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INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION  (1/2 OF THE CENTURY,XIII)

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INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION  (1/2 OF THE CENTURY,XIII)

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It started in the middle of the 18th century.

The industrial revolution was an economic revolution.

It started in the United Kingdom, because they had 13 colonies of cotton, however the population was fed up with the United Kingdom taking away all their rights and privileges, such as cotton, which was very expensive.

This industrial revolution provoke demographic revolution.

Cause for the population growth:

Well-fed people can stand better diseases.

Better hygiene and medicine. Development of vaccines.

Food production increased.

Pests and outbreaks decreased.

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The revolution began in 1789 and ended in 1799 with an absolute monarchy with a king, nobility, clergy and commoners. The king, nobility and clergy are privileged and are only 3%, however the commoners are not privileged and are about 97%.

The national day of France is July 14th, that day was Bastille Day. This date is marked as the beginning of the end of the old monarchy has become france’s independence day. In 1799 the french revolution ended when a military commander by the name of Napoleon Bonaparte seized control of the French legislature, eventually declared himself Emperor.

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The flag of France it was creating after the French revolution.

The French flag represents: the blue color the equality, the white color the liberty and the color red the fraternity.

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The first Spanish Republic (1873) enacted some anticlerical laws, but these were repealed or disregarded when the monarchy was restored in 1874.

The first Spanish Republic only tough 9 months.

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Alfonso XIII began his reign when he came of age in 1902. However, this coincided with the crisis triggered by disaster of 1898.

The dynastic parties (conservative and liberals) made reforms in an effort to regenerate their political power, but restoration was unable to accommodate the opposition. In addition, social unrest was growing.

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Biography :

Birth: May 17, 1886, Royal Palace of Madrid, Madrid

Death: February 28, 1941 (age 54), Rome, Italy

Cause of death: angina pectoris

Royal house: Bourbon

Alfonso XIII began his reign when he came of age in 1902. However, this coincided with the crisis triggered by disaster of 1898.

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It begins in 1898 with the loss of Cuba, the Philippines, the islands of Guam (a group of islands) and Puerto Rico. The United States gets angry with Spain and makes them leave all the islands in less than 6 months. In 1891 - llei Aranzels they forced many taxes to be passed and the United States became angry because taxes increased on other countries, which were those that exported tobacco, caco, etc. The United States is interested in controlling all these countries and not having Spain control it. The war lasted less than a year, for the United States it was very easy because control occurs in the United States.

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From 1833, when Ferran VII was the king, and died, he had only one daughter that was Isabel II, and she had only three years old. So Charles V brother of Ferran VII took the throne, but when Isabel grew he didn’t want to give up the throne to her.

He was the creator of Carlism, but she was with the Liberalism, and she had organized the society. Carlism it can be translated into traditionalism.

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Is the ideology strongly influenced by French and American revolution

What they want :

A republic : that monarchy disappear

The republicans founded the republican union, a coaliation that grew in electoral strength.

There is an emphasis on liberty and rejection of corruption

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They were against of the church and the Catholicism.

Alejandro Lerroux was the creator of Lerrouxism. Was a politicias that was against church, the Catholicism and he purpose to workers people to organize ricts (reudes) against church. He founded the radical party, which was supported by Catalan workers (1908)

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Socialism defend to destroy social classes and creating a society with freedom and equality without private property.

Socialism can be translated into Marxism and Communism.

Marx was the creator of the Socialism.

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Anarchism defend to destroy social classes and creating a society with freedom and equality without private property.

Bakunin was one of the first anarchist generations along with Piotr Kropotkin, its creator.

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Catalanism is a political and cultural ideology focused on affirming Catalonia's distinct identity within or outside the framework of Spain. Connects with ideology called nationalism (support for the political independence of a particular nation or people.

The main defensors of catalanism were Enric prat de la Riba and Josep Puig i Cadafalch.

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UGT -> (Union general de treballadors), that collaborates with psoe and was the most important socialist trade union. The UGT had specially more support on Madrid, Segovia, Avila and Toledo.

CNT -> (Confederacció nacional de treball), that was the most important anarchist's trade union. It had specially support on Barcelona and Andalusia.

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It is the theater most important of Spain because at 1893 a person throw two bombs from the chicken coop (for the poor people) but only one origin bomb explode and killed 20 people.

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Cu-Cut was a newspaper from Catalanism. The Spain army was lost all the wars, so Cu-Cut make a joke that makes the army and the king angry. The militars since s.XIX had lost of wars. And the last war from EE.UU (1898).

When it was made?

23 November 1905- had published the joke

25 November 1905 - the militars assaulted the cu-cut establishment, destroying a lot of papers, mobiliary...

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They stared the RIF war in 1907 to 1927. On 1909 the Spanish army needs more soldiers, and the families needs more money, and the only person who works is the man. But since the army cared more about the war, they took the men and sent them to Morocco to fight.

I Spain, the people were obligate to go to the war, and the men died for the conditions and not for the war.

They take advantage of the revolt to kill Francesc Ferrer in the Castle of Monjuic.

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The families makes a revolution in the port / streets

of Barcelona and people were protesting because their fathers or husbands were going to Morocco war.

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Francesc Ferrer i Guàrdia were pedagogue and teacher.

He thinks that the boys and the girls have to go together to school, but they filled him on the Castl oef Monjuic because he was, or they think, Francesc Ferrer i Guàrdia was the "Cap de turc".

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Spain was a neutral century it helps to the economic of Spain, but this was a little period of time so it helps a little but not too much.

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The Russian country passed from an absolute monarchy

(Lead by the Tsar king and empear) to a communist country. The Russian people want to remove the absolute monarchy. Russia was invaded on the first war. After that, Russia became a communist country.

1914 ⇾ Started the 1st World War.

1917⇾ Russian Revolution: USSR/URSS

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Ending is a stage with in Barcelona in which the conflict between unions and properties turned into selective muder.

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The workers interrupted the light and electricity for a lot of months, all of this happened in Barcelona. Thanks to that, the company and the worker started to negotiate. The timetable was reduced to 8h for many years. They have been talking of the gunmen, the businessmen paid gunmen to kill syndicalist.

Salvador Seguí was the leader, and he was murdered in the middle of Barcelona.

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It is an agreement between the United Kingdom and the former colonies. There was no autonomous communities, no parliament, no health care, there was only the division of provinces, they did not have political parties, but they did have a provincial council (peseta). The four provinces began to collaborate with each other, each with its own budget.

There have been 3 presidents during the Commonwealth:

1914-1917 ⇾ Enric Prat de la Riba

1917-1923 ⇾ Josep Puig i Cadafalch

1923-1925 ⇾ Alfonso Sala ⇾ was directed by Miguel Primo Rivera

Pompeu Fabra ⇾ He was the first to create the first modern Catalan dictionary and spelling mistakes.

Francesc Cambó ⇾ Important politician.

Francesc Macià ⇾ He will create a political party called the Catalan State. During the dictatorship, he will organize an army in France, cross the border and occupy Catalonia with his army and declare Catalonia independent. He will not succeed because he is arrested in France.

First president of Catalonia ⇾ Francesc Macià

Second president of Catalonia ⇾ Lluís Companys

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Enric Prat de la Riba i Sarrà, lawyer and journalist, was the first president of the Commonwealth of Catalonia.

Biography:

Birth: November 29, 1870, Castellterçol

Death: 1 August 1917, Castellterçol

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Josep Puig i Cadafalch was a modernist architect, art historian, archaeologist and Catalan politician. He practiced politics as a councilor of the Barcelona City Council, deputy in the Spanish Courts, provincial deputy, and as president of the Commonwealth of Catalonia.

Biography:

Birth: October 17, 1867, Mataró

Death: December 23, 1956, Barcelona

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Alfons Sala i Argemí, 1st Count of Ègara, was an industrial engineer, lawyer and Catalan politician. He was president of the Commonwealth of Catalonia, appointed by the dictator Miguel Primo de Rivera, between 1924 and 1925, the year of its dissolution.

Biography:

Birth: July 16, 1863, Terrassa

Death: April 11, 1945, Barcelona

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He was the second president of the Commonwealth of Catalonia. He was the first to create the first modern Catalan dictionary and spelling mistakes.

Biography:

Birth: February 20, 1868, Gràcia, Barcelona

Death: December 25, 1948, Prada, France

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Francesc Cambó i Batlle was an important conservative Catalan businessman and politician, founder and leader of the Regionalist League, a strong advocate of Catalanism intervening in Spanish politics, he was a minister in several Spanish governments.

Biography:

Birth: September 2, 1876, Virgo

Death: April 30, 1947, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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This war began in 1921 and finished with the victory of France and Spain in 1925. Ceuta/Melilla has been a Spanish territory since the 17th century. France and Spain share Morocco. France occupies the Riffian part. Before, Morocco was a sultanate, meaning that the country was governed by a sultan.

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In the 17th century, France and Spain share Morocco. During Franco's regime, Spain and France left Morocco in 1956, and here is when Morocco became a nation except for Spain, which remained in Western Sahara until 1975.

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He was the leader of the Moroccan army that fights against the Spanish troops. He was a politician and military leader from Rif who led the resistance against the Spanish and French colonial administration during the so-called Rif War.

Biography:

Birth: 1882, Ajdir, Morocco

Death: February 6, 1963, Cairo, Egypt

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The Rifians have Berber tribes that fought with the Spanish and were all led by Mohamed ibn Abd-El Krim.

Approximately 10,000 soldiers have died in just two weeks.

The army led by Miguel Primo de Rivera in 1923, with the help and agreement of Alfonso XIII, carried out a coup d'état, and that is why the Picasso Expedient is stopped and never comes to light again.

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On March 10, 1923, one hundred years ago, gunmen shot and killed trade unionists Salvador Seguí and Francesc Comas, murders that shook Catalan society.

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THE DICTATORSHIP OF PRIMO DE RIVERA AND THE COMPLICITY OF KING ALFONS XIII (1923-1930)

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THE DICTATORSHIP OF PRIMO DE RIVERA AND THE COMPLICITY OF KING ALFONS XIII (1923-1930)

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Miguel Primo de Rivera began to lead with the complicity of Alfonso XIII, the king of Spain.

There were two types of dictatorship:

The Military dictatorship

The Civil dictatorship.

Miguel Primo de Rivera and Alfonso XIII imitate Italy, because in that time Italy was also had a dictatorship led by Benito Mussolini with the help of the king that was Victor Manuel III.

Benito Mussolini was also the creator of the fascism. Fascism mean establish dictators that usually are military.

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In the dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera first that did was canceled the Constitution, the political parties, the syndicates, and another public art before passed the censure and was approved that can be publicated.

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Miguel Primo de Rivera Orbaneja II marquis of Estella and VII de Sobremonte was a Spanish military man who imposed a dictatorship and held the position of president of the Spanish government.

Biography:

Birth: January 8, 1870, Jerez de la Frontera

Death: March 16, 1930, Paris, France

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THE MILITARY DIRECTORY AND THE CIVIL DIRECTORY

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THE MILITARY DIRECTORY AND THE CIVIL DIRECTORY

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Military director (1923-1925)

The constitution that is the annulled rules

Banned political parties

Unions calling strikes prohibited

Anti-Catalanist

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El Directori Militar i el Directori Civil

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THE RESTORATION OF PRIMO DE RIVERA'S DICTATORSHIP

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THE RESTORATION OF PRIMO DE RIVERA'S DICTATORSHIP

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Restoration crisis (1898-1923)

Primo de Rivera dictatorship (1923-1931)

Alfonso XII is king of two stages.

A restoration is the turn of parties, conservative parties and liberal party, which means that there were elections, but they were fraudulent (manipulative).

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Francesc Macià i Llussà was a military man, Catalan independence politician, 122nd president of the Generalitat de Catalunya. On April 14, 1931, after the Spanish municipal elections of that year, he proclaimed the Catalan Republic as an integral state of the Iberian Federation.

Biography:

Birth: 1859, Vilanova i la Geltrú

Death: December 25, 1933, Barcelona

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The 1st Republic began in 1873-1874. The 2nd Republic began in 1931 until 1939. The 2nd republic is the first democratic system in the history of Spain.

Objectives of the 2nd republic will be:

Separate the church from the state.

To modernize the army.

To modernize education. For the first time in Spain educational centers are created.

To carry out agrarian reforms.

For the first time in Spain, there are territorial reforms ⇾ wanted to create autonomous communities (more prone to Catalanism and nationalism).

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The Civil war started in 1936 and finished at 1939.

In 1932, an attempt is made to stage a coup d'état. It begins in Seville, known as Sanjurjada, by General Sanjurjo. It is unsuccessful and he is exiled to Portugal.

The nationalists tried to invaded Madrid, but they can’t because the Republicans prevented, so they start invaded around the Spain. When they arrived to Catalonia, they think to leave it for last and go to Valencia because it was the military power of the Republicanism. When the Catalan Republicanism knew that, they knew that they have to stop them with a little battle, or this is what they think that was going to happen. This battle lasted its days (25 July--16 November 1938).

The first thing that the other countries done when they noticed that Spain was in a civil war is to sign the non- intervation law, but Germany and Italy not comply. The Republicanism have the Spain Bank, but the Nationalists have the help of Germany and Italy. In the nationalist, they have a leader, but the Republicans no. Republicans fought with the nationalist but also with them.

Mussolini and Hitler ⇾ help Franco in the Civil war.

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The idea of the Ebro Battle was to extend the war until the Second World war to have the help Of France and Great Britain because their soldiers were voluntaries.

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Political movement and mass movement to attract workers. The flag has two colors: red and black: They are the colors of the labor movement to attract

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L'autarquia is tancar-se in itself mateixos (aïllament econòmic) and aïllada politically and economically. That is to say, when a country is tanca, it has no exports or imports.

It just depends on what country you are economically.

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Anti-capitalism is a political, economic and philosophical position that rejects the capitalist system. It opposes private ownership of the means of production, the accumulation of wealth and labour exploitation, arguing that capitalism generates inequality, injustice and economic crises.

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The second Spanish republic began on April 14, 1931, after the fall of king Alfonso XIII when a republic was declared after the elections that gave victory to the republican parties.

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The Spanish Falange was a political party with a fascist ideology founded in 1933 by José Antonio Primo de Rivera. Its characteristic symbol is the yoke and arrows, which represents unity and strength.

One political party created by Carlisle, monarch, Alta clergy de l'esglesia.

NAME CHANGE:

Fascist symbols were no longer used, and the Falange was renamed the NATIONAL MOVEMENT, to source the continuity of the regime.

The Falange modernized Spain with Opus Dei and the government.

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RELATIONS WITH HITLER AND MUSSOLINI (BETWEEN 1934 AND 1944)

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RELATIONS WITH HITLER AND MUSSOLINI (BETWEEN 1934 AND 1944)

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Mussolini, as a fascist leader, indirectly helped right-wing groups in Spain, which were in line with Franco's beliefs.

However, Franco still did not have full control in Spain; his connection with Mussolini would be stronger during the civil war (1936-1939) when Spain joined more clearly with Italy and Germany.

They met 17 times between 1934 and 1944.

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They are the ones who love the Pyrenees,... that is to say, who live in the mountains. They sometimes go down to the city to rob/rob the stores and be able to live and return to the mountains. The most important month will be that they will try to take over the Aran Valley, Lleida.

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The Civil war started in 1936 and finished at 1939.

In 1932, an attempt is made to stage a coup d'état. It begins in Seville, known as Sanjurjada, by General Sanjurjo. It is unsuccessful and he is exiled to Portugal.

The nationalists tried to invaded Madrid, but they can’t because the Republicans prevented, so they start invaded around the Spain. When they arrived to Catalonia, they think to leave it for last and go to Valencia because it was the military power of the Republicanism. When the Catalan Republicanism knew that, they knew that they have to stop them with a little battle, or this is what they think that was going to happen. This battle lasted its days (25 July--16 November 1938).

The first thing that the other countries done when they noticed that Spain was in a civil war is to sign the non- intervation law, but Germany and Italy not comply. The Republicanism have the Spain Bank, but the Nationalists have the help of Germany and Italy. In the nationalist, they have a leader, but the Republicans no. Republicans fought with the nationalist but also with them.

Mussolini and Hitler ⇾ help Franco in the Civil war.

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A grup of volunteers that franco sent to support the naci army in russia (spain).

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Franco won the war thanks to his military superiority, the support of Germany and Italy, the disorganization of the Republican side and a strategy of attrition that weakened his enemies. His victory gave way to a dictatorship that lasted until 1975.

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The second republic ended in 1939 after the republican loss in the civil war, which led to a French dictatorship, which continued until 1975.

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Was the military coalition which initiated World War II and fought against the Allies. Its principal members were Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy and the Empire of Japan. The Axis were united in their far-right positions and general opposition to the Allies

The Axis emerged from successive diplomatic efforts by Germany, Italy and Japan.

Roma-Berlin

It refers to Hitler and Mussolini

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Franco's regime began in 1939 after Francisco Franco's victory in the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939). He established a military dictatorship with an authoritarian, centralist and repressive regime. It was characterized by censorship, political persecution and the repression of opponents.

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During the Franco regime (1939-1975), education was controlled by the State and the Church. Religion, censorship and Francoist propaganda prevailed. Education was segregated by gender and regional languages ​​were banned. Access to education was limited, and universities were monitored. Although there were reforms in the 1960s, the system remained authoritarian until 1975.

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Women lost the rights they had gained during the Second Republic.

In 1889, Franco established the Civil Code of 1889 and women were treated as minors, that is, they had to ask their man's permission for everything, such as working, travelling, etc.

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“Child rapists” They were persecuted by the law for vagrancy and misunderstanding, they were thieves, murderers and even homosexuals. They could end up arrested. In those days they were called degenerates = crazy! For the state they were corrupt minors and a social danger.

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Common forces are people who cannot put themselves in a niche.

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Rationing gave rise to a black market, controlled by black marketeers who took advantage of people’s needs to sell products at excessively high prices.

Black market for food like flour, butter,... was known for stealing it

SUPERMARKET CARDS:

In Spain, ration cards were used, a purchasing control system to regulate access to basic products due to scarcity. The cards had a function:

Each family had a personal card that recorded the products they could buy.

When a product was purchased in a store or supermarket, the seller would stamp the card to indicate that the ration had already been purchased.

The cards established quantity limits to prevent hoarding.

The cards were used to buy essential products such as:

✔ Bread

✔ Oil

✔ Sugar

✔ Flour

✔ Rice

✔ Meat

✔ Soap

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They bring the gifts to give birth and turn the tables to the camp of conentracio. Hi there were vegetables with the fill and others sense the fill.

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HENDAYA MEETING BETWEEN HITLER AND FRANCO (1940)

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HENDAYA MEETING BETWEEN HITLER AND FRANCO (1940)

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The Hendaye meeting was a meeting between Hitler and Franco in 1940. Franco did not want to join the Second World War. Spain gave itself to the sea but gave secret support to the Axis powers. The country asked for lands like Gibraltar and Morocco; In addition, he needed help with money and forces, as well as support if war came to join the Axis in the conflict. But due to great requests and the ͏the military state ͏in Europe, Spain ͏remained without taking part.

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The Valley of the Fallen is a monument built by the French government to remember those who died in the Civil War. This monument is located on the outskirts of Madrid, exactly in the Sierra de Guadarrama (mountain).

Here in the Valley of the Fallen are buried the bones of Franco and many other politicians.

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Is a service diffusion of news and reports, filmed in spin and the other countries.

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The atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima was a key event in World War II and marked the beginning of the nuclear age.

KEY FACTS:

📅 Date: August 6, 1945

📍 City: Hiroshima, Japan

💣 Name of the bomb: Little Boy

✈ Plane that dropped it: Enola Gay (US B-29 bomber)

🔥 Explosion: Equivalent to 15,000 tons of TNT

👥 Immediate deaths: Approximately 80,000 people

⚠️ Total deaths (from radiation and injuries): More than 140,000

IMMEDIATE CONSEQUENCES:

Massive destruction: 70% of the city was destroyed.

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The Cold War was a confrontation between third countries and there was also competition

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It was one of the first mass protests against Franco's dictatorship.

KEY DATA:

📅 Date: March 1, 1951

📍 Place: Barcelona, ​​Spain

🚋 Reason: Increase in the price of tram tickets (from 50 to 70 cents)

👥 Protest: The population stopped using trams as a boycott

⚠️ Response of the regime: Police repression, arrests and dismissals

EXPLANATION OF THE PROTEST:

People refused to take the trams, which caused economic losses.

The protest spread to other sectors, with labor strikes.

The government repressed with violence, but finally had to lower the price of the ticket.

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The United Nations (UN) is an international organization created on October 24, 1945, after the Second World War, with the aim of maintaining world peace and security, fostering cooperation between countries and promoting human rights.

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AGREEMENT BETWEEN SPAIN AND THE UNITED STATES AND VATICAN AND SPAIN (CONCORADATO) (1953)

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AGREEMENT BETWEEN SPAIN AND THE UNITED STATES AND VATICAN AND SPAIN (CONCORADATO) (1953)

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The Concordat of 1953 was an international agreement signed between the Spanish State and the Vatican that regulated the relations between the Franco regime and the Catholic Church during the Franco dictatorship in a clericalist conception.

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It is an institution of the Catholic Church that promotes sanctification through work and daily life.

They were also people who had many children, money, and access to universities, and in the past, university was a luxury.

Opus Dei modernized Spain with the Falange and the government

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The technocratic stage of Franco's regime was a period in which Francisco Franco's regime opted for economic development and modernisation of Spain, leaving aside the post-war autarky. This change was driven by technocrats linked to Opus Dei, who promoted economic policies based on efficiency and industrialisation.

KEY DATA:

Economic opening: Spain left autarky behind and became integrated into the international economy.

Industrialization: The creation of industrial hubs in cities such as Madrid, Barcelona and Bilbao was promoted.

Mass tourism: Spain became a key tourist destination in Europe.

Rural exodus: Many people emigrated from the countryside to the cities in search of employment.

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In the stabilization plan, what the regime will do is adapt to the economic state.

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Called for establishment of democracy in spain

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THE INDEPENDENCE OF EQUATORIAL GUINEA (1968)

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THE INDEPENDENCE OF EQUATORIAL GUINEA (1968)

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Equatorial Guinea's independence from Spain occurred on October 12, 1968, making it the first and only country in Africa to become independent from Spain. Spanish colonization had controlled Guinea since the 18th century. The UN and other countries demanded decolonization. Negotiations between Spain and Guinean leaders took place in the process of independence.

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APPOINTMENT OF JUAN CARLOS DE BORBÓN AS FRANCO'S SUCCESSOR  (1969)

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APPOINTMENT OF JUAN CARLOS DE BORBÓN AS FRANCO'S SUCCESSOR  (1969)

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Dictator Francisco Franco officially named Juan Carlos de Borbón as his successor and future king of Spain. This appointment was key to Spain's transition to democracy after Franco's death in 1975.

Franco wanted to ensure the continuity of Francoism after his death.

There were doubts about who should succeed him:

Juan de Borbón (Juan Carlos's father) was the legitimate heir, but Franco did not trust him.

Juan Carlos was educated in Spain under the Franco regime, which made him "safer" for Franco.

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NOMBRAMIENTO DE JUAN CARLOS DE BORBÓN CO

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The Burgos Trial was a military trial held in December 1970 in the city of Burgos against 16 members of ETA accused of terrorism and murder. It was a key trial in the Franco dictatorship because it generated a great protest both in Spain and abroad and weakened the image of the Franco regime.

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It was a Basque armed independence group that fought against Franco's dictatorship.

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Assembly of catalonia was a unitary platform created in 1971 by various sectors of the Catalan opposition to Francoism. Its objective was to fight for democracy, the autonomy of Catalonia and national and social rights.

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CARRERO BLANCO APPOINTED PRESIDENT OF THE GOVERNMENT (1973)

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CARRERO BLANCO APPOINTED PRESIDENT OF THE GOVERNMENT (1973)

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On 9 June 1973, Admiral Luis Carrero Blanco was appointed President of the Government of Spain by Francisco Franco. Until then, Franco had simultaneously held the positions of Head of State and President of the Government, but he decided to delegate the latter to Carrero Blanco in order to concentrate on his role as dictator.

Carrero Blanco's government:

⏳ Duration: 6 months (June - December 1973).

📌 Objectives:

Maintain the dictatorship after Franco's death.

Strengthen the relationship with Opus Dei and technocrats.

Fight the anti-Franco opposition, especially ETA and communism.

Problems:

Increase in violence and political repression.

Conflicts within Franco's regime between reformists and ultraconservatives.

ETA assassinated him in December 1973, truncating his plan to continue the regime.

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CARRERO BLANCO NOMBRADO PRESIDENTE DEL GOBIERNO (1973)

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It was an attack carried out by ETA on 20 December 1973 in Madrid. This attack was a symbolic blow against Franco's regime and marked a key point in the history of the dictatorship.

💥 The attack:

📍 Location: Calle Claudio Coello, Madrid.

⛏ Preparation: ETA dug a tunnel under the street and placed 100 kg of explosives.

🚗 Time of the attack: At 9:27 a.m., Carrero Blanco's car was passing over the tunnel.

ETA detonated the explosives, throwing the car more than 20 meters into the air.

It fell into the courtyard of a nearby convent.

Carrero Blanco and his companions died instantly.

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CARLOS ARIAS NAVARRO, THE NEW PRESIDENT (1973)

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CARLOS ARIAS NAVARRO, THE NEW PRESIDENT (1973)

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On December 31, 1973, Carlos Arias Navarro was appointed President of the Government of Spain by Francisco Franco, following the assassination of Luis Carrero Blanco by ETA on December 20, 1973.

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CARLOS ARIAS NAVARRO, EL NUEVO PRESIDENTE (1973)

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The Democratic Junta of Spain was a political platform created in 1974 by the opposition to Francoism, led by the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) and other political, trade union and intellectual groups. Its aim was to end the dictatorship and establish democracy in Spain.

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EL PROGRAMA DE LA JUNTA DEMOCRÁTICA (1974)

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EXECUTION OF SALVADOR PUIG ANTICH (1974)

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EXECUTION OF SALVADOR PUIG ANTICH (1974)

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El 2 de marzo de 1974, el joven anarquista catalán Salvador Puig Antich fue ejecutado mediante garrote vil en la prisión Modelo de Barcelona. Fue la última ejecución por garrote del franquismo y un símbolo de la represión de la dictadura.

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EJECUCIÓN DE SALVADOR PUIG ANTICH (1974)

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THE DECOLONIZATION OF WESTERN SAHARA (1975)

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THE DECOLONIZATION OF WESTERN SAHARA (1975)

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The decolonization of Western Sahara in 1975 marked the end of the Spanish presence in the territory, but did not mean its independence. Instead, the Sahara was occupied by Morocco and Mauritania, leading to a conflict that is still ongoing.

HISTORICAL CONTEXT:

Western Sahara had been a Spanish colony since 1884.

In the 1960s, the UN urged Spain to decolonize the territory and allow its independence.

In 1973, the Polisario Front was created, a Sahrawi independence movement fighting for self-determination.

Morocco and Mauritania claimed the Sahara, while Algeria supported the Polisario Front.

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LA DESCOLONIZACIÓN DEL SAHARA OCCIDENTAL (1975)

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On November 20, 1975, Francisco Franco, dictator of Spain since 1939, died at the age of 82 in Madrid, after a long agony. His death marked the end of Franco's regime and began the Transition to democracy.

Historical Context:

In his later years, Franco was ill and weak, but he continued to rule with an iron fist.

In 1974, he suffered his first heart attack, which weakened his health.

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Francoism officially ended with the death of Francisco Franco on November 20, 1975, but his legacy and structures continued to influence Spanish politics until the approval of the 1978 Constitution, which consolidated democracy.

📅 Stages of the End of Francoism

Death of Franco and proclamation of Juan Carlos I (1975)

November 20, 1975 → Franco dies after a long agony.

November 22, 1975 → Juan Carlos I is proclaimed king of Spain.

Doubts about the future → Some hoped that the king would continue Francoism, but others were betting on democratization.

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PROCLAMATION OF JUAN CARLOS I AS KING  (1975)

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PROCLAMATION OF JUAN CARLOS I AS KING  (1975)

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On November 22, 1975, two days after the death of Francisco Franco, Juan Carlos I was proclaimed King of Spain in a solemn session of the Francoist Cortes. This event marked the beginning of the Spanish Transition, the process that led to democracy.

📅 Historical Context

Franco had designated Juan Carlos as his successor in 1969, under the title of Prince of Spain.

After Franco's death on November 20, 1975, the Law of Succession was activated, which established that Juan Carlos would assume the throne.

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PROCLAMACIÓN DE JUAN CARLOS I COMO REY (1975)

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LAW FOR POLITICAL REFORM (November 1976)

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LAW FOR POLITICAL REFORM (November 1976)

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The Law for Political Reform was the key law that allowed Spain's transition from the Franco dictatorship to democracy. Approved by the Francoist Cortes in November 1976 and ratified in a referendum in December, it was the definitive step towards the end of the regime and the holding of free elections in 1977.

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LEY DE REFORMA POLÍTICA (noviembre de 1976)

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The referendum is an election that is a fan, and a question both answers yes/no and you have to have more than 21 years to answer it.

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The legalization of the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) on April 9, 1977 was one of the most important moments of the Spanish Transition. It meant the recognition of political pluralism and confirmed the democratic openness of the country.

During Franco's regime (1939-1975), the PCE was banned

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LEGALIZACIÓN DEL PCE (9 de abril de 1977)

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The elections of 15 June 1977 were the first free elections in Spain since the Second Republic (1936) and marked a decisive step in the Transition. Their aim was to elect a Constituent Cortes that would draft the 1978 Constitution, laying the foundations of democracy.

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The Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) was a Spanish political party created in 1977 by Adolfo Suárez to lead the transition to democracy after Franco's dictatorship.

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REESTABLISHMENT OF THE GENERALITAT OF CATALONIA (September 29, 1977)

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REESTABLISHMENT OF THE GENERALITAT OF CATALONIA (September 29, 1977)

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On 29 September 1977, the government of Adolfo Suárez provisionally re-established the Generalitat of Catalonia, returning autonomy to the region after 38 years of Franco dictatorship. In addition, Josep Tarradellas, exiled since the Civil War, returned as president of the institution.

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JOSEP TARRADELLAS RETURNS FROM EXILE (October 23, 1977)

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JOSEP TARRADELLAS RETURNS FROM EXILE (October 23, 1977)

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On 15 October 1977, Josep Tarradellas, the president of the Generalitat of Catalonia in exile, returned to Barcelona after almost 40 years of exile. His arrival marked a symbolic moment in the Spanish Transition, representing the recovery of Catalan self-government and national reconciliation.

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The Moncloa Pacts were a political and economic agreement signed in October 1977 between the government of Adolfo Suárez, the main political parties, trade unions and businessmen. Its aim was to stabilise the economy, curb inflation and consolidate democracy in Spain during the Transition.

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The Amnesty Law of 1977 was a law passed by the Congress of Deputies on 15 October 1977, which aimed to end the political repression of Franco's regime and facilitate national reconciliation.

This was a key step in the Spanish Transition, as it allowed the release of political prisoners and the return of exiles, but it also meant impunity for crimes committed during the dictatorship.

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APPROVAL OF THE SPANISH CONSTITUTION (REFERENDUM) (December 6, 1978)

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APPROVAL OF THE SPANISH CONSTITUTION (REFERENDUM) (December 6, 1978)

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On 6 December 1978, the Spanish people voted in a referendum on the Spanish Constitution, which laid the foundations for democracy after the Franco dictatorship. It was approved by a large majority (91.81%), marking the end of the Transition and the beginning of a democratic system.