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Cryptology and the idea/need for keeping information confidential has been around for a LONG time (long before computers). In fact coded messages is one of the first things that comes to mind when we think of old time spies. Formally defined, "cryptology" is the practice/study of writing and solving codes. The general, over-arching concept involves using mathematical concepts or algorithms to create an encryption or code that can be used to reveal hidden data. While there are many non computerized areas of this discipline, the first computer like encryption device was the Enigma. The Enigma was a massive machine that was used during World War II. While it was far more complex and advanced than more archaic, manual cyphers, it was still a piece of major hardware. One of the first "software" type cyphers was the Data Encryption Standard.

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1. CONFIDENTIALITY - only the intended receiver can receive the information

2. INTEGRITY - information cannot be changed/manipulated without detection

3. AVAILABILITY - encryption ensures those with knowledge of the code therefore have authorized access to the information it holds

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Kryptos is a massive sculpture outside of the CIA headquarters. In 1990, arist Jim Sanborn was commissioned to create a sculpture for display outside the building in Virginia. Although he had no prior background in cryptology, he wrote a series of 4 secrete messages into the sculpture that have proved extremely difficult to solve. In 3 decades only 3 of the 4 messages have been cracked. Today, the 4th, unsolved code is one of the most famous unsolved codes in the world. The answer is locked in a secure safe and no human other than Jim Sanborn himself knows the key!

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Substitution

Columnar Transposition
Polygraphic
Permutation
Private Key
Public Key

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Try your hand at decoding encrypted messages with this cryptology game I found...

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An interactive getting started guide for Brackets.

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CRYPTOGRAPHY - the art of creating or writing code

CRYPTOLOGY - the study of codes/practice of both writing and solving code

CRYPTOGRAPHER - someone who studies/practices cryptology

CYPHER - algorithms that convert plain text to cyphertext

ENCRYPTION - the process of making text cryptic/hidden

DECRYPTION - the process of making text plain/readable (inverse of encryption)