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European thinkers are influenced by Islamic scholars and renew their interest in science.

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Exploration increased Europeans knowledge of the world

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this is a photo of Nicolaus Copernicus!!

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Nicolaus Copernicus writes On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres, developing a heliocentric theory of the universe

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Doctor Andreas Vesalius dissects dead human bodies and learns about their internal structures

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Galileo Galilei publishes his ideas, supporting Copernicus’s theory. The Church bans the book.

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Galileo book banned in the Catholic church 

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Rene Descartes writes Discourse on Method, stating that reason the source of knowledge

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Rene Descartes writes Discourse on Method

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Louis XIV becomes king of France. He expands the nation through wars, but their high cost weakens the country.

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Thomas Hobbes founds absolutism, believing that rulers need to be strong to force people to by loyal

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Isaac Newton publishes Principia, explaining his laws on the motion of objects, including the law of gravity

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William and Mary became England’s rulers and sign a Bill of Rights limiting the power of the monarch

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Locke publishes Two Treatises of Government, stating that people have natural rights

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Frederick the Great ruled Prussia and expands freedom of speech and religious tolerance

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Maria Theresa rules Austria and tries to improve the living conditions of the serfs.

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Baron Montesquieu write The Spirit of the Laws, stating that government powers should be separated

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Jean-Jacques Rousseau publishes The Social Contract, stating government rests on the will of the people

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A. Lavoisier proves that materials need oxygen in order to burn

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Mary Wellstonecraft writes A vindication of the Rights of Women, founding the women’s movement