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the third article

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There are two main political parties, but there are also smaller and less well-known third parties. The redistricting and electoral college make it harder for third parties to come into power, along with voting registration and other requirements that limit third party ability.

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he or she is elected

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Once a bill is introduced, it is sent to committee, sorted through specifics. After passing committee, the bill is brought to the floor where it will potentially be passed onto the other house to be approved. If both houses approve the bill it is sent to the president where he can make it law or veto back.

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Discretionary spending-This is a spending category in which the government can spend through a yearly appropriations bill. The bill can vary from year to year. (Ex. Military, Environmental Protection, Education grants to States.) It is called "Discretionary spending" because the laws that establish those programs leave congress with the discretion to set the funding levels each year.
Mandatory Spending-This area of spending targets the federal budget that must be enacted each year by law and are not dependent on annual review by Committees of Congress. Ex. Entitlements that Citizens pay into like: (Social security and medicare)and Snap food stamps.

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contributes to the relationship within the iron triangle with more/less regulations on issues.

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contributes to the relationship within the iron triangle with more/less regulations on issues.

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judges must use precedent when deciding on new cases

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Members of the bureaucracy often testify in congressional committee meeting that involve their "expertise"  in the field

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Members of the bureaucracy often testify in congressional committee meeting that involve their "expertise"  in the field

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House: 435 members, based on population (each seat represents about 711,000 people), minimum age of 25, 2 year terms, many rules and more formal proceedings, U.S. citizen for 7 years.
Senate: 100 members, 2 seats per state, minimum age of 30, 6 year terms, fewer rules and les formal proceedings, U.S. citizen for 9 years

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in Fed 78 Hamilton says the judiciary is the weakest branch because its decisions must be enforced by the executive branch

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25th amendment- 1967
Succession
22nd amendment- 1951
limits presidents to two elected terms

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Many monitoring roles such as the USDA and/or the EPA

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Many monitoring roles such as the USDA and/or the EPA

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Elections:

Encourage their membership to vote for particular candidates that support their cause.

Mobilize Membership:

To apply pressure to legislators & civil servants.

Educate voters & officeholders

Educate voters on issues concerning the group.

Provide expert information to government officials.

Give officeholders feedback from their constituents.

Draft Legislation

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Congress makes laws and amendments

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- middle age/older
- white
- men
- evangelical/ white Protestants
-higher income
-rural

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hear briefs (written/spoken and amicus curiae briefs), hear oral arguments, justices discuss case, 5/9 for a decision

justices write "opinions"- majority, concurring (same decision as majority but different reasoning), and dissenting (disagree with majority)

using precedents to decide cases is called stare decisis - this is what they usually do

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-younger/liberal
-minorities
-women
-LGBT
-Jewish, Muslim, secular
-post grad education
-urban/city

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Article 1, Section 8 of the US Constitution: Grants the President of the Unites States to create a bureaucracy like group to help them execute the laws and run the executive branch. However it is not explicitly listed as it is today

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Article 1, Section 8 of the US Constitution: Grants the President of the Unites States to create a bureaucracy like group to help them execute the laws and run the executive branch. However it is not explicitly listed as it is today

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Groups that work for the good of society in general.
Examples: League of Women Voters (Educating Voters), Environmental Defense Fund, Common Cause

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-Provide campaign contributions and info about industries to congressional committees in return for desired legislation
-Provide support for agencies budget requests and info about industry to bureaucracy in return for desired regulations

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A usually controversial SC case with lasting historical/legal impacts

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The enumerated and implied powers of Congress are listed in Article 1 of the Constitution. Congress has the power to control Taxation, coining of money and interstate commerce. Congress also controls national defense through determining funding (Power of the Purse, one of the Checks of the legislative branch), and imposing a draft. The other Check that Congress has is the power to impeach and remove the President from Office. Some of these topics are discussed in Federalist 51 written by James Maddison. The Necessary and Proper clause, because it is broadly interpreted allows Congress to do more than what is explicitly listed in the Constitution.

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Organization that seeks political power by electing members to office

Primary purpose: Gain power and win elections

Secondary purpose: Influence public policy

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Focuses on single issues
Examples: NAACP, National Organization for Women, Sierra Club (The Environment), NRA, Christian Coalition of America (pro-life, family group), HRC

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Mobilization and education of voters | helps with Door to door campaigning, rallies, fundraiser events

Party platforms |
Helps craft the platform leading up to the convention

Candidate recruitment |
helps with Invisible primary
Campaign management, including

fundraising and media strategy |
Assists with this through the apparatus of the national party committees

The committee and party leadership systems in legislatures |
Assists with this through the DCCC and the RCCC

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The structure of the bureaucracy was not explicitly listed in the constitution.

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creates and enforces regulations, for example the USDA or FDA

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creates and enforces regulations, for example the USDA or FDA

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Creates plan to help the economy prosper
Voters expect president to deal with problems such as unemployment, rising prices, and high taxes

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Delegate- votes based on constituent opinion
Trustee- votes based on personal goals
Partisan- votes based on party line
Politico- votes based on a balance of all three

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Organizations that seek to influence laws that will benefit the professional interests of their members.

Ex: National Education Association, National Association of Manufacturers, American Medical Association
-Businesses also act as interest groups and lobby the government for policies that benefit their company

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A ruling/action that defines one interpretation of the constitution.

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Only appellate jurisdiction except in these cases:
1) disputes between states
2) cases involving a foreign ambassador

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President can recommend laws, bargaining and persuasion, approves and rejects bills, pocket vetos (if a president doesn't sign or reject the bill in 10 days it is automatically rejected).

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Party identification and ideology influences what way people vote and what political issues they care about

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Promotes ideas of the party
Wants legislation to pass that supports their party goals
Helps other party members win elections by endorsing and campaigning for them

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the more money a group has, the more political influence a group has as they can hire more lobbyists- creates unequal access to policymakers

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Delegated Discretionary Authority: Congress grants the executive bureaucracy the power to decide how the laws shall be executed.

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Delegated Discretionary Authority: Congress grants the executive bureaucracy the power to decide how the laws shall be executed.

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Political parties, interest groups, and social movements provide opportunities for participation and influence how people relate to government and policy-makers.

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The Democratic National Committee (DNC)  & The Republican National Committee (RNC) are the organizations that represent and govern the Democratic and Republican Party.

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State district court, state appellate court, state Supreme Court, Supreme Court

Federal district court, federal appellate court, Supreme Court

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- NRA
- Sierra Club
- NEA
-NAACP

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Party-line voting: voting for all candidates of same party at all levels of government

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Political parties often choose Electors for the slate to recognize their service and dedication to that political party.

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Groups of common interest that attempt to influence policies.

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people benefit from an interest group's efforts without joining or paying dues

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The House has 435 representatives who each represent a part of a state. Representatives are given based on population and each state has a minimum of one. The Senate has 100 senators who each represent their whole state. Each state is given 2 senators regardless of population.

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Directs foreign policy and negotiates with foreign countries, makes treaties, makes executive agreements.

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Matters of Constitution and BOR, matters of federal law, civil cases between people of two states (>$75,000), government vs. private entities

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100 representatives in the Senate.
Each state has 2 representatives regardless of population.
6-year terms
Minimum age: 30
Few Rules, Less Formal
The Senate advises and consents power.
Ratifys treaties through 2/3 vote.
Holds impeachments (2/3 vote)
Selects VP if nobody gets a majority in the EC.
Both the House and the Senate have committees for budgeting and appropriations.

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A courts authority to hear a case

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- Radical: immediate social change
-Liberal: change through peaceful means
-Moderate: some change, some stay same
-Conservative: traditions; less change
-Reactionary: seek to undo any change"good ole days"

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All bills introduced to congress go through committee before being debated on the floor.

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The supreme court selectively incorporates the Bill of Rights into state law

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The supreme court selectively incorporates the Bill of Rights into state law

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each member of the presidents cabinet is the leader of an agency or department of the executive branch, these are otherwise known as secretaries.

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each member of the presidents cabinet is the leader of an agency or department of the executive branch, these are otherwise known as secretaries.

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Civil: between two citizens or businesses, plaintiff sues defendant
Criminal: prosecutor is government, defendant broke a law and can face criminal punishment (fines, jail time, service)

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- Two main political parties (Democrat and Republican), many smaller, other parties

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-The house has 435 members
-Term length is 2 years
-Minimum age is 25 years
-The house is more formal with many rules
-Representation of the house is based on a states population
-Members have to be a citizen for at least 7 years before they can run.

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- Inform the public and lawmakers about issue that matter to the group.
- endorse specific candidates
-lobbys to Congress to pass certain bills

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Congress can maintain a military, have a draft, and declare war.

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Outlined in Article III of the Constitution

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Outlined in Article III of the Constitution

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The U.S. Congress is bicameral, with the House of Representatives and the Senate being the respective houses. This was meant to limit the power of congress.

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Supreme commander of the US military

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- interpret and determine the meaning of the law
-hear court cases and apply the law to situations
-determine if laws/other actions are constitutional

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The collective agencies and employees of the executive branch that enforce the law.

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Enforcing laws and executive orders

Executive Order- an order made by the president that has force of law