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Pg. 471. https://www.rembrandtpaintings.com/

Who: Rembrandt van Rijn was a Dutch artist during the Golden Age.

What: Rembrandt was known for oil paintings on wooden panels early in his career. Later on, he elevated the craft of etching into an art form. Etching is an engraving on copper plates coated in wax. When the wax is removed from the copper, acid is used to etch the plate chemically. Throughout his career, Rembrandt painted Biblical, theological, and mythological imagery.

When: Rembrandt was alive from 1606-1669. He began his art studio at 18, where his artistic influence and training of students started.

Where: Rembrandt was from the Netherlands and lived most of his life there. He studied at the University of Leiden and in Amsterdam for a short period but returned to his home in Leiden.

Significance: Rembrandt's importance to the Dutch Golden Age is the most important. He was at the forefront of changing artistic styles in the Netherlands. Rembrandt is known for his use of light and shadow, versatility in types of artwork, and portraits.

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Pg. 469 https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/artists/peter-paul-rubens

Who: Peter Paul Rubens was a Flemish Baroque-style painter.

What: Rubens was an influential painter who spread the Italian Baroque style to much of Europe.

When: 1577-1640

Where: Rubens was born in Germany; however, he studied art and worked as a page for a Duchess in Antwerp

Significance:

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P. 437

What: When average temperatures fell, it had affected harvests and caused famines

When: After the middle of the sixteenth century

Where: Europe

Significance: This had created a part of a social tension that came to make the witchcraft craze. Economy had failed and the decline of of population by 1650

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P. 439

What: The Holy Roman Empire had ruled over most of Europe and held the Thirty Years War on the German grounds. There were 3 divisions of it, and Europe almost inevitable that if war did erupt, it would've been widespread and difficult to stop.

When: (800-1806) (1609-1659)

Where: (Governed by) Germany, France and Italy

Significance: The Thirty Years War had taken place on their grounds,which became a Europe-wide struggle. The Holy Roman Empire was resisted by the princes as they fought for their German liberties.

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P.441

What: The Peace of Westphalia ensured that all German States including Calvinist ones, were free to determine their own religion. It also made it clear that religion and politics were now separate, making the pope completely ignored in decisions politically.

When: 1648

Where: Germany

Significance: It had marked the beginning of a modern international order in which sovereign states began to operate as equals within a secular framework.

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What: The Military Revolution is a theory that states that a series of radical changes in military strategy and tactics during the 16th and 17th centuries resulted in major lasting changes in governments and society.

Importance: New weapons led to new tactics, which led to increasing emphasis on foot soldiers at the expense of heavy cavalry. In effect, this caused much of the aristocracy to lose prominence in the army.

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What: Absolutism is a political system in which one ruler or leader has complete power and authority over a country

Importance: Absolute monarchs were rulers who held all the power in a country. Under their rule there were no checks and balances on their power, and there were no other governing bodies they shared the power with. These monarchs also ruled by divine right or the belief that their power came from God

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Who: Born in 1638, Louis XIV succeeded his father, Louis XIII, as king at the age of five. He ruled for 72 years, until his death in 1715, making his reign the longest of any European monarch. By the time he died, he outlived his son and his grandson, leaving the throne to his young great-grandson Louis XV

Achievements: With the help of Colbert, he oversaw the administrative and financial reorganisation of his realm, and also set up manufactures and worked to boost trade. With Louvois he reformed the army and enjoyed a string of military victories. After 72 years on the throne, Louis XIV died on 1 September 1715

Significance: The reign of Louis XIV is often referred to as “Le Grand Siècle” (the Great Century), forever associated with the image of an absolute monarch and a strong, centralised state.

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Who - A french man who was a statesman and the first minister of state
What - He developed trade and modernized Paris. He encouraged the development of science. He believed in a mercantilism society and emphasized the merchant navy and trade.
When - Born August 1619, general of finance (1665 - 1683), secretary of state (1668 - 1683), died September 1683
Where - France
Significance - He encouraged the travel and colonization of Canada, wanting to create new France. He increased Paris wealth

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What - Prussia was known for having a strong military force and becoming stronger after waging and winning multiple wars.
When - The 1600's
Where - Germany
Significance - Prussia had captured territory from Sweden strengthened Germany as they had more land.

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Who - A dynasty that was known as the house of Austria
What - The Habsburg ruled Spain and Spain proved itself to be the strongest political and military force in Europe at the time.
When - The 1600's
Where - Austria Switzerland
Significance - Members of the Hapsburg dynasty ruled the holy roman empire or the Spanish empire, making them the strongest dynasty of the 16th century. This would lead to them exploring and colonizing the new world, improving their economy.

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Who: Peter the Great was known for Westernizing Russia

What: He reorganized the army and created a navy, he reorganized the government, and he created a senate to supervise the administrative machinery of the state, but due to the ineffectiveness of the senate, he borrowed the Western institution of colleges or boards of administrators

When: (1698-1725)

Where: Russia

Significance: He modernized Europe, also known for the founding of St. Petersburg in 1703, his victory against Sweden in the Battle of Poltava in 1709, and the birth of the Navy in Russia, which happened to be a lifelong dream of his.

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Who: The Ottoman Empire was known for controlling most of the Mediterranean sea, and was a significant part of the European political sphere.

What: They destroyed the Byzantine Empire and captured its capital, Constantinople, which served as the Ottoman capital.

When: (1300-1923) (1453-1683)

Where: Stretched from the Balkans in southeast Europe across Anatolia, Central Asia, Arabia, and North Africa. (Founded in Anatolia, which is located in mordern-day Turkey)

Significance: The Ottoman Empire was known for being one of the mightiest and longest lasting empires in world history. They were known for controlling some of the world’s most lucrative trade routes that lead to high wealth, and had a very impressive and organized military.

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Who: The Holy Roman Empire, and the Polish Lithuanian Common Wealth, against the Ottomans.

What: The Ottomans wanted to expand and take Vienna, but the Holy Roman Empire, led by King John III Sobieski of Poland, didn't let that happen. In the end, the Ottomans lost the battle.

When: July 17-September 12 1983

Where: Vienna

Significance: The loss of the Ottomans in the battle ultimately led to the end of their expansion in Europe and started to lead to their downfall.

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Who:
What:
When: In the last quarter of the 16th century
Where: In Italy spreading across Europe
Significance:

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Pg. 445

WHO: This man was a ruler for a very long time.  He had an advisor, but as soon as the advisor died, he became king. He became a sole ruler of France.

WHAT: This man became a love of war. He was known for causing wars. Him and his kingdom went into bankruptcy because of all the wars he's caused and went into.

SIGNIFICANCE: He was one of the reasons that absolutism was created.

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Pg.445

WHO: Richelieu was the advisor and minister of King Louis XIII. After he died, Louis took over.

WHEN: He was born in Paris, France. He lived from 1585 to 1642.

SIGNIFICANCE: "spokesman for power politics, the idea of raison d'état, and the right of rulers to the unquestioning obedience of their subjects."   (Source: Yalebooks website)

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What is the Fronde?:
The Fronde was a series of battles and wars between France. It started from 1648 and it ended in 1653. And in 1635, a war called the Franco-Spanish war begun.

What caused the Fronde?:
The Fronde was caused to limit the nobility power of King Louis XIV. And who started the battles was the Parliament of Paris.

What ended the Fronde?:
The Fronde was ended when King Louis XIV crushed it. The loss of the Fronde, led to King Louis XIV succeeding more as a ruler. The Fronde was a failure into limiting the power of King Louis

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Who: The nobles of the robe were nobles who wished be to closer to the king

What: They were nobles who acquired that title due to them having access to holding a high office, and were named Nobles of The Robes because of the long robes officials wore

When: The class already existed in the 16th century but in the 17th century is when they were able to transmit Noble in there title

Where: France

Significance: They fought to protect there roles and status alongside the Nobles of the Swords

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Pg. 452-453

Who: Habsburg Spain vs France

What: The war started when King Charles II died without any heirs and since many different European powers controlled parts of Spain it led to a huge conflict of who is going to rule.

Where: The Low Countries, the Rhine, the Danube, northern Italy, and Spain

When: July 9, 1701 - Sep 7, 1714

Significance: Though the battle was utterly confusing for how many people kept making alliances and then breaking it, it did, however, stop France from ruling Europe entirely. It also showcased how disciplined and courageous the British Army was.

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Pg. 537

Who: King in Brandenburg-Prussia (notably not "of" because their kingdom was not necessarily all together). He was also an abusive father to his son, Frederick The Great.

What: He created the evolution of Prussia's highly efficient civil bureaucracy by establishing the General Directory. This establishment kept supervision over military, police, economic, and financial affairs.

Where: Brandenburg-Prussia

When: 1713-1740

Significance: He created a great military (His son who he doubted his entirely life even on his deathbed, made this possible though) since he was all about that and made Prussian nobles based on military virtues. Having, such as, duties, obedience, and sacrifice. Overall, he did make his country prosperous and made it a major power in Europe.

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Pg. 538-539

Who: Empress of Austria from the infamous Habsburg line and mother of the most hated woman in history, Marie Antoinette.

What: After succeeding her father, Emperor Charles VI who bared no sons so he declared that a woman could take the throne, strengthen the army and doubled its size. She made sure to reorganize tax structure to help support the army and  government.

Where: Holy Roman Empire or Austria

When: 1717-1780

Significance: She is seen as a major figure in women's history for she ruled one of the most powerful empires in Europe. She faced many trials during her forty years of ruling, like trying to balance her public life and her personal life.

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Who: Fredrick William or "Fedrick the Great" came to power in the midst of the Thirty Years War. He laid the foundation for the Prussain state.

What: Realizing that Brandenburg- Prussia was a small, open territory with no natural frontiers for defense, Frederick William built a competent and effieceint standing army. By 1678 he possesed a force of 40,000 men that absorbed more than 50 percent of the states revenues.

When: (1640-1688)

Where: Brandenburg, Prussia

Signifacance: He established the General War Commissariat to levy taxes for the army and overee its growth and training. He built Brandenburg-Prussia's economy by following the fashionable mercantalist policies, constructioning roads and canals and using high tariffs, subsides, and monopolies for manifactures to stimulate domestic industry. At the same time however he continued to favor the interests of the nobility at the expense of the commercial and industrial middle classes in the towns. Overall he laid the groundwork for the Prussian state.

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Who: When philip the II went bankrupt in 1596 from excesssive expedentures on war, his sucsessor, Philip III, did the same in 1607 by spending a fortune on his court.

What: Interested only in court luxury or miracle working relics, Philip III allowed his first minister, the greedy duke of Lerma, to run the country.

When: (1598-1621)

Where: Spain

Significance: During the reign of Philip III many of Spains weaknesses became apparent as was mainly interested in court luxury. He achieved temporary peace with the Dutch(1609-1648) and brought Spain into the Thirty Years War(1618-1648) though an initially extremely successful campaign, Philip's reign remains a critical period in Spanish history.

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Who: Philip IV was the son of Philip III and Margaret of Austria. During his reign Spanish power declined and he failed to gain control of the North Netherlands.

What: Most of the efforts of Olivares and Philip were undermined by their desire to pursue Spains imperial glory and by a series of internal revolts.

When: (1605 - 1665)

Where: Spain

Significance: The reign of Philip IV seemed to offer hope for a revival of Spains energies, especially in the capable hands of his chief minister, Gaspar de Guzman, the count of Olivares. This clever hardworking, and power-hungry statesman dominated the kings every move and worked to revieve the interests of the monarchy.

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Who: An English statesman, politician, and soldier
What: Cromwell led the commonwealth of England
When: was significant in (1653-58)
Significance: Developed parliament supremacy, enhanced the army and navy, and freedom of religion. He was a great leader after King Charles I died.

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Who: He was a Greek painter/sculpture and architect.
What: He created art for local religious foundations. He had a unique style of elongated figures.
When: prominent from (1597-1607)
Significance: made many famous paintings in his own unique, expressive style.

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Who: an italian architect but was most known for being a sculpture
What: He was very creative in every media, but particularly sculpting. He was often able to achieve very realistic depictions of people in motions.
When: lived (1598-1680)
Significance: top sculpture of the time and created the baroque style.