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1.The government and insurance companies may be anxious to gain access to each of our specific genetic codes, but is this a good thing?

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1.The government and insurance companies may be anxious to gain access to each of our specific genetic codes, but is this a good thing?

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3. Do we want insurance companies to be able todeny medical insurance to exactly those people who may need it the most?

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3. Do we want insurance companies to be able todeny medical insurance to exactly those people who may need it the most?

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2. Shouldn't we worry that such information could be used to restrict our civil liberties?

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2. Shouldn't we worry that such information could be used to restrict our civil liberties?

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4. Do we have any way of assuring that the potential beneficial uses of the genome information, paid for by everyone's tax dollars, will be as available to the poor as to the rich?

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4. Do we have any way of assuring that the potential beneficial uses of the genome information, paid for by everyone's tax dollars, will be as available to the poor as to the rich?

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5. Is this any more ethically acceptable than a less scientific eugenics program?

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5. Is this any more ethically acceptable than a less scientific eugenics program?

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1. Profit Protection:

Insurance companies are businesses. Hence, they can:

Accurately predict who will file claims

Adjust premiums or deny risky applicants

This is because:

Maintaining profits

Avoiding an adverse selection death spiral

2. Genetic Information Reveals High Risk:

As genetic testing becomes more advanced, people can learn whether they’re predisposed to serious diseases like:

Cancer

Alzheimer’s

Heart disease

If an insurance company learns that a person has a genetic predisposition for costly or fatal diseases, they may:

Deny coverage

Charge higher premiums

Limit the policy's benefits

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Financial hardship:

Denying life insurance claims can cause lack of financial support and push people into significant financial distress whereby they have no choice to commit crimes to obtain finance.

This can perpetuate cycles of poverty, illness and limit access to necessary care

Erosion of trust in insurance companies

Unjust denials of insurance claims can result in consumers to purchase less insurance in the future or opting for alternatives that are more expensive and less reliable.

Hesitation for individuals to file claims which leads to underreporting of damages or injuries.

Increased financial burden on Public Assistance Programs

As more people are forced to rely on public funds, it raises government spending on health and social services instead of other sectors like education and infrastructure.

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Public policy can play a big role in making sure genome-based technologies (like personalized medicine or genetic testing) are not only available to the wealthy. For example:

• Universal healthcare policies could cover the cost of genetic testing or treatments.

• Laws like the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) in the U.S. prohibit health insurers and employers from discriminating based on genetic information.

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If taxpayer money was used to fund genome research, it’s fair to argue that taxpayer-funded programs (like Medicaid, public hospitals, or community clinics) should provide access to its results—such as screenings for genetic disorders.

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Some scientists advocate for keeping genome information in public databases rather than letting private companies own and restrict access. This helps ensure that:

• Research benefits aren’t monopolized

• New treatments and tools are developed widely, not just for profit

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Early defect detection in future generations

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Early defect detection in future generations

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By having access to genetic codes, government could detect any potential genetic codes that indicate any diseases (e.g asthma, diabetes I and II) in patients. After collecting these data, this could make it easier for future detection of similar genetic codes in foetus after performing amniocentesis. Thus, parents could plan ahead for how to raise their children effectively, preventing future generations from contracting diseases.

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Unfair discrimination: People can’t control their genes—denying them insurance is unjust.

Human rights issue: Everyone should have access to healthcare, not just the "genetically healthy."

Increases inequality: Could create a divide between those who can get insured and those who can't.

Privacy concerns: Genetic info is personal—using it without consent is unethical.

Historical warning: Eugenics shows the danger of using genetic info to judge human value.

Fear of testing: People might avoid important tests if it could hurt their insurance chances.

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Non-Profit and Global Health Initiatives

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Non-Profit and Global Health Initiatives

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Organizations like the World Health Organization and Doctors Without Borders often push for equitable access to medical advances, including those stemming from genomic research. Collaboration between governments, NGOs, and pharmaceutical companies could help ensure fair distribution.

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Tailored Medical Treatments
Precision in Drug Prescription: Governments can facilitate the development of drug databases linked to genetic profiles, allowing healthcare providers to prescribe medications that are most effective for a person’s genetic makeup.

Reduced Side Effects: By understanding how individuals metabolize drugs (pharmacogenomics), treatments can be adjusted to minimize adverse reactions.

Personalized Preventive Strategies
Lifestyle Recommendations: Health advice on diet, exercise, and habits can be customized based on genetic predispositions (e.g., risk for high cholesterol or obesity).

Vaccination and Immunization Planning: Some vaccines and immune responses vary by genetic background. Governments can personalize immunization schedules to optimize outcomes.

Improved Public Health Policy and Resource Allocation

Data-Driven Planning: Aggregated genetic data helps identify regional or demographic trends in health risks, guiding targeted public health initiatives.

Efficient Healthcare Spending: Personalized interventions reduce trial-and-error treatments, ultimately lowering healthcare costs.

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• Advanced treatments are often expensive to develop and may first reach private clinics or wealthier patients.

• Without active policy and ethical leadership, inequality can widen as a result of these technologies, not shrink.

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In our opinion,it is more ethical as this project can assist and help determine the potential disease a child might have before the child is born.By doing so,couple can determine which method they want to use to have a child (such as in-vitro fertilisation) or if they wanted to consider an adoption.A more scientific eugenic program also encourage equality and prevent discrimination among human races which promote peace and reduce crime rate.This is because people who thought to have a less ideal gene was not force to not have children and given the freedom and option to plan their future,which encourage human equality.

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Individuals with certain genetic dispositions that indicates a higher likelihood of getting a defect/disease (I.e ADHD, cardiovascular diseases) could either be charged a higher premium on their insurance plans for said diseases or just outright denied subscription, which could jeopardise their ability to receive help when needed.

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Genetic test only affordable for wealthy family

Result of the genetic testing, wealthy family able to choose desirable trait and avoid defective trait

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Individuals’ private info such as family history could become accessible to govt and insurance companies without consent

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In conclusion, whilst it’s true that having access to genetic codes could lead to unfair denial of insurance claims/ increased premiums & non-consensual access and use of individuals’ personal info, it could also be used for more altruistic means, e.g early genetic defect detention & tailored medication plans for those who need it the most.

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Here are some key points to consider for each approach:

Less Scientific Eugenics

1. Individual Autonomy: allowing individuals or families to make decisions about genetic interventions based on their values and desires.

2. Market Dynamics: can lead to inequalities. Wealthier individuals have access to advanced genetic technologies.

3. Lack of Regulation: may operate outside of strict ethical guidelines.

Scientific Eugenics

1. Collective Responsibility: often associated with state-sponsored programs aimed at improving the population's health.

2. Equity and Access: can potentially ensure all individuals have access to genetic interventions, promoting equity - can also impose societal norms and values on individuals

3. Historical Abuse: notorious history, particularly in the 20th century, where state policies led to forced sterilizations and discrimination against marginalized groups

Ethical Considerations

Discrimination and Inequality: both approaches can lead to discrimination.

Focus on Diversity: Ethical frameworks today emphasize the importance of diversity.

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One of the concerns is that hackers may steal and sell sensitive information, for example the private information of a person in power which may lead to them losing respect among their peers.

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We should be worried that such information could be used to restrict our civil liberties because an individual's personal private information being made public will open the door to potential discrimination. For example, you are denied work because your genetic code states that you have the potential to develop a terminal or disabling disease early.

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• Advanced treatments are often expensive to develop and may first reach private clinics or wealthier patients.

• Without active policy and ethical leadership, inequality can widen as a result of these technologies, not shrink.