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Generally:

Convex lenses form real images, but can also form virtual depending on object position relative to focal point.

Concave lenses form virtual images.

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LIGHT = ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
Consists of 2 perpendicular waves:

a vertical electric field and

a horizontal magnetic field,

in phase with each other.

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Uniform Acceleration in One Dimension: Motion Graphs

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An object can be seen when the light that is reflected or emitted by an object enters the eye.

If no light enters the eye, the absence of light is interpreted as darkness and the object appears to be black.

Light travels in straight lines (unless acted upon by a surface or force).

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A ray is a straight line with an arrow representing the direction in which light is travelling.

A beam is a stream of light energy which is represented by a number of rays.

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A simple pinhole camera can be made out of a shoe box painted black inside. Cut square holes out of each end of the box. Fix a sheet of aluminium foil over one hole and make a small, round hole (aperture) in the foil with a pin. Paste a piece of tracing paper over the other hole to serve as a screen. Aim the aperture at an object and observe the image produced on the tracing paper.

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What characteristic of light explains why an inverted image of an object forms in a pinhole camera?

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TOTAL ECLIPSE OF THE MOON = UBRA = BLOOD MOON

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TOTAL ECLIPSE OF THE MOON = UBRA = BLOOD MOON

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As the moon moves into the full shadow (umbra), you will begin to see the red color called blood moon, first on the side of the moon, which then gradually spreads over the entire moon.

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NEXT TOTAL LUNAR ECLIPSE - MONDAY 16 MAY 2022!

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NEXT TOTAL LUNAR ECLIPSE - MONDAY 16 MAY 2022!

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VIDEO EXPLAINING - Difference between UMBRA and PENUMBRA

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Light falling on an object can be transmitted (pass through), absorbed and/or reflected.

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ABSORPTION, REFLECTION & TRANSMISSION OF LIGHT

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ABSORPTION, REFLECTION & TRANSMISSION OF LIGHT

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Light Absorption, Reflection, and Transmission

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Many objects contain atoms capable of either selectively absorbing, reflecting or transmitting one or more frequencies of light.

The frequencies of light that become transmitted or reflected to our eyes will contribute to the color that we perceive.

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SPECULAR VS DIFFUSE

KNOW:

Laws of reflection

1.  The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.

2. The incident ray, normal and reflected ray, at the point of incidence (B) all lie in the same plane.

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Properties of a plane (flat) mirror image

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Properties of a plane (flat) mirror image

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1.       Laterally inverted.
2.       Upright.
3.       Same size as object.
4.       As far behind the mirror as the object is in front.

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PERISCOPES!

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v = f. λ                        where, v is speed
f is frequency
λ is wavelength

HOW TO DERIVE THE WAVE EQUATION:
We know:                speed = distance / time
For a wave:             speed = wavelength / time
= λ / T
= λ x 1/T
= λ x f
v = fλ

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GCSE Physics Revision: The wave equation

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Violet light is slowed down most by glass and is refracted most;

Red light slows down least and is refracted least.

As a result, the colored light spreads out to form a spectrum of white light.

This is called dispersion.

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USING A PRISM TO DISPERSE WHITE LIGHT INTO ROYGBIV

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Description
Prism color dispersion, ala Pink Floyd. Move the white dot to change the orientation of the incident ray of white light. Use the sliders to adjust the index of refraction of the surrounding material (n1), the red light index of refraction of the prism (nred), and the percent difference between the index of refraction of the prism for red light and the index of refraction of the prism for violet light (% Difference).

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Description Prism color dispersion, ala Pink Floyd. Move the white dot to change the orientation of the incident ray of white light. Use the sliders to adjust the index of refraction of the surrounding material (n1), the red light index of refraction of the prism (nred), and the percent difference between the index of refraction of the prism for red light and the index of refraction of the prism for violet light (% Difference).

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Real vs apparent depth

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Boats and boating--Equipment and supplies

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TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION = the complete reflection of a light ray reaching an interface with a less dense medium when the angle of incidence exceeds the critical angle.

CRITICAL ANGLE = the size of an incident angle that produces a refracted angle of 90°.

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Total Internal Reflection Demo: Optical Fibers

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Refractive index = the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to its speed in a refractive material, where bending of a ray of light occurs when passing from a medium into another with different density.

Optical density = a measure of the refracting power of a medium.

Total internal reflection = the complete reflection of a light ray reaching an interface with a less dense medium, when the angle of incidence exceeds the critical angle.

Critical angle = The angle of incidence where the angle of refraction is 90°.

Normal = the line that is perpendicular to the plane of the surface.

c = 299 792 458 m.s⁻¹ ≃ 3 x 10 8 m.s⁻¹

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APPLICATION OF REFRACTION: MAGNIFYING GLASS VS TORCH

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APPLICATION OF REFRACTION: MAGNIFYING GLASS VS TORCH

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Why so large?

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Why are TV Cameras still HUGE and expensive ?

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LIGHT WORKSHEET

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HOW A PRISM REFRACTS LIGHT INTO ROYGBIV - DISPERSION

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HOW A PRISM REFRACTS LIGHT INTO ROYGBIV - DISPERSION

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ABC Zoom - Refraction: why glass prisms bend and separate light

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Newton's Light Spectrum Experiment | Earth Science

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HOW A RAINDROP FORMS A RAINBOW - VIA DISPERSION OF LIGHT

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HOW A RAINDROP FORMS A RAINBOW - VIA DISPERSION OF LIGHT

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HOW RAIN DROPS REFRACT LIGHT TO FORM A RAINBOW

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HOW RAIN DROPS REFRACT LIGHT TO FORM A RAINBOW

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Radiation of all frequencies travels at the same velocity through space. The speed of light in vacuum, c, is equal to 3 x 10⁸ m.s−1.

The wavelength and frequency of these waves can be calculated using the wave equation,

c = f λ

where c is the speed of light = 3 x 10⁸ m.s−1
f is the frequency measured in hertz (Hz)
λ is wavelength measured in metres (m)