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Nicolaus Copernicus came up with the heliocentric theory. This theory explains that the Earth rotates around the Sun, not the other way around. Nicolaus was so scared of the Catholic church punishing him for this theory that he died first, so his family would be the ones to find it and release it. Many people quickly believed in it.

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Johannes discovered the three laws of planetary motion. The first law explains how planets move in an elliptical path, not perfect circles. The sun is not at the center but is at one of the ellipse's two foci. The second law talks about when a planet goes faster when it's closer to the Sun and slower when it's farther away. The third and final rule says there is a mathematical relationship between a planet's orbital time and the size of its orbit.

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Galileo Galilei used the telescope to prove Copernicus's theory and more. He put all his findings into a book called Starry Messenger. The catholic church called him to Rome, and they charged him with heresy. With the fear of torture and possible death, he apologized to the church, and they forgave him. He called Copernicus's theory false, and he was forgiven and put on house arrest till his death.

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William Harvey published a study that showed how blood circulated. He was also the first to suggest that humans and other mammals reproduce via the fertilisation of an egg by sperm. He dissected animals.

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Sir Isaac Newton proposed that there was a force, gravity, that attracted all objects to another. He's famously known for having an apple fall on his head. He started the law of motion and law of mathematics- calculus.

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Francis bacon made the scientific theory. It proves hypothesis' with scientific experiments. This is very important in science.