine's Day is celebrated widely and everywhere.

Christian holidays are also celebrated: St. John's Day, St. Michael's Day, Christmas, and so on, and they coincide with pagan ones in terms of terms, so there was a long-term interweaving of traditions and customs, but this is not about this, but about the preservation of traditions as an age-old memory and self-awareness of the people.

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Roman Catholicism became the official religion of Spain in 589 and has been closely associated with the country ever since. In 2010, 75% of the population recognized themselves as Roman Catholics. Apart from the period of the Second Republic (1931-1936) and the last period after 1978, Catholicism was the state religion of Spain.

Political liberalism from the beginning The 19th century led to several serious conflicts between the state and the church. Since 1978, religion has been officially separated from the church, although the latter continues to receive financial assistance from the state.

Thus the majority of residents are Catholic, although for those born after the 1950s this affiliation usually means little more than baptism, marriage and burial according to the church rite. In the mid-1990s, there were 11 archbishoprics and 52 bishoprics in the country.

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In the form in which everyone now knows the Spanish folk costume from films, books, illustrations and medieval paintings (that is, the image formed in art), it was finally formed in the 18th and 19th centuries. One of the main roles was played by maho culture. This is a special social stratum of the population, the Spanish Chepuruns, who came from the common people and emphasize their origin with elements of clothing.

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The official status throughout the territory of Spain is Spanish, which also has an alternative name of Castilian. The first name is used to distinguish it from other languages of the world and to emphasize the unity of the Spanish people.

The second is traditionally used in many countries of Latin America, as well as in Spain itself by representatives of national minorities, since regional languages, according to the country's Constitution, are also "Spanish" languages. It is the native language of 89% of the population of Spain, and 99% of residents are fluent in it.

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National dishes of Spanish cuisine are distinguished by a rich set of ingredients, but at the same time they are simple. The main components, which have been used for many centuries, are garlic, onions, spices, many greens, and olive oil. As for cooking methods, it is mostly frying, baking or stewing. The list of popular Spanish dishes, of course, includes paella, which is vaguely reminiscent of Uzbek pilaf, since the main ingredient is rice with a bouquet of spices. It is believed that the traditional recipe first appeared in Valencia and was invented by the servants of the Moorish monarchs, who collected leftovers after celebrations and added them to rice. That is why, translated from Arabic, the name paella means "Leftovers". There is another legend, according to which a fisherman, waiting for his wife, prepared food for her from the products he found in the pantry.

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Spain is a bright country that combines the passion of the gypsies, the piquancy of the Moorish tribes, the sophistication of the Romanesque style and the solidity of the Celts. Spain is a multinational state. Its inhabitants are very temperamental, and at the same time extremely friendly. They adore humor, they like to chat for a long time.
The Spanish respect national traditions and respect folk customs. A bright tradition of afternoon sleep - siesta - is widespread throughout Spain. Trade, financial and industrial organizations stop working during the siesta. Another interesting tradition is also widespread in Spain - paseo - an evening walk to relatives and friends, and the conclusion of the paseo - Osio - a soulful conversation after the walk. Osio is held exclusively outdoors or in a bar, not at home. Spaniards love to have fun. Throughout the year, residents of this country celebrate holidays or carnivals.

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The official religion in Greece is Orthodox Christianity. It is practiced by almost the entire population of the country (more than 98%).

The head of the Greek Orthodox Church is the Archbishop, whose residence is located in Athens. The Orthodox churches of the monastic republic of Mount Athos, as well as the churches of Crete and the Dodecanese Islands, are under the direct authority of the Ecumenical Patriarch, whose seat is in Constantinople (Istanbul).

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Ancient Greece gave the world not only a huge number of myths, literary and architectural works, but also a unique Greek style in clothing. In ancient Greece, external beauty was reduced to a cult, so they tried to emphasize it in all available ways. This attitude to appearance was reflected in the national costumes of this hot country with a rich history. Greece's transition to Christianity affected not only the religious life of the population, but also local fashion. The clothes of the Greeks became closed, headdresses entered everyday life. But it should be noted that the national Greek costume in its modern form came precisely from these times. At the same time, it is presented in several varieties

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Greek belongs to the Greek group of languages ​​of the Indo-European language family, spoken by about 13 million people, mainly in Greece and Cyprus, where it is an official language. Greek is also recognized as the language of ethnic minorities in some regions of Italy, as well as in Albania, Armenia, Romania and Ukraine.

The first writing in the Greek language was discovered in the city of Mycenae, known as Linear B, which was used between 1500 and 1200 BC. This type of Greek is known as Mycenaean. In Crete, another script, known as the Cypriot syllabic script, was used by a local dialect of Greek from 1200 to 300 BC.

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Moussaka is the most popular Greek dish. Although this vegetable and meat casserole was created by Nicholas Celementes in the historical sense quite recently (in 1920), it managed to become a favorite national treat.

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It is believed that Crete is the cradle of Greek dance. Dance occupies a special place in Minoan civilization and art. Greek culture took its form after the existence of the Minoan civilization.

The first performer of the dance was Pan, exquisitely described by Sophocles in the Greek tragedy "Ajax". Pan represents Greek mythology and shepherds living in the mountains. Pan was absorbed in the power of music, creating a musical instrument called a syrinx, which is more commonly known as a pipe. Knossos was the first place where the gods performed their dances.