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The Creation of Adam (Michelangelo, 1512)

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1. Definition

-The Renaissance was a cultural, intellectual, and artistic movement.

-It began in Italy during the 14th century and spread across Europe by the 16th century.

-Marked the transition from the Middle Ages to the Early Modern period.

2. Characteristics

-Humanism: A renewed focus on human potential.

-Revival of Classical Knowledge: Rediscovery of Greek and Roman texts, art, and philosophy.

-Individualism: Focus on personal achievement and self-expression.

-Secularism: Increased interest in worldly subjects alongside religious themes.

-Innovation: Advances in science, art, exploration, and technology.

3. Impact

-Transformed art, science, politics, and education.

-Changed the way of thought of the population.

-It influenced modern culture by promoting learning, new ideas, and the value of each person.

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The school of Athens (Raphael, 1509-1511)

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1. Linear Perspective

- Developed by Filippo Brunelleschi and later used by artists like Leonardo da Vinci and Raphael.

- It creates the illusion of depth and space by using vanishing points.

- Example: The Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci.

Chiaroscuro

2. Italian for "light-dark."

- The use of strong contrasts between light and dark to give the illusion of volume in modeling three-dimensional objects.

- Example: Works by Caravaggio and Leonardo da Vinci.

3. Sfumato

- A technique developed by Leonardo da Vinci.

Soft, gradual transitions between colors and tones; no harsh outlines.

- Example: Mona Lisa.

4. Fresco Painting

- Painting on wet plaster, common in large-scale murals and ceilings.

- Used by Michelangelo in the Sistine Chapel ceiling.

5. Oil Painting

- Popularized during the Northern Renaissance (especially by Jan van Eyck).

- Allowed richer colors, detailed textures, and longer working times for blending.

6. Anatomical Accuracy

- Artists studied human anatomy to accurately depict the human body.

- Example: Leonardo’s Vitruvian Man.

7. Use of Classical Themes

- Inspired by Greek and Roman mythology, architecture, and literature.

- Example: Botticelli's The Birth of Venus.

8. Foreshortening

- A technique to make an object or figure appear to recede in space, enhancing realism.

- Used frequently in figure drawing.

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Architecture, sculpture and painting from Italy, Spain, France and Flemish Renaissance

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Architecture, sculpture and painting from Italy, Spain, France and Flemish Renaissance

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1. Italy

- Architecture: Tempietto of San Pietro in Montorio by Donato Bramante (Rome, 1502)

- Sculpture: David by Michelangelo (Florence, 1501–1504)

- Painting: The School of Athens by Raphael (Vatican, 1509–1511)

2. Spain

- Architecture: El Escorial by Juan Bautista de Toledo and Juan de Herrera (near Madrid, 1563–1584)

- Sculpture: Saint Jerome Penitent by Alonso Berruguete (1525–1532)

- Painting: The Burial of the Count of Orgaz by El Greco (Toledo, 1586)

3. France

- Architecture: Château de Chambord (begun in 1519, likely with input from Leonardo da Vinci)

- Sculpture: Monument of Francis I by Pierre Bontemps (1550s)

- Painting: Portrait of François I by Jean Clouet (1525–1530)

4. Flemish Renaissance

- Architecture: Stadhuis of Antwerp (built 1561–1565, by Cornelis Floris de Vriendt)

- Sculpture: Tomb of Charles the Bold and Mary of Burgundy (by various artists, including Cornelis Floris, 1563–1580)

- Painting: The Garden of Earthly Delights by Hieronymus Bosch (1490–1510)