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The abacus was developed in Asia Minor and is one of the earliest mechanical devices used for arithmetic calculations.

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The Pascaline. Blaise Pascal invents the first mechanical calculator that used wheels and gears for addition and subtraction.

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Jacquard Loom. Joseph Marie Jacquard creates a loom that uses punched cards to automate the production of complex patterns, a precursor to programming.

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Analytical Engine. Charles Babbage, considered the "father of the computer," conceives the idea of a machine that could be programmed to solve any mathematical problem, although he never managed to build it completely.

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Tabulating Machine. Herman Hollerith invents a machine that uses punched cards to process data, first used in the U.S. census.

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Turing Machine. Alan Turing formalizes the concept of an algorithm and the "Turing Machine," a theoretical model that laid the foundation for modern computing.

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ENIAC. Built at the University of Pennsylvania, it was the first general-purpose electronic digital computer. It was a massive, slow, and power-hungry machine.

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Harvard Mark I. An electromechanical computer built by IBM under the supervision of Howard Aiken.

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Manchester Baby. The first machine to execute a program stored in its memory.

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UNIVAC I. The first commercially produced computer. It became famous for correctly predicting the outcome of the 1952 U.S.

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IBM 701. IBM's first scientific computer, used for defense applications.

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IBM 305 RAMAC. The first commercial computer with a hard disk drive. Its size was comparable to two refrigerators.

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FORTRAN Programming Language. Developed by IBM, it was the first high-level programming language.

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IBM System/360. The first computer system compatible with a complete range of products.

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ARPANET. The precursor to the internet, created by the U.S. Department of Defense.

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Intel 4004. The first commercial microprocessor, a chip with thousands of integrated circuits.

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Altair 8800. Considered the first personal computer, popularized among computing enthusiasts.

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Graphical Interface and Networks. Apple launches the Macintosh in 1984 with an intuitive graphical interface. Personal computing becomes more accessible.

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Mobile Devices. The first smartphones (like the iPhone in 2007) and tablets emerge.

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Quantum Computing and Artificial Intelligence. Quantum supercomputers are developed with the ability to solve complex problems, while artificial intelligence is integrated into everyday applications.