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This board is organised in columns to make it easy to navigate. The first column includes general resources about neurodiversity and understanding different ways of thinking, learning and experiencing the world. The remaining columns are arranged alphabetically by topic. Simply click into the column you need and scroll down to explore the resources listed there.

We will continue to add to this space over time as new information, lived experience and recommendations become available.

If there is something you’ve found helpful, please let us know so we can continue to grow this resource together.

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Neurodiversity Resource Hub Supporting understanding, inclusion and belonging (2)

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Coventry & Warwickshire Integrated Care System

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A Guide to Neurodiversity in the Early Years

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A Guide to Neurodiversity in the Early Years

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neurodiversity

in the early years

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A Beginners Guide to Self Directed Neurodivergent Play

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A Beginners Guide to Self Directed Neurodivergent Play

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What is Neurodiversity (The DERS Guide) ~ Autistamatic

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Louise Gooding (Author), Ruth Burrows (Illustrator)

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Wonderfully Wired Brains: An Introduction to the World of Neurodiversity

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Brief content visible, double tap to read full content.

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Some Brains: A Book Celebrating Neurodiversity

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Some Brains: A Book Celebrating Neurodiversity : Amazon.co.uk: Books

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Sandhya Menon (Author), Donita Richards (Editor), Kushla Ross (Illustrator) & 0 more

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The Brain Forest : Menon, Sandhya, Richards, Donita, Ross, Kushla: Amazon.co.uk: Books

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Special Educational Needs Schools & SEND Support - Witherslack Group

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Witherslack Group is the leading provider of specialist education for young people with special educational needs. Also providing SEND advice and support.

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The Umbrella Gang Comics - ADHD Foundation

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In collaboration with Dekko Comics, we have produced a series of comics based around some of our young ambassadors - the Umbrella Gang! Click the buttons to read.

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Amazing Things Happen - by Alexander Amelines

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NCMH (National Centre for Mental Health)

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Since 2016, this group of young people, ages 15-25, have shared their voices and lived experiences to steer, influence and advise the work we do. As well as advising on AET materials and strategy, Panel members speak at events, co-deliver training and support autism education networks.

Find out how this group of young people are supporting, co-producing and advising the AET.

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Helping you support autistic children and young people since 2007

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A website about autism, for autistic young people - so that everyone can gain a better understanding of what autism actually is.

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4 times as many boys are diagnosed autistic as girls. This is not an accurate picture.

Frequently, for many reasons, girls are diagnosed later (on average up to 6 years later), missed or misdiagnosed, causing long term mental health problems with too many girls feeling too anxious to attend school as a result.

Currently the assessment tools used to screen for autism are male-centric. We want to see tools in place that reflect multiple presentations and needs so that no child's need goes unrecognised or unsupported. We are currently pilot-validating the Internal Presentation of Autism Checklist that sits within our white paper Autism, Girls and Keeping it All Inside , so expect that to change soon. Our survey had 1123 responses in a week, so there are many people who feel strongly about having screening tools which feel representative. Our vision is for a system that enables autistic girls to thrive, to feel understood and to achieve the best educational outcomes.

Our aim is to raise awareness of autism in girls and others who present in an internal way with health, social care and educational professionals and to bring change. Not only to the way that autistic girls are assessed and subsequently supported but to the narrative, with updated and positive terminology used to describe autistic traits.

Our private Facebook group supports both autistic girls and women and their extended families, but there are many more who need our help. We are now a registered charity, fundraising to enable us to both fund projects which offer face to face support and campaign for real change.

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We are a small registered charity working to support, educate, and bring change. Here you will find lots of resources.

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We are the UKs leading charity for autistic people and their families. Since 1962, we have been providing support, guidance and advice, as well as campaigning for improved rights, services and opportunities to help create a society that works for autistic people.

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Spectrum Gaming is an online community for autistic young people. The aims of Spectrum Gaming are to enable autistic young people to develop meaningful friendships; to help them understand and develop a positive perspective of their differences; and to advocate for the needs of autistic young people

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Anna Kennedy Online – Forging the path to autism awareness

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Ambitious about Autism is the national charity for autistic children and young people. We stand with autistic children, young people and their families to champion rights, campaign for change and create opportunities.

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Resources for Autism - Providing practical support for children and adults with autism

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Resources for Autism is a registered charity. We provide practical services for children and adults with a diagnosis of autism and for those who love and care for them.

We have a team of trained, enthusiastic and kind staff and volunteers offering a wide range of support. All our staff are autism specialists who understand communication and sensory needs.

Read more about our services here.

You can also get involved. We want the very best staff and the keenest volunteers: Find out how here.

We are a registered charity and rely on donations and there are many ways you can help: See how here.

We are supported by some wonderful organisations: Find out about them here.

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Resources for Autism is a registered charity. We provide practical services for children and adults with a diagnosis of autism and for those who love and care for them. We have a team of trained, enthusiastic and kind staff and volunteers offering a wide range of support.

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Children & Young People’s Mental Health Coalition

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Home | ADD-vance - The ADHD & Autism Trust, Hertfordshire

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ADD-vance is a Hertfordshire based charity that supports families affected by ADHD, Autism or a related condition and the professionals who support them.

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All Cats Are on the Autism Spectrum: An affirming introduction to autism

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Buy All Cats Are on the Autism Spectrum: An affirming introduction to autism Illustrated by Hoopmann, Kathy (ISBN: 9781787754713) from Amazon’s Book Store. Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders.

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From the author of Autism on a Shoestring Budget, [Early] Intervention Made Easier... Autism Is...? is book #1 in the Autism Is...? Books Series:

In this book for autistic children, Logan overhears his grandma telling her friend he has autism, and asks her, "Autism is...?" She explains what autism is to him in this beautifully illustrated story. Children with autism face many challenges and they are often aware of and question their autism. Of course, each child is unique, and you may or may not wish to explain the term autism to your child at a young age. But if you do, this book can help make it easier for you, as it did for the author when explaining autism to Logan. His inquisitive mind wanted to know, and once he read this story, even before it was illustrated, he was happy with this positive explanation and answer to his question.

Book #2: Danger Is...?
Book #3: School Rules Are...?
Book #4: Feelings Are...?
Book #5: Manners Are...?
Book #6: Friends Are...?

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Autism Is...?: Volume 1 (Autism Is...? Books)

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Buy Autism Is...?: Volume 1 (Autism Is...? Books) by Wideman-van der Laan, Ymkje, Feldman, Rob (ISBN: 9781475102710) from Amazon's Book Store. Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders.

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Dimensions Tool for Health and Wellbeing

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Dimensions Tool for Health and Wellbeing

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The Dimensions of Health and Wellbeing is a free online tool providing self-care information to support adults, children and young people in Coventry and Warwickshire.

You can rate yourself or another person against a number of dimensions related to health and wellbeing.

The Dimensions tool is available 24/7 and creates a Dimensions report which provides information about self-care, local services and support.

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The Dimensions of Health and Wellbeing is a free online tool providing self-care information to support adults, children and young people in Coventry and Warwickshire. You can rate yourself or another person against a number of dimensions related to health and wellbeing.

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The 5-4-3-2-1 Method: A Grounding Exercise to Manage Anxiety

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The Body Scanner! Mindfulness for Children

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Mental Health Foundation | Good mental health for all

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Explore information to help you understand mental health and get advice on how you look after your own mental health or support someone you know with theirs.

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Place2Be is a children and young people's mental health charity with almost 30 years' experience working with pupils, families and staff in UK schools.

We provide mental health support in schools through one-to-one and group counselling using tried and tested methods backed by research. In addition, we also offer expert training and professional qualifications.

Why it's important

1 in 5

children and young people have a probable mental health condition, and many continue to have these problems into adulthood.

50%

of those with lifetime mental health problems first experience symptoms by the age of 14.

1 in 10
boys aged 5-19 with a mental health condition are suspended in some form from school.

Find out more about our work

How we help

Mental health support in schools

Our in-school mental health service supports the wellbeing of pupils, families and staff.
Find out more

Our mental health services in schools

We provide mental health services in schools that contribute to a whole-school approach to mental health.
Find out more

Counselling training and placements

Gain experience and skills with our child counselling training and placements.
Find out more

Place2Be is part of our school family. It is more than an office, more than a therapy room and more than a collection of counsellors.

Glyn Ellis - Headteacher, Haslingden Primary School

My daughter had become a different person - one we didn't recognise - but since counselling we see signs of our old loving daughter coming back.

Parent

If you have problems or worries you get a chance to talk to a person you trust. When I grow up I want to help children like Place2Be helps children.

Eight-year-old girl

Your support makes it possible

Thousands of vulnerable children and families depend on our work every single day. We simply cannot reach them without your help. There are so many ways to lend your support.

Place2Be's counselling service in primary schools has the potential to return £8 to society by improving long-term outcomes for each child.

Make a donation

How you can help

Fundraise for us

Raise money to transform children and young people's mental health. Browse ideas, tips and advice.

Get fundraising inspiration

Take part in an event

Run, cycle, walk. Trek to great heights or tackle some muddy obstacles. Take a look at our fundraising events.

Take on an event

Partner with us

See how your organisation can help us to support more children, families and school staff across the UK.

Find out more

Our impact

In the last school year

6,901

pupils were supported through one-to-one counselling.

33,327

pupils booked their own appointments o speak to our mental health professional.

After one-to-one counselling with Place2Be

76%

of children with severe difficulties show an improvement in mental health, according to parents.

64%

of pupils whose difficulties impacted their learning in class improved, according to teachers.

75%

of children and young people found it easier to make and keep friends, according to parents and carers.

Place2Be: mental health support in schools

Hear from children and teachers about the impact of Place2Be.

News & blogs

Eating Disorders in Children and Young People: a major public health concern

Clara Faria and Professor Tamsin Ford reflect on the impact of eating disorders on children and young people's mental health.

Read more

New report from NHS England shows increase in children experiencing mental health difficulties

Published today, the report reveals that 1 in 5 children and young people now have a probable mental health condition.

Read more

The BAFTA Roadshow with Place2Be arrives in North-West London

BAFTA and Place2Be team up to bring the BAFTA Roadshow to North-West London.

Read more

Sign up to our newsletter

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Improving children's and young people's mental health - Place2Be

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Place2Be provides mental health counselling support and training to schools to improve the emotional wellbeing of children, young people, families, teachers and staff.

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NELFT provides an extensive range of integrated community and mental health services for people living in the London boroughs of Barking & Dagenham, Havering, Redbridge and Waltham Forest. Essex and Kent

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The NHS Talking Therapies, for anxiety and depression programme (formerly known as Improving Access to Psychological Therapies, IAPT) was developed to improve the delivery of, and access to, evidence-based, NICE recommended, psychological therapies for depression and anxiety disorders within the NHS.

From small beginnings in 2008, the programme has steadily grown so that nearly 1.2 million people were able to access services in 2021/22. This expansion was the result of training and deploying thousands of new psychological therapists and practitioners, as well as providing additional training modules for existing therapists. Taken together The Five Year Forward View for Mental Health and The NHS Long Term Plan commit the NHS to further expand the NHS Talking Therapies, for anxiety and depression programme so that 1.9 million people per year will be able to access services by the end of 2023/4.

Details of local NHS Talking Therapies, for anxiety and depression services are available on the nhs.uk website: Find an NHS psychological therapies service.

What are NHS Talking Therapies, for anxiety and depression services?

NHS Talking Therapies, for anxiety and depression services are characterised by three key principles:

1. All psychological therapies offered are evidence-based and delivered at the appropriate dose: where NICE recommended therapies are matched to the mental health problem, and the intensity and duration of delivery is designed to optimise clinical outcomes.

2. All within the clinical workforce are appropriately trained and supervised: high-quality care is provided by clinicians who are trained to an agreed level of competence and accredited in the specific therapies they deliver, and they receive weekly outcomes focused supervision from senior clinical practitioners with the relevant competences to support continual improvement.

3. Routine outcome monitoring via standardised measures is used on a session-by-session basis, so that the person having therapy and the clinician offering it have up-to-date information on the person's progress. The outcomes of all NHS Talking Therapies, for anxiety and depression services are published so that the sector can learn from variation in outcomes and public transparency about the benefits and limitations of the services is maintained. This helps guide the course of each person's treatment and provides a resource for service improvement, transparency, and public accountability.

Services are delivered using a stepped-care model, which works according to the principle that people should be offered the least intrusive intervention appropriate for their needs first.

For more information on how the services work, please see the NHS Talking Therapies, for anxiety and depression manual.

Who are NHS Talking Therapies, for anxiety and depression services for?

NHS Talking Therapies, for anxiety and depression services provide NICE recommended psychological interventions for adults and older adults with anxiety disorders and/or depression. This can be standalone or in the context of a long term physical health condition where this can be managed effectively in a uni-professional service. Evidence-based therapies are delivered by trained clinicians, with or without concurrent pharmacological treatment.

NHS Talking Therapies, for anxiety and depression services provide treatment for people with the following common mental health problems:

agoraphobia

body dysmorphic disorder (BDD)

depression

generalised anxiety disorder

health anxiety (hypochondriasis)

mixed depression and anxiety (the term for sub-syndromal depression and anxiety, rather than both depression and anxiety)

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

panic disorder

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

social anxiety disorder

specific phobias (such as heights, flying, spiders etc.).

In addition to evidence-based talking therapies for the common mental health problems listed above, NHS Talking Therapies, for anxiety and depression services also provide employment advice in many areas of England, to support people to reach their employment goals.

Aligned with the Long Term Plan and the Advancing mental health equalities strategy, NHS Talking Therapies, for anxiety and depression services are working to reduce health inequalities, ensuring services meet the needs of all in the population that they serve. Our work on advancing equalities focuses on improving access, outcomes and experiences for specific populations and under-represented groups.

How are NHS Talking Therapies, for anxiety and depression services accessed?

Referral pathways have been specifically developed to promote access and equality. They include:

1. self-referral into every service (find an NHS psychological therapies service - www.nhs.uk)

2. community or voluntary service referral

3. primary care referral

4. secondary care referral (including both mental health and physical health care services).

What does NHS Talking Therapies, for anxiety and depression involve?

All talking therapies involve the patient and therapist, or practitioner, working as a team to understand problems, overcome current difficulties and achieve identified goals. Therapy involves talking, but usually also involves doing practical exercises and tasks both in and outside of sessions. It is an active process, and the therapist or practitioner will regularly check in with the patient to ensure progress.

Talking therapies are provided in different ways, including:

using a self-help workbook or website with the support of a therapist

one-to-one in person, over the phone or through video consultation

in a group.

If a patients first language is not English, talking therapies can be delivered in their chosen language through multi-lingual therapists or confidential translators. NHS Talking Therapies, for anxiety and depression are also available in British Sign Language (BSL) through SignHealth.

What types of therapy are offered in NHS Talking Therapies, for anxiety and depression services?

The following are the NICE recommended talking therapy options for depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress conditions:

Depression:

Guided self-help based on cognitive behavioural therapy principles

Anxiety which can include disorders such as panic, phobias, obsessive compulsive disorder, and generalised anxiety disorder:

Guided self-help based on cognitive behavioural therapy principles. This is not advised for social anxiety disorder or post-traumatic stress disorder

Post-traumatic stress disorder:

Trauma focused Cognitive behavioural therapy (Tf CBT)

Social anxiety disorder:

Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)

How are NHS Talking Therapies, for anxiety and depression services delivered?

Services should offer a choice of in-person or remotely delivered therapies. Most of the in-person therapy is provided in local settings that are as easy for people to access such as GP practices, physical health clinics, community settings and voluntary organisations. In recent years, expedited by the pandemic, more people are opting to have therapy remotely (via video platform, telephone or text talk). Alongside these options, services are also offering digital treatment (digitally enabled therapies, DET), provided via the internet. Such platforms encourage learning through patient self-study, reinforced and supported by a suitably trained therapist. As well as maximising the geographic reach of the NHS Talking Therapies, for anxiety and depression programme, delivering treatment via digital platforms means that treatment can be accessed anywhere and at any time. It can also help promote access to treatment for people who may be less likely to engage with more traditional face-to-face therapy appointments. Other people prefer in person therapy and can choose this. It is a matter of choice.

How are NHS Talking Therapies, for anxiety and depression services commissioned?

Services are commissioned by local integrated care boards (ICBs) and are overseen by NHS England on a regional and national basis.NHS Talking Therapies, for anxiety and depression services will also work closely with community mental health services for people with severe mental health problems (also referred to as severe mental illness) to ensure people are able to receive support from the right service for their needs.

NHS Talking Therapy for Anxiety and Depression services need to develop strong relationships with professionals across a broad range of mental and physical health care pathways, as well as social care, to ensure that people with needs that are either not appropriate or are too complex for NHS Talking Therapy for Anxiety and Depression services receive the necessary care in the right place.

Patient and public participation is an essential part of the NHS Talking Therapies, for anxiety and depression programme. The knowledge and expertise of those using services is key to driving all aspects of our programmes development.

Psychological therapies for severe mental health problems (adults and older adults)

Psychological therapies for people with severe mental health problems (also referred to as severe mental illness) are a key part of the new integrated offer for adults and older adults, as set out in the NHS Long Term Plan. Severe Mental Health problems include psychosis, bipolar disorder, 'personality disorder' and eating disorders. All areas of the country are seeking to increase availability of these therapies as part of a wider transformation of adult and older adult community mental health services. For more information on community mental health services please see our community mental health services page.

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NHS Talking Therapies, for anxiety and depression

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The NHS Talking Therapies, for anxiety and depression programme (formerly known as Improving Access to Psychological Therapies, IAPT) was developed to improve the delivery of, and access to, evidence-based, NICE recommended, psychological therapies for depression and anxiety disorders within the NHS.

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Hyperlexia Uncovered: Discovering the Signs and Symptoms

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Hyperlexia and Its Connection to Autism - Child Development and Language Comprehension

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This website places cookies on your computer to improve your experience. By continuing to browse the site, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. For more details, see our privacy policy. I agree

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The British Dyslexia Association is the voice for the 10% of the population that are dyslexic

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Dyslexia Awareness Part 1: Module 1 - About Dyslexia

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Dyscalculia Network | Leading Support Network for Dyscalculia

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The Dyscalculia Network is a leading community interest company supporting individuals with Dyscalculia. Find a online tutor today.

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Download this dyslexia font to your computer

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Coventry and Warwickshire Partnership NHS Trust

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Information plays an important role in helping people understand and come to terms with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD).

We're here to educate, offer hope and support people through the difficult times, right through to recovery and everything in between, we are OCD-UK.

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OCD-UK | A national OCD charity, run by, and for people with lived experience of OCD

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Information plays an important role in helping people understand and come to terms with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). We're here to educate, offer hope and support people through the difficult times, right through to recovery and everything in between, we are OCD-UK.

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Coventry and Warwickshire Partnership NHS Trust

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Understanding Sensory Needs and their impact on Anxiety

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In order to fit in with expectations from others, some autistic people will closely observe people around them and copy their behaviour. This is known as ‘masking’. Read more about masking and how it can affect people’s lives.

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You have the diagnosis and probably a ton of medical jargon. How on earth are you meant to explain this to your child who is, if they have been diagnosed young, still learning to write their name?

Many parents have this worry as they don't want their child to think of themselves as abnormal or be worried about who they are, but I can confirm that your child probably already knows they are different. Not telling your child could cause more harm, as if they know they are different but don't know why, they will end up confused and have low-self esteem.

Children are very observant, especially when they are around their peers and hear comments about them when adults think they're not listening, so chances are they already know, but just don't have a word for it yet.

The first step is to address your own views on the subject so that you don't pass on any worries to your child. Every parent has worries, and it is natural to ask yourself how your child will struggle, but even without a diagnosis your child is still autistic and they just need the right accommodations to thrive.

Create a safe space for your child so that you can calmly have this conversation. Have to hand their favourite snacks, a cuddly blanket and keep the room clear of extra people.

Start simple with things they already experience, such as "so you know how loud sounds hurt your ears?" or "I've found out why some foods taste really bad to you." Then lead into the facts, that this is because they are autistic, that it isn't anything to worry about and that it just means their brain works differently to other people's.

If they are older and can handle a bit of terminology, explain that they have different sensory needs or may need help with their social skills, but try and avoid negative words such as 'disorder' or 'struggle'. This is your child's first introduction to having a diagnosis, and it needs to be positive.

Be open to questions, even if you don't know the answers. You can use this as a bonding experience by looking at different resources together or looking up autistic creators. You can shop for stim toys together and make a list of safe foods and safe spaces.

Your child may be upset. It's only natural to have big feelings when a new thing comes into play, and a diagnosis can be a very big thing even if they don't quite understand it yet. Just reassure them that you are there for them, you will learn with them and it is not a thing to 'overcome' or 'beat', it is who they are and that is wonderful.

End the conversation showing them some celebrities or creators who are autistic and show them how autistic brains are wonderful in their differences. Make a list together of the positives of being autistic relating to your child, so that they can have something to look back on if they have a hard time.

Not only is this the first conversation you will have with your child about their diagnosis, but it will be your beginning on being an advocate for your child. Your child will look to you to check if it is okay to be authentic as an autistic person, and if they have your support and acceptance then they will continue to grow and accept themselves.

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Telling your child they're autistic | Autistic Girls Network

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Parents worry as they don't want their child to think of themselves as abnormal, but your child probably already knows they are different.

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Talking about and disclosing your autism diagnosis

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Information about the different experiences and views autistic people have of discussing and disclosing their diagnosis.

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Warwickshire Transitions Guidance:Preparing your child or young person for moving or starting school

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Tourettes Action is a support and research charity working to improve the lives of people living with Tourette Syndrome. Our services include online live-chat and email support, a befriender network, information, webinars, events and resources.

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Tourette's syndrome & tic disorders - definition, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

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Different Types of Tics (All You Need to Know About Tourette's)

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Watch me bloom when I have big feelings: A coping story for children with autism on how to manage emotions, practice social skills and navigate big feelings.: 1 (Daily Bloom coping stories) : Ledden, Grace: Amazon.co.uk: Books

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WHO WE ARE

We are the UK's only registered charity dedicated to raising awareness and furthering information about Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder. As a not-for-profit, we work to provide individuals, parents, carers and medical professionals with up-to-date relevant information, research and support.

We want to empower parents and carers to feel confident about being advocates for the children in their care.

OUR MISSION

We want to remove the uncertainty, ambiguity and frustration experienced by parents, carers and individuals over obtaining a diagnosis and treatment by providing general advice that may improve their journey.

Equally, we are committed to supporting medical professionals across varying specialities, by equipping them with the information they need to ensure that their patients receive an early diagnosis and have access to appropriate care.

​

OUR VISION

We want to make ARFID universally known, and understood.

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We are the UK's only charity dedicated to raising awareness and furthering information about ARFID. A not-for-profit, we work to provide individuals, parents, carers and medical professionals with up-to-date relevant information, research and support.

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An Affirming Approach to Supporting Interoception, Feeding Challenges & ARFID

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Supporting autistic people with eating difficulties

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Dr Elizabeth Shea discusses autism and eating difficulties and how best to support autistic people

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What is FASD? Also in this section: Alcohol in pregnancy What is FASD How It presents Over 400 co-occurring conditions Mythbuster Getting a diagnosis After a diagnosis Common description: “FASD results when prenatal alcohol exposure affects the developing brain and body. FASD is a spectrum. Each…

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Global Developmental Delay (GDD): A Comprehensive Guide

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Explore Global Developmental Delay (GDD): causes, diagnosis, and evidence-based support strategies. Essential guide for educators & parents supporting children

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Local Offer: Special Educational Needs and Disability (SEND)

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Read about SEND provision, our Local Offer in the borough, as well as education, health and care plans.

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We see children and young people with various difficulties or conditions. These include developmental delay and /or neuro-motor conditions such as Cerebral Palsy; Autism Spectrum Syndromes and Developmental Co-ordination Disorder or difficulties. Our Occupational Therapy (OT) team is split into 2 main teams and then has several different pathways in each.

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Meeting the needs of children with sensory differences-Waltham Forest

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Meeting the needs of children with sensory differences-Waltham Forest

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Frequently Asked Questions -Meeting the needs of children with sensory differences FINAL

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Bipolar UK is the national charity dedicated to supporting individuals with the much misunderstood and devastating condition of bipolar, their families and carers.

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This leaflet is for anyone who wants to know more about bipolar disorder

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This leaflet is for anyone who wants to know more about bipolar disorder (sometimes called bipolar affective disorder). It is especially written for anyone who has bipolar disorder, their friends and relatives.

This leaflet describes:

The signs and symptoms of bipolar disorder.

Some of the problems you may encounter.

Some ways of coping.

Evidence-based treatments.

There are other resources on this website on bipolar disorder for young people and parents and carers.

Disclaimer

This leaflet provides information, not advice.

The content in this leaflet is provided for general information only. It is not intended to, and does not, mount to advice which you should rely on. It is not in any way an alternative to specific advice.

You must therefore obtain the relevant professional or specialist advice before taking, or refraining from, any action based on the information in this leaflet.

If you have questions about any medical matter, you should consult your doctor or other professional healthcare provider without delay.

If you think you are experiencing any medical condition you should seek immediate medical attention from a doctor or other professional healthcare provider.

Although we make reasonable efforts to compile accurate information in our leaflets and to update the information in our leaflets, we make no representations, warranties or guarantees, whether express or implied, that the content in this leaflet is accurate, complete or up to date.

It used to be called 'manic depressive illness'. As this phrase suggests, you have severe mood swings.These usually last several weeks or months and are far beyond the emotional ups and downs that most of us experience. They can be: ¹

Low or 'depressive'

You feel intensely low, depressed and even despairing.

High or 'manic'

You feel extremely happy, elated, and become very overactive. You may develop very grandiose, delusional ideas about yourself and your abilities.

Hypomanic

Your mood is high, but not so extreme as in mania

Mixed

You have a mixture of mania and depression - for example, you feel very depressed, but also have the restlessness and overactivity of mania.

These mood states are described in more detail below.

About 1 in every 50 adults will have bipolar disorder at some point in their life. It usually starts between the ages of 15 to 25 - and rarelyafter the age of 50 ¹.

The following types exist ²:

Bipolar I

You have had at least one high or manic episode, which has lasted for longer than one week - usually far longer.

You may only have manic episodes, although most people with Bipolar I also have periods of deep depression.

Untreated, a manic episode will generally last 3 to 6 months.

Depressive episodes last rather longer - 6 to 12 months without treatment.

Bipolar II

You have more than one episode of severe depression, but only mild manic episodes - this is called 'hypomania'.

Rapid cycling

You have four mood or more episodes in a 12-month period. This affects around 1 in 10 people with bipolar disorder and can happen with both types I and II.

Cyclothymia

The mood swings are less severe than those in full bipolar disorder but can be longer. This can, in time, develop into full bipolar disorder.

Similar genetic 'risk factors' are involved in whether someone develops bipolar disorder, severe depression or schizophrenia. There are also environmental risk factors, and these can interact with genetic risk factors to increase or decrease your risk of developing these conditions.

For example, you might have genetic risk factors that mean you are more likely to develop bipolar disorder. However, if you grow up or live in a stable and positive environment this may reduce your risk of developing a serious mental illness.

Having a parent with a serious mental illness like bipolar is the strongest known risk factor for developing a serious mental illness yourself. Children with a parent who has a serious mental illness have a 1 in 3 chance of developing a serious mental illness themselves.

When thinking about the causes of developing bipolar disorder, it is important to remember that lots of different things are involved, and that no single risk factor causes bipolar disorder. ³

Depression

We all experience feelings of depression from time to time ⁴. It can even help us to recognise and deal with problems in our lives. However, in major depression or bipolar depression, these feelings are much more intense 5 6. They go on for longer and makes it difficult or impossible to deal with the normal things of life ⁵. If you become depressed, you will notice some, or all of these things:

Emotional changes

feelings of unhappiness that don't go away.

feeling that you want to burst into tears for no reason.

losing interest in things.

being unable to enjoy things.

feeling restless and agitated.

losing self-confidence.

feeling useless, inadequate and hopeless.

feeling more irritable than usual.

thinking of suicide.

Difficulties with your thinking

Physical symptoms

You don't want to eat and lose weight.

It's hard to get to sleep.

You wake really early - and can't get back to sleep again.

You feel utterly tired.

You get constipated.

You lose interest in sex.

Behaviour

Mania

You feel intensely well, energetic and optimistic - so much so that it affects your thinking and judgement. You can start to believe strange things about yourself, make bad decisions, and behave in embarrassing, harmful and - occasionally - dangerous ways.

Like depression, it can make it difficult or impossible to deal with day-to-day life. Mania can badly affect both your relationships and your work.

When it isn't so extreme, it is called 'hypomania'. It can still affect your judgement, and how you get on with other people ¹.

When you are manic, you may notice that you are:

Emotional

Thinking

Physical

Behaviour

Making plans that are grandiose and unrealistic.

Very active, moving around very quickly.

Behaving unlike your normal self.

Talking very quickly - so quickly that other people may find it hard to understand what you are talking about.

Making odd decisions on the spur of the moment, sometimes with disastrous consequences.

Recklessly spending your money.

Over-familiar or recklessly critical with other people.

Less inhibited in general.

If you are in the middle of a manic episode for the first time, you may not realise that there is anything wrong - although your friends, family or colleagues usually will. You may even feel annoyed if someone tries to point this out to you. You start to lose touch with day-to-day issues - and with other people's feelings.

Psychotic symptoms

If an episode of mania or depression becomes very severe, you may develop delusional ideas ¹.

In a manic episode - these will tend to be grandiose beliefs about yourself - that you are on an important mission or that you have special powers and abilities.

In a depressive episode - you can feel that you are uniquely guilty, that you are worse than anybody else, or even that you don't exist.

As well as these unusual beliefs, you might experience hallucinations - when you hear, smell, feel or see something, but there isn't anything (or anybody) there to account for it.

Between episodes

Some people with bipolar disorder feel that they recover completely in between their mood swings - but many do not. You can continue to feel depressed and to have problems in thinking, even when you appear (to other people) to be better.

An episode of bipolar disorder may mean that you have to stop driving for a while - you must tell the DVLA if you have bipolar disorder. The Government website has information about this.

Who will I see?

You may see your GP at first, particularly if you have a depressive episode. But, if they make a diagnosis of bipolar disorder, they will have to refer you to a specialist - a psychiatrist. NICE guidance suggest that mood-stabilisers need to be started by a specialist ⁷, even if your care is later taken over by a GP.

When you see a psychiatrist, you will also meet other members of the community mental health team (CMHT). They will be able to help with emotional support, information, psychological interventions, and help with sorting out practical matters.

Once any medication you are taking seems to established and effective, your GP can take over most of your care, although they will usually want you to stay in touch with a psychiatrist and the CMHT.

Medications for bipolar disorder

There are some things that can help to control mood swings, so that they stop short of becoming full-blown episodes of mania or depression. These are mentioned below, but medication is still often needed to:

keep your mood stable (prophylaxis)

treat a manic or depressive episode.

There are several mood stabilisers, some of which are also used to treat epilepsy or to help with schizophrenia ⁸. Your psychiatrist may need to use more than one medication to control mood swings effectively ⁹.

Lithium

Lithium has been used as a mood stabiliser for decades - but how it works is still not clear. It is still the first choice for long-term treatment of bipolar disorder and can be used to treat both manic and depressive episodes.

Treatment with lithium should be started by a psychiatrist. The difficulty is getting the level of lithium in the body right - too low and it won't work, too high and it can harm you. So, you will need regular blood tests in the first few weeks to make sure that you are getting the right dose 1 10. Once the dose is stable, your GP can prescribe your lithium and arrange regular blood tests for the longer term.

The amount of lithium in your blood is very sensitive to how much, or how little, water there is in your body. If you become dehydrated, the level of lithium in your blood will rise, and you will be more likely to get side-effects, or even toxic effects ¹. So, it's important to:

drink plenty of water - more in hot weather or when you are active

be careful with tea and coffee - they increase the amount of water you pass in your urine.

It can take three months or longer for lithium to work properly. It's best to carry on taking the tablets, even if your mood swings continue during this time.

Side-effects

These can start in the first few weeks after starting lithium treatment. They can be irritating and unpleasant, but often disappear or get better with time.

They include:

Less common side-effects are:

blurred vision.

slight muscle weakness.

occasional diarrhoea.

fine trembling of the hands.

a feeling of being mildly ill.

These can usually be improved by lowering the dose of lithium.

The following signs suggest that your lithium level is too high. Contact your doctor immediately if you notice:

you feel very thirsty.

you have bad diarrhoea or vomiting.

obvious shaking of your hands and legs.

twitching of your muscles.

you get muddled or confused.

Blood and urine tests

At first you will need blood tests every few weeks to make sure that you have the right level of lithium in your blood. You will need these tests for as long as you take lithium, but less often after the first few months.

Long-term use of lithium can affect the kidneys or the thyroid gland. You will need to have blood and urine tests every few months to make sure that these organs are still working properly. If there is a problem, you may need to stop lithium and discuss an alternative with your doctor.

Taking care of yourself⁵

Eat a well-balanced diet.

Drink unsweetened fluids regularly. This helps to keep your body salts and fluids in balance. Steer clear of colas and soft drinks with a lot of sugar in them.

Eat regularly - this will also help to maintain your fluid balance.

Watch out for caffeine - in tea, coffee or cola. This makes you urinate more, and so can upset your lithium level.

Other mood stabilisers

There are other medications, apart from lithium, that can help. How these are used will depend on whether it is for a manic or depressive swing, or to stop these from happening - and whether the person is already taking an antidepressant.

Anti-epileptic medications/anticonvulsants:

Sodium valproate, an anti-convulsant, may work just as well as lithium, but we don't yet have enough evidence to be sure. If it is taken during pregnancy it can harm an unborn baby, so it should not be prescribed to anyone who could become pregnant. Readour resource on Valproate to find out more.

Carbamazepine and lamotrigine are also effective for some people.

Antipsychotic medications: Haloperidol, olanzapine, quetiapine and risperidone.

When to start a mood stabiliser

After just one episode, it's difficult to predict how likely you are to have another. Some people don't want to start a mood stabiliser at this stage, but episodes of mania can be severe and very disruptive.

If you have a second episode, there is a strong chance of further episodes. So, at this point, a mood stabiliser would be more strongly recommended.

For how long should someone take a mood stabiliser?

For at least:

If you do decide to stop your medication, you should discuss this with your doctor. It's usually best to carry on seeing your psychiatrist for 2 years after stopping medication for bipolar disorder, so that they can check you for any signs of relapse.

If you continue to have troublesome mood episodes, you may need to continue medication for longer.

You need to discuss this with your doctor, but there are some general principles.

Lithium is usually the first choice; sodium valproate a second choice, although it can also be prescribed with lithium. Olanzapine can be tried if lithium and sodium valproate have not helped.

Quetiapine can also be used, particularly where someone remains depressed between manic episodes⁸.

Lamotrigine may be suggested for bipolar II disorder or bipolar depression, but not for mania.

Sometimes a combination of these drugs is needed.

Much depends on how well you get on with a particular medication. What suits one person may not suit another.

Lithium reduces your chance of relapse by 30-40% ⁸, but the more manic episodes you've had, the more likely you are to have another one.

As you get older, the risk of having further episodes stays much the same. Even if you have been well for a long time, you still run the risk of having another episode.

You should discuss any pregnancy plans with your psychiatrist. Together, you can arrange how to manage your mood during the pregnancy and for the first few months after the baby arrives. Lithium and sodium valproate should not be prescribed if you are pregnant or planning to become pregnant.

If you become are pregnant while taking lithium, it's best to discuss with your psychiatrist whether you need to stop lithium. Although lithium is safer in pregnancy than the other mood stabilisers, there is a significant risk to the baby of heart problems. This risk will need to be weighed against the risk of you becoming depressed or manic.

The risk is greatest during the first three months of pregnancy. Lithium is safe after the 26th week of pregnancy, although you should not breastfeed your baby if you are taking lithium as it can be toxic for your baby ¹².

It will be worth the discussing the possibility of starting some of the psychological treatments mentioned above.

During pregnancy, everyone involved - the obstetrician, midwives, health visitors, GP, psychiatrist, and community psychiatric nurse - need to keep in close touch with each other.

During a depressive episode, or in between episodes of mania and depression, psychological treatments can be helpful 1 5 11. These can include:

psycho-education - learning more about bipolar disorder

mood monitoring -you learn to recognise when your mood is starting to swing.

help to develop general coping skills

cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for depressive episodes, as well as in between such episodes (treatment usually involves around 16 to 20 one-hour sessions over a period of 3 to 4 months)

interpersonal therapy (IPT)

couples therapy

family meetings.

Find out more about Cognitive Behavioural Therapy.

Depressive episodes

If your depression is at least moderately severe, your doctor may suggest:

fluoxetine (an SSRI antidepressant) with olanzapine (an antipsychotic medication that acts as a mood stabiliser)

quetiapine

other options if the above choices have not helped.

If you are already taking lithium or sodium valproate, adding quetiapine can help.

If you have had a recent manic episode or have a rapid-cycling disorder, an antidepressant may push you into a manic swing. It may be safer to increase the dose of the mood stabiliser, without an antidepressant.

Antidepressants can take between two and six weeks to improve your mood, but sleep and appetite often improve first. Antidepressants should be continued for four weeks after the depression has improved. Then, you and your doctor can discuss how to continue medication or whether to try a talking treatment. If your antidepressant is to be stopped, it will need to be cut down slowly before you stop completely.

If you have repeated depressive episodes, but have never switched to mania on antidepressants, you can continue on both a mood stabiliser and an antidepressant to prevent further episodes.

If you have had manic episodes, you should not take antidepressants long-term.

Mania and mixed depressive episodes

Any antidepressant should be stopped. Haloperidol, olanzapine, quetiapine or risperidone can be used to treat a manic episode. If these do not work well, Lithium can be added.

Once the treatment has started, symptoms usually improve within a few days, but it may take several weeks for a full recovery. You should check with your doctor if you want to drive while taking this sort of medication.

Other help

If you run into trouble from, say, spending too much when you are high, your mental health team should help you to negotiate with your bank or people you owe money to. If this has happened, it may be worth thinking about giving power of attorney over your affairs to a carer or relative whom you trust.

Self-monitoring

Learn how to recognise the signs that your mood is swinging out of control so you can get help early. You may be able to avoid both full-blown episodes and hospital admissions. Keeping a mood diary can help to identify the things in your life that help you - and those that don't.

Knowledge

Find out as much as you can about your illness - and what help there is. There are sources of further information at the end of this leaflet. See below for support groups and caring organisations.

Stress

Try to avoid particularly stressful situations - these can trigger off a manic or depressive episode. It's impossible to avoid all stress, so it may be helpful to learn ways of handling it better. You can do relaxation training with CDs or DVDs, join a relaxation group, or seek advice from a clinical psychologist.

Relationships

Depression or mania can put a lot of strain on friends and family - you may find that you have to rebuild some relationships after an episode.

It's helpful if you have at least one person that you can rely on and confide in. When you are well, try explaining the illness to people who are important to you. They need to understand what happens to you - and what they can do for you.

Activities

Try to balance your life and work, leisure, and relationships with your family and friends. If you get too busy you may bring on a manic episode.

Make sure that you have enough time to relax and unwind. If you are unemployed, think about taking a course, or doing some volunteer work that has nothing to do with mental illness.

Exercise

Reasonably intense exercise for 20 minutes or so, three times a week, seems to improve mood.

Fun

Make sure you regularly do things that you enjoy and that give your life meaning.

Continue with your medication

You may want to stop your medication before your doctor thinks it is safe - but this can lead to another mood swing. Talk it over with your doctor and your family when you are well.

If you have been admitted to hospital for bipolar disorder, you may want, with your doctor and family, to write:

an 'advance statement', to set out how you want to be treated if you become ill again (it can include any information that you feel is important for your health or care)

an 'advance decision' if there are particular treatments you do not want to have.

If you are taking Lithium or any other medication for your bipolar disorder, your GP is now expected to give you an annual physical health check.1 This will check your:

Blood pressure.

Weight and Body Mass Index (BMI).

Smoking and alcohol use.

Blood sugar levels.

Lipid levels - for all patients over the age of 40.

If you are taking Lithium, you will need:

a Lithium level check every 3-6 months.

A blood test for thyroid and kidney function every 6 months. If there are any problems, you may need to have these blood tests more often.

Mania or depression can be distressing - and exhausting - for family and friends.

Dealing with a mood episode

Depression
It can be difficult to know what to say to someone who is very depressed. They see everything in a negative light and may not be able to say what they want you to do. They can be withdrawn and irritable, but at the same time need your help and support. They may be worried, but unwilling or unable to accept advice. Try to be as patient and understanding as possible.

Mania
At the start of a manic mood swing, the person will appear to be happy, energetic and outward-going - the 'life and soul' of any party or heated discussion. However, the excitement of such situations will tend to push their mood even higher. So, try to steer them away from such situations. You can try to persuade them to get help - or maybe get them some information about the illness and self-help.

Practical help is very important - and much appreciated. Make sure that your relative or friend is able to look after themselves properly - and that practical, everyday tasks, like paying bills, are not forgotten.

Helping your loved ones stay well

In between mood episodes, find out more about bipolar disorder. It may be helpful to go with your friend or loved one to any appointments with the GP or psychiatrist.

Your local psychiatric service should be able to provide your family with support, family meetings and information about bipolar disorder.

Staying well yourself

Give yourself space and time to recharge your batteries. Make sure that you have some time on your own, or with trusted friends who will give you the support you need. If your relative or friend has to go into hospital, share the visiting with someone else. You can support your friend or relative better if you are not too tired.

Dealing with an emergency

In severe mania, a person can become hostile, suspicious and verbally or physically explosive.

In severe depression, a person may start to think of suicide.

If you find that someone is:

Get medical help immediately. There may be a crisis number to ring for the mental health trust or an emergency team. A&E departments with have a psychiatrist available 24 hours a day.

Keep the name of a trusted professional (and their telephone number) who you can call in any such emergency. A short admission to hospital may sometimes be needed.

If you become manic or depressed, you may not be able to look after your children properly for a while. Your partner, or another family member, will need to do this while you are unwell. It may help to make plans for this in advance, when you are well.

Your child may feel anxious and confused when you are not well. If they cannot express their distress in words, toddlers can become difficult or clingy. Older children will show it in other ways.

Children will find it helpful if the adults around them are sensitive, understanding, and can respond to their difficulties and questions in a calm, consistent and supportive way. An adult can help them to understand why their parent is behaving differently. Questions will need to be answered calmly, factually and in language they can understand. They will feel better if they can keep to their usual daily routine.

Explaining bipolar disorder to children

Older children sometimes worry that they have caused their parent's illness. They need to be reassured that they are not to blame, but also given time and support for themselves. When an older child finds themselves caring for a sick parent, they will need particular understanding and practical support.

More information about helping children cope with a sick parent is provided in our factsheet When a parent has a mental illness.

Bipolar UK

Bipolar UK provide support, advice and information for people with bipolar disorder, their friends and carers.

Peer support line: 07591375544 (ansaphone and call back)

Bipolar Fellowship Scotland

Bipolar Fellowship Scotland provide information, support and advice for people affected by bipolar disorder and all who care for them. They promote self-help throughout Scotland and informs and educates about the illness and the organisation.

Phone: 0141 560 2050

Side by Side - MIND online community

Side by Side is a supportive online community where you can feel at home talking about your mental health and connect with others who understand what you are going through.

MIND Helplines

MIND provide several helplines to discuss mental health.

Samaritans

Samaritans provide confidential, non-judgmental support 24 hours a day by telephone and email for anyone who is worried, upset, or suicidal.

Phone: 116 123

Email: jo@samaritans.org.

Further reading

Fast A. J., Preston J. D. Loving someone with bipolar disorder: understanding and helping your partner. New Harbinger Publications; 2012.

Geddes, J. (2003) Bipolar disorder. Evidence Based Mental Health, 6 (4): 101-2.

Goodwin, G.M. (2009) Evidence-based guidelines for treating Bipolar disorder: revised third edition - recommendations from The British Association for Psychopharmacology. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 30(6); 495-553.

Kay Redfield Jamison. An unquiet mind. Alfred A. Knopf; 1995.

NICE information for the public
NICE quality standards for bipolar disorder
Morriss, R. (2004). The early warning symptom intervention for patients with bipolar affective disorder. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 10: 18 - 26.

Persaud R., Royal College of Psychiatrists. The Mind: A User's Guide. Bantam; 2007.

NICE CG185: Bipolar Disorder: the assessment and management of bipolar disorder in adults, children and adolescents, in primary and secondary care (2014)

1. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Bipolar disorder: assessment and management. NICE Clinical Guideline (CG185). 2020.

2. American Psychiatric Association (APA). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5, 5th ed. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.

3. Sandstrom A, Sahiti Q, Pavlova B, Uher R. Offspring of parents with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and depression, Psychiatric Genetics: October 2019. 29.5, 160-169

4. Haller H, Anheyer D, Cramer H, Dobos G. Complementary therapies for clinical depression: An overview of systematic reviews. British Medical Journal. 2019;9:1-15.

5. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Depression in adults: recognition and management. NICE Clinical Guideline (CG90). 2009.

6. Perlis RH, Brown E, Baker RW, Nierenberg AA. Clinical features of Bipolar Depression Versus Major DepressiveDisorder in Large Multicentre Trials. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2006;163:225-231.

7. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Bipolar disorder: assessment and management. Clinical guideline [CG185] 2020.

8. Butler M, Urosevic S, Desai LPP, Sponheim SR, Popp J, Nelson VA, et al. Treatment for Bipolar Disorder in Adults: A Systematic Review. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Comparative Effectiveness Review: 208, 2018.

9. Thase, ME. Quetiapine monotherapy for bipolar depression. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2008; 4(1): 21-31.

10. Geddes JR, Burgess S, Hawton K, et al. Long-term lithium therapy for bipolar disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161:217-22.

11. Oud M, Mayo-Wilson E, Braidwood R, Schulte P, Jones SH, Morriss R, et al. Psychological Interventions for Adults with Bipolar Disorder: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 2016;3:213-222.

12. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Antenatal and postnatal mental health: clinical management and service guidance. NICE Clinical Guideline (CG192).2020.

Credits

Produced by the RCPsych Public Engagement Editorial Board

Series Editor: Dr Phil Timms
Series Manager: Thomas Kennedy

Published: Aug 2020

Review due: Aug 2023
© Royal College of Psychiatrists

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Our information about bipolar disorder (sometimes called bipolar affective disorder or manic depression) in adults.

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Dr Naomi Fisher is a clinical psychologist, author and speaker specialising in parenting, mental health issues in children, autism and trauma. She runs EMDR Basic Training and Refresher Day courses. Dr Abigail Fisher is an education psychologist specialising in Special Educational Needs (SEN), EHCPs, EOTAS. We create courses and webinars for parents and professionals.

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Speech and Language Therapy students volunteer with us to practise their skills, taking away what they learn into their future careers.

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Downright Excellent - Enabling children with Down syndrome to maximise their potential

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We work with a wide range of professionals to enhance the support provided to children with Down syndrome and their families. We also provide training for teachers, teaching assistants and learning support assistants within schools, enabling school staff to focus on 'ability', rather than 'limitations'.

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Auditory Processing & Our 5 Favorite Activities

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With your help, we can keep offering free support to those who need us.

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He﻿lping﻿ fa﻿milies achieve﻿ ﻿stress free mealtimes
​
​ Are you concerned about your child's eating and drinking?

​ Do you work with children who have eating and drinking difficulties?

We offer education and training to help parents and professionals understand how children learn to eat and drink, what can go wrong and how you can help.

When a child refuses foods, mealtimes can become a source of anxiety and dread for parents and an unhappy time for the child. Parents may worry about the child's dietary intake and weight, and fear that they may become ill. Sadly, help and advice from others may make parents feel guilty or inadequate. Birmingham Food Refusal Service may be able to help parents and professionals through its With over 50 years of clinical and academic experience between us, you can be sure that our courses are based on sound clinical practice and research. educational and training courses.

​

We are Dr Gillian Harris, Clinical Psychologist, Sarah Mason, Speech and Language Therapist and Dr Maddy Greville-Harris, Clinical Psychologist.We are professionally registered with hcpc.
We have extensive practical and research experience of working with families who have children who are difficult to feed. Please read our biographies to learn more about our professional backgrounds. You can check our registrations with this link.

Dr Gillian Harris Sarah Mason Dr Maddy Greville-Harris

We believe that when children refuse food it is rarely due to bad behavi﻿our. It is usually linked to complex inborn factors or medical conditions which make it difficult to feed the child and which raise parental anxiety. In the same way, it is not the parents' fault that a child is difficult to feed. We know that many parents feel responsible and judged by others. What parents need is understanding, support and knowledge about why a child is refusing food. Some children have a condition called Avoidant and Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID). The condition has been recognised by the American Psychiatric Society (APA) which has published the criteria for diagnosis. We have written a description of the main features that parents may see in their children's pattern of eating.
Why are some children difficult to feed?

Follow this link to find out more information.
​​

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Birmingham Food Refusal Service - Helping families achieve stress free mealtimes

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Home page for Birmingham Food Refusal Service

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The Neurodiversity Reader: Exploring Concepts, Lived Experience and Implications for Practice

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This thought-provoking collection is written for all stakeholders in relation to autism and neurodivergent conditions. Despite having wide impact on a variety of disciplines, neurodiversity and related concepts are often poorly understood, which can lead to uninformed debate and potential tension…

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This original and imaginative book has been created by five-year-old Heath. In it, Heath illustrates his understanding of his autistic mother Joanna, giving insight into the different ways in which autistic and neurotypical people understand language.

In his simple and uncomplicated style, accompanied by bright and colourful illustrations, Heath explains why his mother's brain understands words at a different rate than his own, and how they communicate in spite of their differences. Heath's work is accompanied by explanatory notes exploring Joanna's own experience of autism and language.

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The combination of story and commentary makes this book a unique tool for all people seeking to explain and understand difference, regardless of age and experience. Although focusing on autism as an example of neural difference, it can be used to explain and celebrate neurodiversity in all its forms and will help to build relationships across the divide of neurological difference.

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My Mummy is Autistic: A Picture Book and Guide about Recognising and Understanding Difference

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This original and imaginative book has been created by five-year-old Heath. In it, Heath illustrates his understanding of his autistic mother Joanna, giving insight into the different ways in which autistic and neurotypical people understand language.

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The Autism-Friendly Guide to Periods eBook : Steward, Robyn: Amazon.co.uk: Books

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Buy The Autism-Friendly Guide to Periods Illustrated by Robyn Steward (ISBN: 9781785923241) from Amazon's Book Store. Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders.

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Look Me in the Eye: My Life with Asperger’s

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Buy Look Me in the Eye: My Life with Asperger’s by Robison, John Elder (ISBN: 9780091926335) from Amazon’s Book Store. Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders.

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ARFID Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder: A Guide for Parents and Carers : Bryant-Waugh, Rachel: Amazon.co.uk: Books

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As a medical comic, an educational comic, it's really well done, imparting knowledge with ease, simple, clear, effective. Using comics for this (and make no mistake, this is, definitely, a comic), is a perfect fit, getting factual information through to many who simply either wouldn't be able to, or more likely, wouldn't wish to, access it through plain text... When it comes to autism, no matter how aware we think we are, there's always more to discover. Which is just what Camouflage does very well, breaking down the subject with a clarity and simplicity, yet without sparing any factual details or the personal experiences of women with autism. I guarantee that you'll finish Camouflage with a better understanding of an important issue. And in that sense, Camouflage is a hugely successful thing... Hopefully, this will be something that will be embraced by schools, libraries, medical practices, and should be an essential read for anyone with autism, or anyone affected by autism.

And frankly, given that we're all on the spectrum somewhere, you will, definitely, know someone affected by autism. Isn't it time you knew a little more?

-- Richard Bruton ― Comicon This informative work has insights for those familiar with or new to autism studies, and readers will feel the interviews add an important perspective. -- Publishers Weekly

Using a combination of intriguing science facts and moving personal accounts, psychologist Bargiela explains why doctors more rarely identify autism in women than in men. Beginning with the history of autism research, Bargiela shows that studies don't focus enough on the differences between men's and women's brains and skills, such as women's greater talent for 'social mimicry,' and therefore miss the ways autism manifests in women. Bargiela ensures that the medical information is understandable, and when potentially confusing terms arise, quick and concise footnotes are provided. She includes interviews with three autistic women, in which she asked each the same four questions about her life experiences. The responses are revealing; one woman says her assumption that her romantic partners are truthful makes her vulnerable to those who want to take advantage of her. Standing's art is subtle, enhancing the information being shared without distracting from the subject matter. The artwork is reminiscent of art deco, with distinct illustrations and a calming color palette. Happiful

A fantastic, easy-to-digest book for anyone hoping to understand how we can create a safer, more accommodating environment for women on the spectrum. -- Bonnie Gifford ―

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Camouflage: The Hidden Lives of Autistic Women

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Buy Camouflage: The Hidden Lives of Autistic Women Illustrated by Dr Sarah Bargiela (ISBN: 9781785925665) from Amazon's Book Store. Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders.

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"Her years of experience combined with intuition and learning have brought Jo, I think, as close as anyone can, to being able to 'get' what the world is like for sensory beings.

The book starts with 'introducing sensory beings'. This is full of theory with explanations pitched at the less scholarly (like me) but without at any point a single note of condescension. There are sublimely mind-opening explanations, such as in chapter 2, taking us through the 'getting wired group'; 'the 'search & discover group'; the 'explore and connect group' through to the 'specialising group'. They really make sense and ring true. And she's managed to slip in a load of real science of how the brain works without frightening me away!

She enables (for me anyway) a new and different kind of respect for sensory beings, through describing their world. Her analogies (learning the properties of metal; learning the useful sounds for a language) helped my understanding - and that's just two from one page! It's not that I didn't have respect for sensory beings, but this book has given me a better lens through which to see them.

Jo brings many insights into the best practice that should be out there - explaining why I am seeing what I'm seeing when I encounter the very best practice. I got a lot from the 'practitioner insight' boxes which are scattered throughout, as well as the many short case studies - some of them so inspiring!

She uses wonderful phrases and descriptions which made me stop and think. 'Parked time' as an example - something that has long bothered me - but now I have the language for it and more ideas of what to do about it.

Along with the glow I felt, reading Jo's book, the satisfaction of learning and understanding more, there's also the feeling of being pulled up sharply sometimes. She doesn't pull her punches when questioning practice. And this is great too. At my school we have 'The WHY imperative', and Jo's book supports this - asking why we are doing what we are doing at every point. Except Jo knows so much more than me about what works and why it does, and there are pearls of (hard-earned) wisdom throughout.

Chapters 3 to 8 on stimuli for the senses are just astonishing - so many things to think about! However, Jo has made this digestible with a very clever and perceptive way of laying out all the ideas. (My feeling is that she has used her knowledge of the brain to work out what's best for her readers!) Her idea works - there is an order - but, and this is close to my heart - it's 'not that you should seek to push people forwards'. It is that 'in locating one experience tht appeals to an individual, you can look nearby in the sequence to find others also likely to appeal'. Typical Jo, common sense but brilliantly well thought-out common sense!

As you'd expect, the chapters on making resources and facilitating time with sensory beings are creative and insightful - and cheap!!

This book is written by someone with an outstanding intuition - but it's more than that, it's intuition with years of research, experience and a highly developed intelligence behind it. It's a thoroughly human book, personal and thoughtful throughout. It's also, without feeling like it is, a scholarly book, based on research. I feel a better practitioner already just for having read it. Congratulations, Jo." - Simon Yates, Leading Special School Practitioner

"It's an inspired book written by someone who really "gets" it and is also able to share it. The respect she has for all humankind is so evident. I particularly loved Jo's use of language and her terminology. As a linguistic being, she has given me the tools to enable me to develop my thoughts and understanding" - Gill Warren, Special School Teacher

" I enjoyed reading 'Sensory-Being for Sensory Beings' so much it was hard to put down! I read with delight that I, who have spent 30 years in a special school, have read something which puts into words all I believe in when it comes to planning and delivering sensory experiences. Words that can be used when justifying what I want to do, words that can be used to explain to why?, how? when others look at you as if you are from a different planet!

It is a book I will definitely recommend to new staff, particularly those that have little or no experience of SEN or in deed PMLD." - Janet O'Sullivan Special School Teacher

"Sensory Being for Sensory Beings outlines one technique amongst many which might help our learners connect with, learn and feel safe within their environments. It shows the importance of sensory stimulation, using and engaging the senses and being respectful and responsive to our learners' independence and time." - Katherine Shearer, the SLD experience

" With clear boundaries and well-placed words of encouragement, this book is as much a soothing massage for the brain (and the senses!) as it is a brilliant handbook for the classroom or home. Every EYFS setting should be using this daily." - EarlyArts

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Sensory-Being for Sensory Beings: Creating Entrancing Sensory Experiences

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Sensory-Being for Sensory Beings: Creating Entrancing Sensory Experiences : Grace, Joanna: Amazon.co.uk: Books

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Buy Fingers in the Sparkle Jar: A Memoir Reprint by Packham, Chris (ISBN: 9781785033506) from Amazon’s Book Store. Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders.

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Buy NeuroDiversity: The Birth of an Idea by Singer, Judy (ISBN: 9780648154709) from Amazon’s Book Store. Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders.

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The Reason I Jump: one boy’s voice from the silence of autism eBook : Higashida, Naoki, Mitchell, David, Yoshida, Keiko: Amazon.co.uk: Books

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Naoki Higashida (Author), David Mitchell (Translator), Keiko Yoshida (Translator) & 0 more Format: Kindle Edition

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The Reason I Jump: one boy’s voice from the silence of autism

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The Reason I Jump: one boy’s voice from the silence of autism

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The Awesome Autistic Guide for Trans Teens

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Buy The Awesome Autistic Guide for Trans Teens by Purkis, Yenn, Rose, Sam (ISBN: 9781839970764) from Amazon’s Book Store. Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders.

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Steve Silberman (Author), Oliver Sacks (Contributor)

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NeuroTribes: Winner of the Samuel Johnson Prize for Nonfiction

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NeuroTribes: Winner of the Samuel Johnson Prize for Nonfiction : Silberman, Steve, Sacks, Oliver: Amazon.co.uk: Books

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The Out-Of-Sync Child, Third Edition: Recognizing and Coping with Sensory Processing Differences

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The Out-Of-Sync Child, Third Edition: Recognizing and Coping with Sensory Processing Differences

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Buy Untypical: How the world isn’t built for autistic people and what we should all do about it by Wharmby, Pete (ISBN: 9780008529260) from Amazon’s Book Store. Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders.

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Changing Our Minds: How children can take control of their own learning

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Buy Changing Our Minds: How children can take control of their own learning by Fisher, Dr. Naomi (ISBN: 9781472145512) from Amazon’s Book Store. Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders.

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Dr Prithvi Perepa. Foreword by Professor Rita Jordan (Author)

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Autism, Ethnicity and Culture: Working with Children and Families from Minority Communities

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Buy Autism, Ethnicity and Culture: Working with Children and Families from Minority Communities by Dr Prithvi Perepa. Foreword by Professor Rita Jordan (ISBN: 9781785923609) from Amazon’s Book Store. Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders.

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Emma Goodall (Author), Charlotte Brownlow (Author)

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Interoception and Regulation: Teaching Skills of Body Awareness and Supporting Connection with Others

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Buy Interoception and Regulation: Teaching Skills of Body Awareness and Supporting Connection with Others by Goodall, Emma, Brownlow, Charlotte (ISBN: 9781787757288) from Amazon’s Book Store. Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders.

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Sensory Spectacle | Sensory Processing | Shop | Courses | Podcasts

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Sensory Spectacle offer workshops, online training and immersive learning experiences to give a unique insight into the lives of people with Sensory Processing Difficulties (SPD).

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Gillian Harris and Elizabeth Shea (Author)

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Food Refusal and Avoidant Eating in Children, including those with Autism Spectrum Conditions: A Practical Guide for Parents and Professionals

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Buy Food Refusal and Avoidant Eating in Children, including those with Autism Spectrum Conditions: A Practical Guide for Parents and Professionals Illustrated by Gillian Harris and Elizabeth Shea (ISBN: 9781785923180) from Amazon’s Book Store. Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders.