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Explain the management of pernicious anaemia to a patient who is afraid of needles. - Mutaz

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Explain the management of pernicious anaemia to a patient who is afraid of needles. - Mutaz

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Pernicious anaemia means your body can't absorb enough vitamin B12. We start with a loading dose of B12 injections every day for a week, followed by maintenance injections every three months. I understand that needles can be scary, but we can use a local anesthetic spray to numb the area and make it more comfortable. If you're still concerned about needles, we can also consider high-dose oral B12 supplements as an alternative. Your comfort is important, so let’s find a solution that works for you

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Explain starting gliclazide to a patient who is an HGV driver - Nai Ping Wee

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Explain starting gliclazide to a patient who is an HGV driver - Nai Ping Wee

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Gliclazide helps to increase the production of insulin from the pancreas. This insulin can help lower the blood sugar.

It is important to know that gliclazide can sometimes make your blood sugar level too low. This is known as hypoglycaemia. This can affect your concentration.

It is required by law that you must:

1. inform DVLA that you are currently taking gliclazide.

2. check your blood sugar within 2 hours before driving and repeat every 2 hours.

3. be able to supply 6 weeks of uninterrupted evidence of your blood sugar readings on your blood glucose meter.

4. stop driving immediately and inform DVLA if you have one severe hypo.

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Describe an MRI to a patient with claustrophobia - Rasheed

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Describe an MRI to a patient with claustrophobia - Rasheed

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An MRI is a type of medical test that uses a large magnet and radio waves to create detailed pictures of the inside of your body.

The machine itself looks like a long, narrow tube. The tube is open at both ends, and the space inside is quite wide. It might feel a bit like being in a tunnel, but it's not enclosed and it is not tight.

During the scan, you'll hear a series of loud knocking noises. These are caused by the magnet and radio waves working together.

To help you feel more comfortable, you can wear loose-fitting clothing and bring your own headphones to listen to music. You may also be given earplugs to help with the noise. The technician will be able to see and hear you throughout the scan and can provide comfort or assistance if needed.

It's important to stay as still as possible during the scan, but if you need to move or adjust your position, or if you have any concerns, you can signal to the technician who will be there to guide you through the process.

Remember that the MRI is a safe and painless procedure that can provide valuable information about your health.

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SCA Exam Explanation Tool | MRCGP SCA Exam | SCA Revision Cases - MRCGP SCA Exam Revision Cases

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A good, slick and well honed explanation is one way to speed up your SCA consultation, and improve your chances of Passing. To aid candidates, we have generated a random medical condition generator, with handy explanations, that you can use for free to practice your explanations.

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The NHS.uk website is full of useful and simple explanations of many conditions, investigations and treatments.

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AAA screening, see Abdominal aortic aneurysm screening

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RCGP has developed super-condensed RCGP curriculum guides for 2021. These are summaries of the full versions of the curriculum topic guides.

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Consider splitting it into diagnosis & management:

Diagnosis:

Think of how you could explain the diagnosis & pathology to the patient.

Management:

Include management options, safety-netting and write down phases you would use.

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Diagnosis:

'A pulmonary embolism (PE) is a blood clot that develops in a blood vessel in the body (often in the leg). It then travels to a lung artery where it suddenly blocks blood flow. A blood clot that forms in a blood vessel in one area of the body, breaks off, and travels to another area of the body in the blood is called an embolus. An embolus can lodge itself in a blood vessel. This can block the blood supply to a particular organ. This blockage of a blood vessel by an embolus is called an embolism.'

Management:

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'An advanced care plan is a plan for your health and care if you become very unwell. It is a chance to talk about your future care and what is important to you. For example, it records your wishes on where you want to receive care and your wishes how we might deal with future potential emergency situations. It is often done together with a RESPECT form. This can help GPs, out of hours doctors and hospital teams understand your wishes. It is helpful to complete with a close family member or friend present.'

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Diagnosis:

'A pulmonary embolism (PE) is a blood clot that develops in a blood vessel in the body (often in the leg). It then travels to a lung artery where it suddenly blocks blood flow. A blood clot that forms in a blood vessel in one area of the body, breaks off, and travels to another area of the body in the blood is called an embolus. An embolus can lodge itself in a blood vessel. This can block the blood supply to a particular organ. This blockage of a blood vessel by an embolus is called an embolism.'

Management:

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Management:

Lifestyle

'Lifestyle factors significantly impact depression management. Engaging in regular exercise can naturally boost mood by releasing feel-good chemicals in the brain. Eating a nutritious diet provides the body with essential nutrients that support brain function and mood regulation. Quality sleep is crucial for emotional and mental health, as it helps the brain process emotions and recover from stress. Reducing alcohol consumption and avoiding recreational drugs are also key, as they can exacerbate depression symptoms. Furthermore, staying connected with others and participating in enjoyable activities can combat feelings of isolation and help build a supportive network. Together, these lifestyle adjustments can complement medical treatments and contribute to overall mental health improvement.'

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Health disadvantage and vulnerabilities, including veterans, mental capacity, safeguarding, and communication difficulties

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Consider counselling, side-effects, monitoring requirements, follow-up

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Pulmonary embolism is a condition in which blood clot is formed in the lungs , it can lead to blockage of blood flow  to the lung and cause increase risk to life if not picked up on time or there is delayed in management . It is a common condition. First it can occur due to formation of clot in the deep blood channels in the legs , the clot can dislodge (embolus)and travel up in  the body , cause blockage of blood flow to vital organs like brain , lung and bowel. The good news is that the condition is treatable and  prompt treatment  will  prevent risk to life .

You will be placed a medication cause Apixaban  ,it is a blood thinners that helps prevent clot formation .  The medication can cause risk of bleeding so , we usually recommend avoidance of high contact sport  and contact us if you notice unusual bleeding . We will monitor your kidney and liver blood test regularly while on the medication to ensure you do not develop side effect . How dose that sounds .

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Acute otitis media is a very common infection of the middle ear. It is seen more commonly in children although it can occur in people of any age. The main symptoms are earache and feeling unwell. Painkillers are the main treatment. Antibiotics are not usually helpful but are prescribed in some cases. The infection usually clears within a few days.

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It is a common long term illness that tends to flare time to time. Here chronic means long term, obstructive means restriction of the air flow into the lungs and pulmonary means something related with lungs. Symptoms include cough and breathlessness. The condition is most often related with smoking.

The most important treatment is to stop smoking. However, there are other treatment options to ease the symptoms and treat the flares, such as; inhalers, steroid tablets, antibiotics etc.

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PCOS is a common condition that, unfortunately, we don't exactly know why it occurs.

What happens in PCOS is, because there is a hormonal imbalance, it can make it difficult for the body to release eggs which is known as ovulation. If eggs are not released, this can give the appearance of cysts in the body.

The hormonal imbalance would cause symptoms such as:

irregular periods

increased hair growth, and

skin problems such as acne

Also, because it's more difficult to ovulate, people with PCOS may find it more difficult to get pregnant naturally.

We also found that there are links with diabetes and being overweight.

Unfortunately, there is no cure for PCOS but there is a lot we can do to improve the symptoms.

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Fibroids are very common. They are benign growths that happen within the uterus. They are not cancers.

Some people may not experience any symptoms at all. If they do, they usually have painful periods, heavy periods or some tummy pains. Sometimes, they may cause problems with pregnancy as well.

There are different types of fibroids. They can grow within the muscles of the womb, or outside the womb.

There are quite a few risk factors for fibroids. This includes family history, being overweight, increasing age, and being of Afro-Caribbean origin.

There are lots of things we can do to manage fibroids. It depends on how much the fibroids are impacting on the patient. Some people may not need any treatment at all. Some people may need medications to help improve the symptoms or even try to shrink the fibroid size. Some people may require surgery to remove large fibroids.

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Autism is a condition that affects the child's brain during development. This affects the child's communication and social skills. This condition occurs in varying degrees, with some mildly affected and some significantly affected. The exact cause is unknown. However, with the many supports available now, the person affected can live for as long as people without the condition.

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Dementia is a group of related symptoms associated with an ongoing decline in brain functions.

It affects the memory , behaviours and also the way they look after themselves. Dementia can not be reversed but there are lots of support and medications we can offer to make them live a comfortable life.

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Diagnosis:

'Firstly, I want to reassure you that experiencing bleeding while on HRT is something that can happen, especially as your body is adjusting to the hormones. However, after six months, we would expect these symptoms to have settled down to some extent. Let's talk through what might be happening, and what steps we can take next. Hormone Replacement Therapy is designed to help manage the symptoms of menopause by replacing the hormones that your body is no longer making in sufficient quantities. It's a balance, and sometimes getting that balance right takes a bit of time and adjustment. There are different types of HRT, and bleeding can be a side effect of some of these treatments, especially in the initial stages. Continuous HRT, where both estrogen and progestogen are taken daily without a break, might lead to irregular bleeding or spotting in the first few months. This is usually because your body is adjusting to the hormones. However, by six months, we would expect this to have settled. If it hasn't, we need to consider a few possibilities.'

Management:

'Firstly, it's important to check that the bleeding isn't due to any other underlying conditions. This might involve some tests, like an ultrasound or even an endometrial biopsy, to check the health of your uterine lining. Secondly, we might need to adjust your HRT. This could mean changing the dose, the type of hormones, or how you take them (for example, switching from a pill to a patch or gel). Each method and type of hormone has its own profile of side effects and benefits, and it might be that we just haven't found the perfect match for you yet.'

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Chronic back pain means pain which is present since long. We usually expect injury at back to heal within 3 months time. However in chronic back pain tissues at the back are sending incorrect signals to the brain, interpreting this as pain. That is the reason we offer CBT (talking therapy) for this pain as it helps to interpret pain better and cope with it.

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EDS is a group of disorders that affect the connective tissue of our body which is responsible for the strength and flexibility of many parts of our body like joints, tendons, skin, and blood vessels.

The people who have this syndrome usually present with joints pain as the hyper flexibility of there joints put strain on the joints and tendons and this make the prone also for recurrent joints dislocation. They also have stretchy skin which could get bruised easily.

The management of this condition is mainly practicing suitable Low-impact exercises like swimming and cycling as high-impact exercises like running and weight lifting, while beneficial for general health, can cause more damage to the joints. In some conditions, we prefer to be guided by physiotherapist to put a suitable exercise program.

The other part of management includes pain management with some pin killers if needed.

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Infective Exacerbation of Asthma - Mutaz

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Infective Exacerbation of Asthma - Mutaz

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You are having a worsening of your asthma because of an ‘infective exacerbation.’ This happens when an infection, like a cold, irritates your airways even more than usual. Your airways are already sensitive from asthma, and the infection makes them more inflamed, which can lead to more coughing, wheezing, and trouble breathing. We’ll need to adjust your treatment to help manage both the infection and your asthma symptoms.

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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a behavioural condition that can range from mild to severe. There are different types of ADHD, depending on whether inattention (problems with concentrating) or hyperactivity-impulsivity (being too active - difficulty staying focused) is the main issue.ADHD is a condition that is much talked about but still not very well understood, and so the diagnosis of ADHD needs a thorough assessment by a specialist. For some children, ADHD can cause severe problems, especially if treatment isn't started early. Early diagnosis is therefore very important. If psychological therapy, and sometimes also medication, is started early then this can greatly improve your child's life and future.

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PSA means prostate specific antigen. It is a chemical that is released by the prostate into the blood stream in high amounts when there are issues/problems with the prostate. This test has its pros and cons. While this test can detect prostate cancer, it is unreliable as it can suggest cancer when no cancer is present. It can be raised in a condition called benign prostatic hyperplasia which is a non-harmful enlargement of the prostate, and it can also be increased when there is a urine infection or due to cycling or ejaculating 48hrs before doing the test.

Doing this test has the advantage of detecting cancer that needs treatment which can be initiated early but at the same time it can lead to invasive test like biopsy (Taking a sample from the prostate) which was not required.

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Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is what happens when too much fat accumulates in your liver. It's often associated with being overweight or obese, but it can also be linked to other health conditions like diabetes and high blood pressure.

In mild cases, NAFLD might not cause any symptoms. But as it progresses, it can lead to inflammation and damage in the liver. If left untreated, NAFLD can even lead to liver failure or liver cancer.

It's important to remember that NAFLD can be managed through healthy lifestyle changes like eating a balanced diet, exercising regularly, and maintaining a healthy weight.

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Osteoarthritis is a condition that causes joints to become painful and stiff.

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COPD, or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, is a condition that makes it difficult to breathe because the airways in your lungs become narrowed and inflamed, often due to smoking or long-term exposure to irritants. This leads to symptoms like breathlessness, a persistent cough with mucus, and wheezing. The condition causes your lungs to produce more mucus and can damage lung tissue over time. Managing COPD typically involves taking medications to help open your airways and reduce inflammation, quitting smoking, avoiding irritants, and doing gentle exercises to improve your breathing and overall health. With proper treatment and lifestyle changes, you can better manage your symptoms and improve your quality of life.

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Paget’s Disease of The Bone - H. Ghobrial (Raised ALP, skeletal survey showed Paget’s Disease)

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Paget’s Disease of The Bone - H. Ghobrial (Raised ALP, skeletal survey showed Paget’s Disease)

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Focused History:

·         Pain (analyse pain as usual, explore pain in specific sites e.g. pelvic, spine, thigh and shin)

·         Headache, change in skull shape

·         Most of the cases asymptomatic

·         Ask about dental problems if considering treatment with bisphosphonates.

Key Red Flags:

·         Sciatica (tingling/electric shock down any leg)

·         Cauda equina (numbness around the ring, urine/stool incontinence ….

·         Hearing loss and tinnitus

·         Ask about falls and possible fractures.

·         Rapid change in pain nature (e.g. new night pain), change of bone shape, or weight loss (suggestive of possible osteosarcoma)

·         Heart failure (rare complication to Paget’s disease)

Psychosocial/ICE/Impact:

·         Pain management

·         Can I still work / exercise?

·         Would it change to cancer in the future? There is a rare and uncommon bone cancer called osteosarcoma that was reported in less than 1:10.000 cases of Paget’s disease.

·         Are my children at risk of having Paget’s disease? Yes, the children of the people who have Paget’s disease are about seven times more likely to develop this disease.

Key differentials

·         Osteoarthritis

·         Liver disease (if presented only with raised ALP)

·         Menopause symptoms

·         Osteoporosis

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Paget's Disease of the Bone - H. Ghobrial

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Paget's Disease of the Bone - H. Ghobrial

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Paget’s disease is a common condition (approximately 1% of the people in the UK over the age of 55 years are thought to be affected), that affects the normal cycle of bone renewal causing the bone to become weakened and can lead to pain. There are still some uncertainties about the causes of Paget’s disease, but it is generally believed to be due to a combination of genetic and environmental influences.

As we do not know exactly what triggers Paget’s disease, we do not know how individuals who are predisposed to it, can avoid it. General advice for everyone is to try to lead a healthy lifestyle. This includes a healthy diet, regular exercise and maintaining a healthy weight.

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Rheumatoid arthritis is a long term condition that affects the joints that flares up from time to time. It causes pain, swelling and stiffness of the joints. It usually affects the hands ,feet and wrist. It's caused by body's defence system erroneously attacking the joints. It is a common condition and it cannot be cured. The good thing is that there are medications that help to improve your symptoms and slow than the progress of the disease.

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Actinic keratosis (solar keratosis) - Ya Min

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Actinic keratosis (solar keratosis) - Ya Min

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Actinic keratoses (also called solar keratoses) are dry, scaly patches of skin that have been damaged by the sun. It's not usually serious, but there's a small chance the patches could become skin cancer. Protecting your skin in the sun((SPF) of at least 30 before going out in the sun and reapply regularly) and watching out for changes and wear a hat and clothing that fully covers your arms and legs when you're out in the sun can help. The patches usually appear on areas of your body that are often exposed to the sun, such as your face, hands and arms, ears, scalp and legs. Men are more affected than women.

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Gout is a common long term condition due to accumulation of small crystal (uric acid) in the joint causing symptom such as pain, heat and swelling. Treatment options includes avoiding triggers such as red meat, alcohol etc. Medications are NSAID if no contraindication, colchicine and steroids during flare up. Long term treatment with Allopurinol or febuxostat.

If you develop worsening pain, fever or immobility of the joint please seek urgent care.

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POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER - Daniel 

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POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER - Daniel 

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Intense anxiety symptoms that people develops following a stressful events. This symptoms can include flashbacks, nightmares, irritabilty, anger etc.

Management involves special talking therapy known as trauma focused cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) has been found to be extremely helpful. Medications such as sertraline is helpful also. There are support groups available where you will meet others going through what you are going through. Here is CRISIS team number if you are extremely low in mood and have thoughts of suicide. We will follow you up in 1-2 weeks time to know how you are getting on

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Sleep Apnoea is a condition in which one's breathing stops for a few seconds multiple times during sleep. It is a treatable condition, however, if left untreated it can lead to serious health problems.

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You have a condition called atrial fibrillation. The part of your heart that is controlling your heart beat is not working as it should. Therefore your heart beat is irregular. This is a problem because when your heart is beating irregularly, it is not pumping blood efficiently. This may lead to a number of problems such as dizziness, chest pains and shortness of breath. It also puts you at higher risk of forming a blood clot in the heart, which can then lead to a stroke or a mini stroke if it finds its way to you're brain.

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Vasectomy is a relatively

Vasectomy is a simple outpatient procedure to prevent pregnancy. It is also called male sterilization or snip and is done under local anesthesia and lasts most of the time around 30 minutes The procedure blocks the supply of sperm to the semen. It is a common form of male birth control that is done by cutting and sealing the tubes that carry sperm. The sperm, which can no longer reach the semen, are absorbed by the body. Vasectomy is available on the NHS. There is usually a waiting list. It may be possible to reverse a vasectomy, but this does not always work. Reversal is not usually available on the NHS.

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Diagnosis: It's condition where a blood clot in the lung prevents the lungs from transferring oxygen into your blood and making you feel short of breath. Usually this blood clot arises from the leg.

Management: Usually, we offer a blood thinner which prevents further blood clots forming while your lungs deals with the blood clot present- as this happens, your breathing will improve and the shortness of breath will settle

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Diagnosis: This is a condition affecting victims of abuse or significant trauma where they have panic episodes during which they relive their trauma.

Management: Treatment via specialised therapy is directed at empowering individuals with distraction techniques (rapid eye movement) or coping strategies (CBT) to help interrupt/take control of this panic episodes.

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Paget's disease of the Bone - Emmanuel Sedze

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Paget's disease of the Bone - Emmanuel Sedze

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Paget's disease of the bone is common chronic condition were they is disruption in the normal turnover of bone resulting in bone which is weak and deformed. Just to let you not everyone has symptoms but if they have the common symptom is pain

The condition is not curable but we have lot's of treatment to improve symptoms.

Some of the treatment we off is pain relief, physiotherapy, occupational therapy, bone protection.

Is they any of these treatments you would want me to explain more or you are interested in.

The good thing is that it's unlikely to turn into cancer.

Please if any of symptoms change please do see like worsening of the pain, swelling , fractures

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Is a common condition where tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus, it grow into the bladder and bowel. it can cause painful and/or heavy periods, bloating, pain with passing urine and bowel movement and pain during intercourse. it can also sometimes affect fertility.

we may need to do an abdominal and internal examination, TVUS scan to look for fibroids, cysts and other causes of symptoms

Management

1. Managing the pain and heavy bleeding using pain killers, anti-inflammatory

2. hormonal treatment if not trying to conceive

3. refer if severe symptoms or Deep endometriosis involving the bowel, bladder, or ureter.

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Aortic aneurysm - Abdul Tariq: An abdominal aortic aneurysm is a swelling in the aorta, the artery that carries blood from the heart to the tummy. Most aneurysms do not cause any problems, but they can be serious because there's a risk they could burst. An ultrasound test is offered to all men when they turn 65, as they're most at risk of getting an abdominal aortic aneurysm. Treatment for an abdominal aortic aneurysm usually depends on how big it is and if you have symptoms.

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Aortic aneurysm - Abdul Tariq: An abdominal aortic aneurysm is a swelling in the aorta, the artery that carries blood from the heart to the tummy. Most aneurysms do not cause any problems, but they can be serious because there's a risk they could burst. An ultrasound test is offered to all men when they turn 65, as they're most at risk of getting an abdominal aortic aneurysm. Treatment for an abdominal aortic aneurysm usually depends on how big it is and if you have symptoms.

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HRT stands for hormone replacement therapy. It is used in patient who are experiencing symptoms when they are going through menopause. Most women needs two different hormones. For those who no longer have a womb, they just need one. HRT comes in different forms like patches, tablets, gels etc. Hormones use in the HRT may increase risk of breast and ovarian cancer and risk of cardiovascular disease and clots, but the benefit of HRT such as symptoms management, bone protection, muscle strength, usually outweighs the risks if there is no specific contraindication identified in the medical history. With hormonal replacement therapy, women often experience some irregular bleeding which would settle within 3 months of starting. If there is ongoing bleeding or if the bleeding has settled but then started again please to seek medical review.

Depending on your symptoms and your medical history and other risks, there are other non-hormonal medications that we can consider using to help manage symptoms of menopause, such as antidepressants. It doesn't mean that you have depression, but it can help manage symptoms like mood swings and sleep disturbance.

HRT is not a contraceptive. We would therefore still advise patients to use contraception if they still have some bleeding. The guidance suggests that women are potentially fertile for 2 years after he last menstrual period if she is younger than 50 and for 1 year if she is over 50. Generally, women can stop contraception after the age of 55.

We can review how you are with the HRT in 3 months after you have decided to start.

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Multiple myeloma explanation and management 

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Multiple myeloma explanation and management 

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Break bad news likely multiple myeloma multiple myeloma is a type of blood

cancer that develops in the bone marrow. The bone marrow is a spongy tissue that

helps to produce blood cells

For example Mr. X, while chronic back pain can be responsible for your back pain, I have to share with

you that your symptoms are pointing to something that could be more serious.

The combination of your back pain waking you up at night, the fatigue, the weight loss, and

your raised inflammatory markers on your blood test are concerning. Based on these signs,

I’m worried that there may be a possibility of multiple myeloma, a type of cancer that

affects the bone marrow. I understand this news is very upsetting, and I want to emphasize

that we don’t have a definitive diagnosis yet. We will need to run additional tests, such as

blood tests, urine test and refer you to a specialist very urgently to get a clearer picture of

what’s going on.

Management:

Offer urgent urinary Bence jones protein, blood test for serum electrophoresis

Advice if this is positive, then you will refer on an urgent pathway to blood specialist

(Haematologist). The blood specialist will do further test to confirm the diagnosis. If

confirmed, they will discuss in MDT consisting of cancer doctor (Oncologist) and

other experts in this field who may also offer

X-rays of lower back urgently to rule out pathological fracture.

Offer PPI if offering NSAIDs to patient

Follow up in 2 days with results

Safety net re cauda equina symptoms and also hypercalcaemia symptoms

(Polyuria, constipation, thirst)

Cancer safety netting just in case he does not hear from anyone in the surgery in 2

days, then to recontact.

Mohammed Eltahir

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Polymyalgia is a medical condition which affects big muscles of the body such as shoulders, thighs and hips. It make muscles sore and stiff and can significantly affect quality of life.

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Polycystic kidney disease is an inherited disorder that affects kidneys.

PKD is inherited from an affected parent or a carrier parent, any siblings have a 50% chance of inheriting the condition.

In this condition ,Kidneys develop many fluid filled cysts, with time these cysts may increase in size affecting the kidney function.

There is no cure for the condition but there is a lot that can be done to manage the symptoms.

Gul Rukh Saquib

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Is a long term condition that causes pain around body - > simple explanation for patient.

It causes pain over multiple regions and can also be associated with fatigue that can improve with exercise. other features also include brain fog, headaches, IBS like symptoms, mood changes.

Aerobic exercises - anything that makes your heart beat faster and slightly out of breath -> including swimming, brisk walking and cycling. Also strengthening exercises and stretching are some that can be helpful. Important to note that initially they might make pain worse - but with daily consistency this can settle. (versus arthritis leaflet can be very useful.

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Covert medication administration - Oladayo Stephen.

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Covert medication administration - Oladayo Stephen.

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This is a method of giving medications where the medication is mixed with food and given to someone who is refusing an important medication because they lack capacity.

This method, which is used under the advice and guidance of the pharmacist is a last resort and is only used after discussing with the next of kin/family and obtaining consent.

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Diagnosis:

ADHD or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a behavioural condition that primarily affects children. Key symptoms are problems with concentration and focus, being restless and finding it hard to control emotions. The exact cause is not fully understood and diagnosis involves detailed assessment from a specialist.

Treatment:

Treatment involves behavioural therapy for children and support for families. Sometimes this can be combined with medication.

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An autosomal dominant condition is a genetic disorder caused by a mutation/change in a single copy of a gene on a non-sex chromosome (autosome). A person only needs to inherit one faulty gene from either parent to develop the condition. Each child of an affected parent has a 50% chance of inheriting it. Both males and females are equally affected. Examples include Huntington’s disease, Marfan syndrome, and polycystic kidney disease. Sometimes, a new mutation occurs without family history (de novo mutation). Diagnosis involves genetic testing, and while some conditions can be managed, there is often no cure.

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This is a jelly scan of a part of the body to give us more information regarding its status. It shows whether it is healthy or has undergone abnormal changes due to a disease process.

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ECZEMA. Zeeshan Murtaza                              

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ECZEMA. Zeeshan Murtaza                              

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Atopic eczema (atopic dermatitis) is a common skin condition that causes itchy skin. It affects people of all ages but is most common in young children. It cannot be cured, but treatment can help manage the symptoms.

The main treatments are:

moisturising creams, lotions, ointments and gels you apply to your skin and wash with (emollients)

steroid creams, lotions or gels you apply to your skin (topical corticosteroids)

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A person with a personality disorder thinks, feels, behaves or relates to others very differently from the average person.

There are several different types of personality disorder.

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Multiple myeloma, also known as myeloma, is a type of bone marrow cancer. Bone marrow is the spongy tissue at the centre of some bones that produces the body's blood cells.

It's called multiple myeloma as the cancer often affects several areas of the body, such as the spine, skull, pelvis and ribs.

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Acne is a common skin condition that affects most people at some point. It causes spots, oily skin and sometimes skin that's hot or painful to touch.

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Coeliac disease is a long term condition, whereby your immune system attacks your body and leads to gluten sensitivity. It affects your bowels and can lead to difficulty with absorbing nutrients.

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Asthma is a common , long term condition that affects air passages that carry air in and out of the lungs, causing them to become swollen

Symptoms might include breathlessness, wheezing , cough and a tight chest. These symptoms might get triggered by exercise , cold weather or allergens.

At the moment there is no cure for asthma but symptoms can be controlled with inhalers.

Management:

Managing your asthma includes

1) Inhalers

Inhaler is a small devise that lets you breathe in the medicine , there are two main types

Reliever inhalers- Salbutamol

are used to quickly relieve the symptoms for a short time

Preventer inhalers - steroid inhalers

are used every day to prevent the asthma symptoms .

2) Identifying and avoiding your asthma triggers can help you to keep your symptoms under control

3) Vaccinations

4) stopping smoking

5) Having Regular asthma reviews

6) Discussing your asthma action plan

Asthma action plan tells you what to do if your symptoms suddenly worsen

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If a child is still bedwetting at night by the time they are 5 years old,it is called nocturnal enuresis. If the child has never been dry, it is called primary enuresis and if they had been dry for 6 months and then started to bed wet again, then this is called secondary enuresis.

Management:

check for constipation, UTI, DM.

if less than 5, reassurance.

if more than 5, bewetting once or twice a week, offer wait and watch strategy.

address fluid intake, especially in the evenings. advise not to take caffeine based drinks like fizzy drinks in the evenings.

Adress toiletting patterns. encourage passing urine through out the day and before bedtime.

combine fluid intake and toilet pattern advice with positive reward system for agreed behaviours like passing urine before bedtime.

if the above fails, combine reward system with enuresis alarm.

if parents unwilling for alarm or child not able to use the alram system, or trial(usually 3 month, initial review at 2 weeks) with alarm system fails, consider trial of desmopressin.

desmopressin can also be used for short term treatment,for example if the child is planning to go for a school trip. start desmopressin 1 week before the trip to establish response to treatment.

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Head Lice Ana

Head lice are tiny insects that live in hair. Nits are the empty egg cases attached to hair that head lice hatch from.

Head lice are a common problem, particularly in school children aged 4 to 11.

They’re largely harmless, but can live in the hair for a long time if not treated and can be irritating and frustrating to deal with.

No need for school exclusion, is spread by contact, has nothing to do with hygiene.

Treatment

If a live head louse is found, treat with one of the following:

Wet combing — this is the systematic combing of wet hair with a louse detection comb to remove head lice.

Pharmacist can help or you can buy over the counter dimeticon 4/

If a live louse is found after treatment by wet combing (that is, a live louse is found on day 17):

Check that the following were used: the correct combing technique, sufficient duration of combing, and sufficient combing sessions.

Advise that household members, close family, and close friends (both adults and children) should be assessed to identify possible sources of reinfestation.

Advise the person to repeat wet combing or consider using an appropriate insecticide