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(1848) Gold was discovered at Sutter's Mill, California (many Chinese arrived to mine for gold)

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(1848) Gold was discovered at Sutter's Mill, California (many Chinese arrived to mine for gold)

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The rapid influx of fortune seekers in California began after gold was found at Sutter's Mill in early 1848 and peaked in 1852. According to estimates, more than 10,000 Chinese came to the territory during the Gold Rush.

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  (1850) Foreign Miners' tax mainly targets Chinese and Mexican miners

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  (1850) Foreign Miners' tax mainly targets Chinese and Mexican miners

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The California legislature passed a Foreign Miners' Tax that required miners who were not U.S. citizens to pay $20 every month for the right to mine in the state. In reality, the tax was only collected from Chinese and Latino miners, while European miners were not forced to pay it.

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(1852)About more than 300,000 Chinese in America

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(1852)About more than 300,000 Chinese in America

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Between 1850 and 1882, more than 322,000 Chinese immigrants entered (or re-entered) the United States, many from Guangdong and Fujian provinces. By the 1870s to 1880s, about 25% of California's workers were Chinese men.

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1854 Court rules that Chinese can not speak out in court

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1854 Court rules that Chinese can not speak out in court

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This California Supreme Court case ruled that the testimony of a Chinese man who witnessed a murder by a white man was inadmissible, denying Chinese alongside Native and African Americans the status to testify in courts against whites.

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1862 Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association forms

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1862 Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association forms

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The CCBA was set up to help Chinese people relocate and travel to and from the US, including returning the bodies of the deceased to China. With many families fragmented between China and across the US, the association also allowed for communal care of the sick or poor.

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1865 Central Pacific Railroad recruits Chinese workers (employed about 15,000)

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1865 Central Pacific Railroad recruits Chinese workers (employed about 15,000)

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They were among the 50,000 to 60,000 Chinese living in California who arrived in the early 1850s to work in mining and other sectors of the American West, according to the project.

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  1869 transcontinental railroad completed

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  1869 transcontinental railroad completed

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The railroad opened for through traffic on May 10, 1869, when President Leland Stanford ceremonially drove the gold "Last Spike" (later often referred to as the "Golden Spike") at Promontory Summit in Utah.

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1870 California passes a law that does not allow Chinese and Japanese women to immigrate to America

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1870 California passes a law that does not allow Chinese and Japanese women to immigrate to America

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Effectively discouraging Asian women from coming to California. 1871 Anti-Chinese violence in Los Angeles; San Francisco closes its evening school for Chinese children.

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1871Anti Chinese violence in Los Angeles (18 Chinese killed)

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1871Anti Chinese violence in Los Angeles (18 Chinese killed)

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In October, 1871, tensions were running high in Chinatown because of a feud between leaders of two rival Huiguan (mutual benefit associations) over the kidnapping of a young Chinese woman. A shootout between several Chinese men broke out in the middle of Negro Alley. The ensuing response by two police officers resulted in the wounding of one of the officers and the death of a civilian who assisted the officers, Robert Thompson. The shooters took cover in the Coronel Building.

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Panic of 1873 (the start of major economic downturn that lasts through the decade)

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Panic of 1873 (the start of major economic downturn that lasts through the decade)

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The Panic of 1873 triggered the first 'Great Depression' in the United States and abroad. Lasting from September 1873 until 1878/9, the economic downturn then became known as the Long Depression after the stock market crash of 1929. Currency in the nineteenth century was based on specie.

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1877Anti Chinese violence in Chico, California

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1877Anti Chinese violence in Chico, California

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On July 23, 1877, unemployed white workers gathered for a socialist meeting and began attacking Chinese immigrants, killing four, as they blamed them for their economic woes. At the same time, anti-Chinese violence was spreading to smaller cities such as Chico, Weaverville, and Yreka.

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1878 Court rules Chinese not allowed for naturalized citizenship

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1878 Court rules Chinese not allowed for naturalized citizenship

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On April 29, 1878, the Ninth Circuit Court in California denied Ah Yup (a Chinese immigrant) the right to naturalize, citing the 1802 naturalization laws and all Revised Statutes that had been passed since.

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1892Geary Act (extends Chinese Exclusion Act)

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1892Geary Act (extends Chinese Exclusion Act)

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This extension, made permanent in 1902, added restrictions by requiring each Chinese resident to register and obtain a certificate of residence. Without a certificate, they faced deportation.

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President Johnson signed the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 into law on October 3, 1965. In opening entry to the U.S. to immigrants other than Northwestern Europeans, the Act significantly altered immigration demographics in the country for the first time since it was founded.

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Since then, the population has continued growing but at a slower pace. Despite the recent declines, Chinese immigrants still represent the third largest origin group among U.S. immigrants (after those from Mexico and India), accounting for 5 percent of the 45.3 million immigrants in the United States as of 2021.