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1. 4D10: Board game in which you roll a 10-sided dice
2. Ramfis Trujillo: Trujillo's son with Maria Martinez Alba who died in a car crash, he was known for being a playboy
3. Conspirators who killed Trujillo were tortured: While Trujillo was alive, anyone who tried to oppose him would be tortured and murdered. When he was finally killed by a group of 7 men, they were seen as national heroes.
4. Prieta: Spanish word used to refer to someone with dark features, usually a female "mestizo"
5. Johnny Abbes: Was the chief of the "servicio de inteligencia militar" during Trujillo's dictatorship, he disappeared in Haiti
6. Elysium: The paradise to which heroes or whom the gods conferred immortality were sent

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1. 4d10 - It is the damage dealt when you roll dice in Dungeons and Dragons board game
2. Ramfis Trujillo - He is Rafael Trujillos son, he took immediate control of Dominican Republic. He looked for and tortured the people who killed Rafael Trujillo
3. Conspirators who killed Trujillo - when they assassinated him they were being chased by the whole country but especially Ramfis Trujillo and Johnny Abes. They were found and tortured
4. Prieta - Dominican slang meaning of dark skin
5. Johnny Abbes - Chief of the government intelligence office, ruled under Trujillo during the end of the third republic, directed the assassination of Guatemala’s President, did an attempt on Venezuela’s President’s Life with dynamite and almost murdered Fidel Castro

6. Elysium (Greek mythology - The concept of Heaven in greek mythology

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1. 4D10

1. damage given to opponents by throwing a dice

2. part of D&D

2. Ramfis Trujillo

1. Coronel at 4 years old

2. Son of Rafael Trujillo

3. Playball

4. Died in a car crash

5. He was denied the motion to apply for a place in the government

6. Ramfis Trujillo quickly returned to the country and, with the help of Johnny Abbes García, the ruthless intelligence chief, brutally repressed any elements believed to be connected with his father's death, murdering many of the suspects himself.

7. Soon afterward, he and puppet president Joaquín Balaguer took some steps to open up the regime. Trujillo eased his father's harsh censorship of the press, and also granted some civil liberties.

3. Conspirators who killed Trujillo were tortured

1. Many of them were killed during the following days after Trujillo’s death.

2. Trujillo was in his car going to the country (spend the weekend in sex parties). He was living at nightime and the killer ambushed him and was killed.

3. Only two of them survived (from 11) and they were sent to prison under Ramfis Trujillo’s order.

4. There were 11 people who killed him.

4. Prieta (Dominican slang)

1. a very colloquial way that refers to a person with dark skin or a mestizo (mixed race)

5. Jhonny Abbes

1. Disappeared in Haiti in 1967

2. Head of intelligence: Killer Trujillo used

3. Loved to torture

4. Almost murdered Fidel Castro

6. Elysium (Greek Mythology)

1. it is believed to be the paradise or the final resting place of the souls (that gods believed that were immortal) of virtuous men

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2 (part 2). He was known for being a playboy and died from a car crash
3 (part 2). everyone who tried to oppose him was tortured and killed, people thought if they killed him they would get the fuku. He was in a car going to the countryside to join an orgy and a crazy weekend, they ambushed him (stop a car in front and behind) and he was shot down, after killing him they escaped and were hunted down. Terribly tortured and then killed.
6 (part 2) final resting place like the Valhalla or heaven

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1. 4D10 - damage is given in dungeons and dragons.

2. Ramfis Trujillo - the son of the dictator Rafael Trujillo and María Martínez Alba. He assumed control of the Dominican Republic after his father. He was considered a Playboy.

3. Conspirators who killed Trujillo were tortured - when Trujillo was alive, any conspirator against him would be tortured but then he was killed by a group of seven men. On a Tuesday night while Trujillo was driving he was ambushed and shot to death.

4. Prieta (Dominican slang) - a word used to describe dark features in a woman, mostly mestiza. Slang which refers to someone with dark skin (black people/mestizos).

5. Johnny Abbes - the chief of the government intelligence office during the dictatorship of Rafael Trujillo in the Dominican Republic. He was very fat and almost murdered Fidel Castro.

6. Elysium (Greek Mythology) - Also known as Elysian Fields/Plains, it is a conception of the place heroes who were granted immortality go to in Greek mythology. It is a place of pure happiness.

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4D10 --> amount of damage/hurt in D&D

Ramfis Trujillo --> the son of Trujillo (dictator)

Conspirators who killed Trujillo were tortured --> everyone who would oppose him, they were tortued and killed. And if they tried to kill Trujillo, their families would suffer a fuku

Prieta --> very coloquial way to describe someone with dark skin color

Johnny Abbes --> He was the head of the Military Intelligence Service during the dictatorship of Trujillo

Elysium --> paradise were heroes were sent

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1. 4D10 → Reference to D&D’s damage system, the number before the D tells you the amount of dice rolled and the number after the D tells you the number of sides on said dice which indicates the amount of damage. So in this case 4D10 means 4 dice of 10 sides are being rolled and the damage done would be 4-40.

2. Ramfis Trujillo → The son of Rafael Trujillo, he was the junior. He became a man of power after his father's death

3. Conspirators who killed Trujillo were tortured → Regarding Trujillo’s assassination “hundreds of suspects were detained, many tortured. On 18 November the last executions took place when six of the conspirators were executed”. We can assume the ones who actually killed him were tortured as well.

4. Prieta (dominican slang) → A wording used to describe people of black race or people who had black skin.

5. Johnny Abbes → He was the chief of the governmental intelligence office – the Servicio de Inteligencia Militar (Military Intelligence Service) – during the dictatorship of Rafael Trujillo in the Dominican Republic.

6. Elysium (Greek Mythology) —> It is, in Greek mythology, originally the paradise to which heroes on whom the gods conferred immortality were sent to.

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1. 4D10: It is old school D&D lingo. It means how much damage you give down.
2. Ramfis Trujillo: Trujillo's son
3. Conspirators who killed Trujillo were tortured: suffered fuku
4. Prieta: of black race
5. Johnny Abbes: He was the head of the Military Intelligence Service (SIM) during the dictatorship of Trujillo
6. Elsysium: paradise in which immortal heroes were sent

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1. 4D10 is the damage you do with the dice in the old school game D&D
2. Ramfis Trujillo: he is Trujillo's son which ascended to power after the death of his father.
3. He was going out to see his mistress when he was challenged to a gun battle with seven men who after ambushed and killed Trujillo.
4. Prieto: Someone with dark features
5. He was the chief of the intelligent services of the military during the dictatorship of Rafel Leonidas Trujillo. He was called the Pulp and he was very fat.
6. Elysium: The paradise of greek mythology (where mortals were sent to)
7. Cuero (slut) either for a boy or a girl.

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“Nelson Pardo who looked like Chaka from Land  of the Lost!”

Chaka is a character from the movie Land of the Lost, he is a small adolescent hominid resembling the extinct Paranthropus apes of Earth. He has a funny caveman look which helps us further understand Oscar’s description and why the reference is being made. If you didn’t know about it or dont research it you would probably just take it as something ugly.

“he’d become the neighborhood parigüayo”

This quote is almost immediately explained by the text itself in a footnote after it is used. A parigüayo is a term used in Dominican culture that is similar to the English term “party watcher”. It comes from occasions in which, during the First American Occupation in the DR (1916-1924), American forces attended Dominican parties and just watched. The term evolved into being used to describe someone who stands outside and watches or some kid who doesn’t dance, ain’t got game or lets people clown him. That was Oscar. This is something that most people who aren’t Dominican wouldn’t really understand, therefore reading the footnote is something that will most likely help deepen your understanding of Oscar being described.

“Dude wore his nerdiness like a Jedi wore his light saber”

In this quote he compares Oscar’s nerdiness with a Jedi’s lightsaber (Star Wars) using a simile. You would most likely have some sort of understanding of this if you’ve read/seen Star Wars because of how Jedis mostly fight with lightsabers or are identified by them. I’d say even if you haven’t you could probably deduce that what the narrator means is that Oscar basically had a nerdiness “bubble” around him at all times and it was something that he was identified with. Researching this quote (if you don’t know either of the references or only one) would make you understand that nerdiness was Oscar’s special thing and it was what identified him.

“at worst they shrieked and called him gordo asqueroso”

This is a quote that’s directed at people who speak spanish and might exclude most of the others. You most likely would only fully understand the term “gordo asqueroso” if you have used or have seen it being used before. People who don’t speak spanish might still figure out that it is used as an insult based on the context.

“he was painting his D&D miniatures or reading the latest Stephen King”

This quote doesn’t really add much meaning to the text but it’s still fun to research. If you don’t really know much about D&D or Stephen King then you’ll probably take it off as something geeky to add to what Oscar did. However if you do know about them then you would probably feel a bit empathetic about Oscar’s situation.

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1. Trujillo (part of the dominican hisotry) has a long and detailed foot note to explain what he has done as one of the worst dictators in the world and what he represents in dominican society. The footnote is really long as the author wants for the readers to learn about Trujillo and not be able to choose if you want to learn about him or not.

2. “Dude wore his nerdiness like a Jedi wore his lightsaber…Jedis are fictional characters from the Star Wars saga. They are guardians of peace and justice in this fictional universe. Their lightsabers represent the eternal battle between light and dark sides → they wear their lightsabers like knights wore their swords (at the side of their hips) with pride and power.
By knowing about the Star Wars saga we can understand better what the author meant when saying this in the book. It shows how Oscar more than just being a nerd, wore this name with pride.

3. “Could write in Elvish”
Elvish is one of the fictional languages used in the film and novel Lord of the Rings. Lord of the Rings is about a group of heroes who set forth to save their world from consummate evil.
By knowing about the Lord of the Rings saga we can understand to a deeper level to what extent Oscar was a nerd. The fact that he learned how to write in a fictional language portrays his devotion for the nerd culture.

4. “Star Trek”
American science fiction saga → space exploration to seek new life and new civilizations, 13 total films, big part of the nerd community.

This reference appears early in the book when Oscar was still a young kid. This shows that his strong nerdiness identity was present from an early age.

5. “¡Muchacho del diablo!”

By understanding what this phrase means, we can know that this is a phrase used against someone. The person delivering the message is most likeley mad and uses this phrase as a slur

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Domenican History

"Trujillo" → A ruthless dominican dictator between 1930- 1962. He was also known as El jefe, and controlled nearly all Dominican aspects.

“He was our little Porfirio Rubirosa” →  A famous Dominican, known for his  playboy lifestyle. So this is implying that Oscar was a playboy himself.

“Who killed JFK? Let me, your humble watcher, reveal once and for all” → This quote references the well known murder of John F Kennedy, ex president of the USA. In the book, it is stated that his assasination is caused by the “fuku”, since he got it when he tried to kill Trujillo.

Genre references

“who looked like Chaka from Land of the Lost” →  A very distinguished and unattractive  film character. Oscar uses him to describe Nelson Pardo,the boy Maritza was holding hands with after dumping him.

“Dude wore his nerdiness like a Jedi wore his lightsaber” → This passage references Star Wars and compares the nerdiness of Oscar to a lightsaber. This is because Jedis never get rid of their lightsaber, as well as, Oscar never gets rid off his status as a nerd.

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- "while he was painting his D&D miniatures or reading the latest Stephen King." This is a reference to the fantasy tabletop role-playing game called "Dungeons and Dragons" and Stephen King who is a popular writer who writes supernatural, horror and science fiction books.
- "fuku - generally a curse or a doom of some kind; specifically the Curse and the Doom of the New World." This is a reference to Dominican history since fuku is said to be a curse that would cast upon anyone who did not respect the Dominican dictator Trujillo.
- "Zafa." This is also a reference to Dominican history since it is belived that this word was a way to protect yourself from fuku.
- "Look at the mariconcito, some- body snickered." This is a reference to spanish language since mariconcito is a spanish slang which refers to effeminate men.
- "he’d become the neighborhood parigüayo." This is also a reference to the spanish language since pariguayo is a spanish slang which refers to someone that makes a fool of himself for not living up to the circumstances.