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Earliest evidence of the Arabic Language

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Pre-Islamic Poetry period

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Prophet (PBUH) Born

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Islam Began

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Conquest of Mecca

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- Prophet passed away
- Start of Caliphs
- Abu bakr Alseqeek assigned as the first Islamic Caliph

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THE RASHIDUN ERA /RIGHTLY GUIDED CALIPHS

Period of the following 4 Caliphs in order

Abu Bakr Alseqeek

Umar b. Al-Khattab
Uthman b. Affan

Ali b. Abi Talib

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Umayyads period

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Founder of the Umayyad Dynasty

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* Islamic gold currency, the Dinar
* Arabic made official language of administration
* The Dome of the rock in Jerusalem

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A more conclusive exhibition was made in Spain under the command of Tariq b. Ziyad who gave his name to the state which became Gibraltar

Muslims rule Spain for the next 8 centuries

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the umayyads are ruled by the caliph in damascus

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Muslim rule in spain

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Abbasids period

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The Abbasids (the descendants of the Prophet's youngest uncle Al-Abbas) defeated the Umayyads and moved the seat of the caliphate to Baghdad.

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1. There was rivalry between those faithful to the Umayyads dynasty and the parties of the new abbasid dynasty
2. Andalusia was where the Umayyads took their revenge on the Abbasids.
A young Umayyad (Abdul Al-Rahman Al-Dakhil) prince managed to reach Spain and gather the muslim forces under his banner and an Umayyad emirate was created with Cordova as its capital

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Baghdad is built as a new capital by Caliph Al-Mansur

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House of Wisdom in Baghdad

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the fatimids

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1. Abd al-Rahman III made Cordova the capital of a caliphate rival to Bagdad
2. Wealth accumulated in Cordova

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Andalus is a caliphate under the umayyads

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The Azhar Mosque, the most famous Fatimid monument, was built

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- Arabic was the dominant language across North Africa, up the Nile Valley, and in the Fertile Crescent in addition to the Arabian Peninsula

- Ararbic was the lingua franca throughout the Golden era/Dark ages.

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- End of Umayyad rule in Spain
- The Breakdown into Independent Kingdoms

Muslim Berber Rule

• Almoravids المرابطون
• Almohads الموحدون
• Nasrids بنو نصر

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The Seljuks seize control from the Abbasids and the Abbasid caliphate is powerless

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Spain is captured by the Europeans in the following order

Reconquest of cities in Spain

1. Toledo 1085 CE

2. Cordoba 1236 CE

3. Granada 1492 CE

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The start of the Crusades

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The Crusades capture Jerusalem

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Ayyubids take over Fatimids.

- Salah Ad-din abolished the Fatimid caliphate and became ruler of the country
- restored Sunni power while pledging allegiance to the Abbasid caliph of Baghdad.
- later declared the Sultan of Egypt, Greater Syria and Yemen.

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- he introduces the 'madrassa'

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Translation of the Quran from Arabic to Latin

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Salah Ad-din victory against the Franks (the 3rd crusade) which took place in Hittîn, near Lake Tiberias

this led to 3 more crusades
4th crusade - 1198
5th crusade - 1212
6th crusade - 1223

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Baybars the Slave as a Sultan

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fall of Cordoba

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The Mamluks deposed the last of Salah al-Din’s descendants, the Ayyubids, and became rulers in their own right.

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The Mamluks

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Fall of Baghdad to the Mongols.

- The house of wisdom was destroyed by the Mongols
- The libraries of Baghdad were so extensive that when the Mongols sacked the city, it is said the Tigris ran black with ink.

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The Mamluks saved the Arab cities of al-sham by stopping the Mongol advances at Ayn Jalut in the Galilee.

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The Ottomans

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Othman’s descendants and followers conquered Constantinople in 1453; they called it Istanbul and made it their capital.

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The fall of Granada and the end of the Islamic rule in Spain.

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Mass Conversion - A decree forces Muslims to convert to Christianity

- They were called Crypto Muslims because they pretended to be Christian

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- the Ottomans defeated the Mamluks and came to rule geographic Syria, Egypt, and the holy cities of Mecca and Medina.
- they added North Africa and Iraq to their empire
- the Ottomans ruled most of the Arabic-speaking world for 400 years

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Deport the Moriscos community out of Spain

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- Spain is now fully Christian
- Muslim presence in Spain ends