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Prehistory: 2.5 million years ago to 1,200 B.C.

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Prehistory: 2.5 million years ago to 1,200 B.C.

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First humands were nomads, their activities hunting, wild fruit picking, elaborated tools for hunting, etc.

Fire domain gave them protection from wild animals, froam cold, cooking of food, for light and metal melting.​

Agriculture appeared, animal husbandry, first settlements. First houses built from stone, wood or straw huts. They use mud bricks and adobe.​

Human groups began to grow and divided tasks. Some to ensure food and shelter, others political and religious power.

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The wheel is one of the fundamental inventions in the history of mankind and also fundamental for the later Industrial Revolution since it is essential for machinery. It facilitated transportation and mobility on a global and daily basis. But it also produced important developments in the field of industrialization. It was made in Mesopotamia.

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Antiquity: 8th century BC to 6th century AD

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Antiquity: 8th century BC to 6th century AD

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Ancient villages grew and became big cities with maritime and land transport.​

Cities exchanged products, knowledge, techniques, and technology; especially related to war.​

Military expansion led to the formation of big empires.​

Work specialization increased social inequalities. ​

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Thales of Miletus is considered to be the first philosopher by Aristotle and others. Scientifics identify Thales as the starting point of Western philosophy.

"The influence of Thales toward the understanding of Nature is not in his explanations, but the fact that he was the first to ask questions about things as they really are and not wondering about the mythical origin of the world."

His most relevant contribution was that he was the first person to describe natural phenomenoms without reference to the gods of mythology.

Deborah Diaz

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Empedocles
Greek philosopher and scientist who created the four element theory (water, air, fire, earth) and how the world was composed of every one of them, as well as opposing forces of love and despair.

Lilliam Dominguez

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Democritus
Said to be the very first scientist that contributed to the atom structure theory that others would base from to continue their own searches, sometimes he’s even referred as the father of the atom.

Lilliam Dominguez

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Aristotle
Aristotle is considered as the Father of Philosophy alongside Platon. He taught all sorts of subjects that are still used to this day, and even founded a school were many notable students, including the likes of Alexander the Great and Theophrastus, attended

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Aristarchus of Samos
Aristarchus is one of the first astrologists to create a model that showed the sun as the center of the universe, with the earth and other planets revolving around it. His initial model is still used to this very day

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Claude Ptolemy
Ptolemy created all sorts of scientific treatises, among which astrology and geography are the most known. One of his most famous discoveries would be the creation of one of humanity’s very first world maps, and he is the founder of the latitude and longitude lines that would make cartography easier to do afterward.

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Began in Europe with the barbarian invasion and finished with the fall of the eastern Roman empire. The wars, epidemics and survival concerns causes technological settlement of Europe.​

Christianity spread throughout Europe taking control of politic, social and economic order. Monks played a role in the preservation of accumulated knowledge.​

Great architectonic expressions in the construction of temples, monasteries and castles. In east Asia christianism could not grow, so Arabic and Chinese civilizations continued their scientific and technological advance.​

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Gunpowder was created in the 10th century and had a warlike first use, which changed the way of fighting wars. Later, it was applied to jobs such as mining, for which it was essential.

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Renaissance: 14th century to 17th century

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Renaissance: 14th century to 17th century

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The development of the printing press was a great jump for the spread of knowledge.

Thanks to sea voyages, the social order changed because of slave exportation.​

New necessities emerged, and technology began its development.​

Nicolas Copernicous´ ideas were used as a pillar of all scientific progress that took power away from the church.​

In Europe demography increased, a new social class appeared: bourgeoisie, composed by merchants and craftsman, that did not work  for the feudal lord, and they charged for their products.  ​

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Nicolaus Copernicus
Copernicus was an astrologist that created his own model of the sun being the center of the universe with Earth revolving around it, independent from Aristarchus model that was created centuries earlier

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Modern Age: 15th century to 18th century

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Modern Age: 15th century to 18th century

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During Industrial Revolution the most important technical object was the steam machine,, heat energy is transformed into kinetic energy to propel boats, trains, mechanisms from different machines, etc.​

Manual and craftwork were replaced by the industry and manufacture.​

The industrial revolution began with the mechanization of textile industries and the construction of iron machines.​

The business expansion was favored by transport improved routes and the appearance of the railroad. ​

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Francis Bacon was a noted English philosopher, politician, lawyer and writer, whose knowledge made him the father of philosophical and scientific empiricism. His contributions are synthesized in three genres: Literary political and philosophical. The latter was recognized for his main creation Indications concerning the interpretation of nature.

Deborah Diaz

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Galileo Galilei
Pioneer of experimental scientific method. First to use a reflecting telescope.
Sustained the idea that the earth rotated the sun.
Discovered the laws of accelerated movement.
Laws of the pendulm.

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1600 – 1800.
Rationalism is a philosophical movement which gathered momentum during the Age of Reason of the XIIIX. The major rationalist figures were Leibniz, Spinoza, Descartes. Rationalism is any view appealing to intellectual and valid arguments from intuited propositions. It relies on the idea that reality has a rational structure in that all aspects of it can be grasped through mathematical and logical principles, and not simply through sensory experience.

Deborah Diaz

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1600 – around 1750s.
Empiricism is the theory that human knowledge comes predominantly from experiences gathered through the five senses. In empiricism, concepts are spoken from the experiences. As a philosophical theory, empiricism attempts to explain how humans acquire knowledge and conceptual understanding. Some important philosophers commonly associated with empiricism include Plato, Aristotle, George Berkeley, Thomas Aquinas, Francis Bacon, and Thomas Hobbes.

Deborah Diaz

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Robert Boyle
Refuted Aristotelian theory of the four elements.
Proposed the concept of fundamental particles, that when combined in diverse proportions, generate different matters.
Proposed the law: the pressure of a gas in a closed container is inversely proportional to the volume of the container, when the temperature is constant.

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Isaac Newton
He found that reality exists and does not need us to perceive it.
Just as reality exists independently of us, our reason can search for its understanding, even though we do not always have a total experience of it.
He based his investigation on empirical experimentation to obtain universal laws.
All the universe is unified: the attraction between two bodies, whatever they are, is proportional to their masses as well as inversely proportional to the square of their distance.
He declared: “If I have seen further than others, it is by standing upon the shoulders of giants”

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Immanuel Kant was a german philosopher whose comprehensive and systematic work in the theory of knowledge and ethics greatly influenced subsequent philosophy. He was one of the foremost thinkers of the Enlightenment and probably one of the greatest philosophers of all time. Kant proposed a nebular theory of the formation of the solar system.

Deborah Diaz

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Jhon Dalton proposed that all things are made up of small particles called atoms that combine among them to create molecules.

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Karl Heinrich Marx was an important german philosopher in 19th century being the founder of the social and political movement called "Marxism" with contributions to politics and sociology sciences.
Marx's most important contribution to sociological theory was his general mode of analysis, the dialectical model, which regards every social system as having within it immanent forces that give rise to contradictions.

Deborah Diaz

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The Telegraph. Developed around 1830 and 1840 by Samuel Morse and other inventors, this invention revolutionized long-distance communication and laid the foundation for modern conveniences such as telephones and, some scholars argue, even encryption for the Internet.

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Charles Darwin publishes The Origin of Species. where he presents his theory of biological evolution by natural selection.

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Lousi Pasteur conclusively refutes the theory of spontaneous generation.

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Gregor Mendel begins the study of the laws of genetic inheritance.

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The phone. The possibility of communicating at a distance changed the personal, social, commercial and all-round relationships of human beings. It was conceived by one of the great famous inventors - Alexander Graham Bell. And the first conversation took place on March 10, 1876.

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The antibiotics. It is one of the most relevant scientific inventions in history. They were discovered in 1877 by Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch.

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The light bulb. Thomas Edison and Joseph Swan, two famous inventors from the United States and England respectively, patented the first light bulb in 1879 and 1880. Its commercialization marked a before and after for society. With the advent of the electric light bulb, the hours of human activity have been quantitatively extended. Energy efficiency is a step to build a more sustainable planet. Therefore, it is important to follow some of these tips to save energy.

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Television. Its invention was the work of several creators, including Vladimir Zworykin and Philo Taylor, who worked on its development without knowing that others were doing the same. In 1884, Paul Gottlieb Nipkow created and patented the first television which he called the electromechanical television system. This invention was presented as the option to bring education to distant places and simultaneously.

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Marie Curie discovered the radioactive elements, radio, and polonium, that would help in the medical progress.

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20 and 21 Century: 20th century to 21th century

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20 and 21 Century: 20th century to 21th century

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Lifestyle unequal, because of new technologies, better in developed countries than least developed, which generated economic differences.​

Domain of space is a struggle for world superpowers, promoted new technologies, materials and informatic advances.​

During XX century, development of telecommunications, specially internet. It connected cultures from different countries, called globalization.​

New consumer society caracterized as the culture use and discard.​

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Albert Einstein publishes his theory of special relativity; the same year he explains the quantumly photoelectric effect.

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Niels Bohr presents his model of the atom.

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The robot. The word dates from 1921 and is due to the Czech writer Karel Capek when referring to organic artificial humans. Since then they have experienced an enormous development that knows, for now, no limit. Robots are one of the most important inventions in history because their use has led to great advances in production processes and even in the simplification of domestic tasks.

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The Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming noticed a bacteria-filled Petri dish in his laboratory with its lid accidentally ajar. The sample had become contaminated with a mold, and everywhere the mold was, the bacteria was dead. That antibiotic mold turned out to be the fungus Penicillium, and over the next two decades, chemists purified it and developed the drug penicillin, which fights a huge number of bacterial infections in humans without harming the humans themselves.

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In 1928, Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin, a chemical compound with antibiotic properties. Thanks to its existence, countless lives have been saved. In fact, with its appearance, diseases that until then were considered deadly ceased to be so.

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Decade of the fifties of the 20th century

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Decade of the fifties of the 20th century

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The credit card. It arose in the decade of the fifties of the 20th century by the hand of the American RalphSchneider, the founder of Diner's Club. With the credit card, the future of the domestic economy changed.

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Work organization is based on Taylorism, specialization of the work, elimination of dead times, and the useless movements of workers to explode productivity.​

1. Isolating workers from other partners.​

2. Specialization of the work.​

3. Paying different salaries to each worker in the function of his labor performance.​

In a new production system: Capitalism, the worker competes and is forced to sell his workforce in exchange for low salaries and long working days.​

The first labor union movement appears, to defend the working class's rights.​

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James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the double helix structure of  DNA.
-Yet Rosalind Franklin did and her work was stolen by them.

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On october 4th of this year, the soviet union launched Sputnik 1, which was the first artificial satellite in history.

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The sheep Dolly is cloned.

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The first draft of the human genome is completed.

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Nasa confirms the existence of water on the planet Mars.