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Discussing Mexico City geographically in relation to the Indigenous people, Tenochtitlan, Conquistadores, Hernan Cortes 1521, symbols on the Mexican Flag, development of a metropolis in a valley at altitude that was a lake in between Volcanoes. I

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Additional information that can serve as backup for our lessons. (Emily Balliet)

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READING
By Julian Hipkins III and David Busch

People in the United States have long relied on public transportation to get to jobs and appointments, go shopping, visit family and friends, and enjoy freedom of movement. As a public good paid for by taxpayer dollars, or a private company subsidized by public funds, local buses and trains have been subject to the same equal access expectations as other public goods. All residents of a community have a constitutional right to equal protection under the law, including the right to ride on public conveyances. However, the struggle for the racial desegregation of transportation has a long history, as powerful whites claimed to control the freedom of movement of people of color. Below are some key individuals and organizations who took a stand against segregated transit to afford freedom of movement to all.

1863: Charlotte Brown

On April 17, 1863, months after San Francisco's horse-powered streetcar companies first dispatched their streetcars (with orders to only accept white passengers), African American citizens began to directly challenge this discrimination. On April 17, 1863, Charlotte Brown, a young African American woman from a prominent family, boarded a streetcar and was forced off. Determined to assert her rights, Ms. Brown boarded streetcars twice more and was twice more ejected by the year's end. Each time she began a legal suit against the company.

In May 1863, William Bowen, an African American, was stopped from boarding a streetcar. He brought a civil suit and a criminal assault suit. Their legal actions came after the African American community's successful campaign to remove the state's ban on court testimony by African Americans. Lifting this ban opened the legal system to challenges by African American men and women in the state.

Mary Ellen Pleasant, a longtime foe of segregation and leading supporter of John Brown, brought suit against San Francisco streetcar companies when she was ejected in 1866, and after two years of court battles the lines were desegregated. ( Story courtesy of William Loren Katz.)

1865: Octavius Valentine Catto

On May 17, 1865, just one month after the end of the Civil War, activist, educator, and soldier Octavius Catto refused to leave his seat when ordered to do so on a trolley car in Philadelphia during a campaign to desegregate public transportation in the city. The conductor ran the trolley off the tracks and detached the horses that were pulling it, leaving it inoperable. Maintaining his civil disobedience, Catto remained seated on the trolley throughout the night. With the help of Congressmen Thaddeus Stevens and William D. Kelley, Catto worked to pass a bill prohibiting segregation on transit systems in Pennsylvania.

In October 1871, at the age of 32, Catto was on his way to vote when he was killed by a white man. In 2017, a statue was erected in his honor on the southside of Philadelphia's City Hall. Learn more.

On April 24, 1867, African Americans in Richmond, Virginia organized Reconstruction era protests against the privately operated company that refused to allow them to ride its horse-drawn streetcars. Christopher Jones had tried to board a streetcar and was arrested for disturbing the peace after a large crowd assembled to support his insistence that, having bought a ticket, he was entitled to ride the streetcar.

African Americans in the crowd reportedly shouted, "Let us have our rights," and "We will teach these d-d rebels how to treat us."

Jones was indicted for "feloniously and maliciously" conspiring to "incite the Colored population of the said City and State to make insurrection by acts of violence and war against the white population."

On May 18 the court issued a "nolle prosequi," or an order not to prosecute his case.

This description is from Remaking Virginia: Transformation Through Emancipation.

Learn more inRight to Ride: Streetcar Boycotts and African American Citizenship in the Era of Plessy v. Ferguson.

1868: Kate Brown

Kate Brown was an African American Senate employee in charge of the ladies' retiring room. As described at Senate.gov: On February 8, 1868, Brown pulled out her ticket and prepared to board a train, to return to Washington from Alexandria, Virginia. As she stepped aboard, she was accosted by the rail line's private police officer, who angrily told her she must enter the other car. "This car will do," Brown replied quietly. At that point, as she later told a Senate investigating committee, "the policeman ran up and told me I could not ride in that car. . . he said that car was for ladies." Of course, Kate Brown was a lady, but she was also African American.

Not deterred, Brown responded: "I bought my ticket to go to Washington in this car. . ., before I leave this car I will suffer death." A violent altercation ensued. Reportedly, the police officers employed by the railroad physically ejected Brown from the train, throwing her onto the platform. Continue reading.

Read a more detailed account in " Winning the Right to Ride: How D.C.'s streetcars became an early battleground for post-emancipation civil rights" by Kate Masur via Slate.

On June 7, 1892, Homer Plessy bought a first-class ticket on the East Louisiana Railway. He took a vacant seat in a coach reserved for white passengers. This act was planned with the help of the Comité des Citoyens and the railroad company, which had opposed the law on the grounds that it would require the purchase of more rail cars. The hope was to bring a case to court that would allow African Americans to ride wherever they pleased. When Plessy was ordered to leave, he disobeyed and was thrown off the train, arrested, and thrown in jail. He was charged with violating the Louisiana segregation statute of 1890. The Supreme Court ruled in Plessy v. Ferguson that the Louisiana law did not violate the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments, ushering in the legal doctrine of "separate but equal" and Jim Crow Laws. Learn more.

1906: Barbara Pope

Barbara E. Pope (1854-1908) was a high school teacher, fiction author, and active in the Niagara Movement. According to research by Jennifer Harris, as reported in The Washington Post, Pope "boarded at Union Station and saw the 'colored' compartment was cramped and its seats faced backward. She took a seat in the main compartment instead. After they crossed the Potomac into Virginia, a white conductor came and said she had to move. She refused. He threatened her with arrest. She refused again. . . . Pope was arrested and tried for 'violating the separate car law of the State of Virginia' and fined $10 plus court costs." She appealed and filed for damages in federal court. Read more.

1937: Congressman Arthur Wergs Mitchell

On April 21, 1937, Illinois congressman Arthur Wergs Mitchell, was told to move to the section of the train designated for African American passengers, in accordance with the Arkansas Separate Coach Law of 1891.

Under threat of arrest, Mitchell moved to the designated area and filed a lawsuit once he returned to Illinois.

The ICC dismissed the complaint, stating that "the discrimination and prejudice was plainly not unjust or undue." He also lost on appeal to the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, which stated that "the small number of colored passengers asking for first-class accommodations justified an occasional discrimination against them because of their race."

Mitchell appealed that ruling directly to the U.S. Supreme Court, where he presented oral arguments himself. The Supreme Court ruled in his favor on April 28, 1941 in Mitchell v. United States et al. However, his political career in Chicago was over because of his having angered the white political establishment. Read more at the Zinn Education Project.

On March 31, 1941, Reverend Powell of Abyssinian Baptist Church in Harlem led a boycott against two private Manhattan bus lines, the Fifth Avenue Coach Co. and the New York City Omnibus Co. The bus lines refused to hire any Black people except for the job of a porter. In 1939, Powell had started the Greater New York Coordinating Committee for Employment, an organization that led mass demonstrations for the employment of Black workers during the Great Depression. Powell's organization, along with other Harlem groups, called for a boycott of the bus lines. After a one-month boycott, the bus lines agreed to hire 100 Black bus drivers and 70 maintenance workers. The agreement also required the bus lines to abide by an affirmative action policy that ensured that 17 percent of the bus lines' workforce was Black. Learn more.

1955: Claudette Colvin

In early 1955, 15-year-old high school student and NAACP Youth Council member Claudette Colvin was arrested for refusing to give up her seat. As historian Jeanne Theoharis explains:

The driver called out, and the three students sitting in Colvin's row got up but Colvin refused. "We'd been studying the Constitution . . . I knew I had rights." . . . Colvin's case went to trial in May. Colvin had been charged with three crimes. The judge strategically dropped the charge for breaking the segregation law, but found her guilty for assaulting the officers who arrested her. Therefore, appealing her case could not directly challenge the segregation law. Colvin continued to attend Youth Council meetings. Rosa Parks made Colvin secretary of the council, trying to nurture the young woman's spirit and budding leadership. Colvin signed on to be a key plaintiff in Browder v. Gayle, the landmark case that struck down the segregation laws of Montgomery.

Learn more.

Rosa Parks rode home on a cold December evening in 1955. When the bus driver saw that Parks was seated in a part of the bus that an area passenger referred to as "no man's land" because it was not designated white or Black, he told her to "make it light on yourself" and let the driver have the seats. Parks had recognized the driver. It was James F. Blake, the same operator who had mistreated her in 1943, and she decided to ignore him and looked out the window.

Parks' decision to stay put was rooted in her history as a radical activist working with the NAACP and the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. She was a long time activist and in fact, days before, she had attended a mass meeting about the acquittal of the murderers of Emmett Till.

Historian Danielle McGuire writes: "[Parks'] decision to keep her seat on Dec. 1, 1955, was less a mystery than a moment." Far from being tired, Rosa Parks saw an opportunity to resist and she seized it. Rosa Parks' decision pushed local leaders in Montgomery to embark on a 13-month boycott of the Montgomery public buses that ended with the Supreme Court ruling that segregation on buses is unconstitutional. Throughout the boycott, Parks was a key organizer and helped set up taxi services and walking groups that enabled locals to continue to go to work.

On Dec. 5, 1955 the 381-day Montgomery Bus Boycott began. It is one of the most powerful stories of organizing and social change in U.S. history. Yet many people still associate it with an isolated act by Rosa Parks, without the context of Parks' own life of activism, the decades of protests of Jim Crow on public transportation across the country, nor the role of the Women's Political Council of Montgomery. Learn more.

Inspired by the Montgomery Bus Boycott, a group of West Indians in Bristol, England, organized a boycott of the Bristol Omnibus Company for its refusal to employ nonwhite workers on its buses. The Bristol Omnibus Company was a national company owned by British Government since 1950. Four young West Indian men - Roy Hackett, Owen Henry, Audley Evans, and Prince Brown - formed an action group called the West Indian Development Council and, along with youth worker Paul Stephenson, planned a bus boycott. The boycott started on April 29, 1963 and lasted for four months until the company reversed its discriminatory hiring practice. On Sept. 17, Raghbir Singh, a Sikh, was the first person of color to be employed by the company, and a few days later two Jamaican and two Pakistani men joined the company. The Boycott was also a key factor in the passing of the Race Relations Act of 1965. Learn more.

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Transportation Protests: 1841 - 1992 - Civil Rights Teaching

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By Julian Hipkins III and David Busch People in the United States have long relied on public transportation to get to jobs and appointments, go shopping, visit family and friends, and enjoy freedom of movement.

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Afterward interview & who has the right to tell stories

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Afterward interview & who has the right to tell stories

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The interview with Claudette in the afterward is interesting in the context of who has the right to tell others' stories, especially when there is a difference in power. This ties in well to the conversations we had about Free Marcus Katz and the author last year.

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Other students who have led movements. This was linked from Howard Zinn's website as additional reading for the text. (Emily Balliet)

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In light of the outpouring of youth activism for stricter gun laws and against the militarization of schools, Teaching for Change shares these examples of young people at the forefront of social movements throughout U.S. history. We hope these can be useful in the classroom to inform and inspire this generation of activists.

Many youth were among the 19th century abolitionists and the people who were active on the Underground Railroad. For example, Sarah Parker Remond, a member of the Salem Female Anti-Slavery Society, gave her first abolitionist speech at the age of sixteen. Frederick Douglass fought his overseer for freedom at the age of 16. In 1834, Henry Highland Garnet and some of his classmates formed their own club, the Garrison Literary and Benevolent Association. More than 150 African Americans under 20 attended the first meeting. It is estimated that 80% of those who bravely embarked on the Underground Railroad were in their teens or early 20s. Here is a lesson on a people's history of the abolition movement.

In the 1820s, factory owners in Lowell, Massachusetts, began recruiting girls as young as ten years old to work in their textile mills. In 1934, mill owners announced they would be cutting wages, and the girls began meeting to discuss how they should respond. When owners fired one of their leaders, 800 young women walked out on strike. Two years later, the owners announced another wage cut. In response, the young women walked out together and formed the Factory Girls Association and later, the Lowell Female Labor Reform Association. Teach about women in the labor movement with " Birth of a Rank-and-File Organizer" and find more bios of women in the labor movement.

During the summer of July 1899, the children who sold newspapers in New York City, known as "Newsies," went on strike against millionaire newspaper publishers William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer when they raised the wholesale prices of their newspapers but kept the price for their customers the same. After two tumultuous weeks, the strike was successful. The publishers agreed to roll back the price increases and to take back unsold papers at a full refund. Read more. Photograph by Lewis Hine.

On January 28, 1917, 17-year-old Carmelita Torres led the Bath Riots at the Juarez/El Paso border, refusing the toxic "bath" of '"disinfectant" imposed on all Mexican workers coming to the United States. Press accounts estimated that she was joined by several thousand demonstrators at the border bridge. Most who joined the protest were young domestic workers. The chemicals used for the "baths" were originally Zyklon B and later DDT. The protest lasted for three days and was not successful. Read more.

In February 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066, which ordered 120,000 people of Japanese ancestry to be forcefully removed and imprisoned in internment (concentration) camps. U.S. government officials also forced inmates to complete 28 surveys to determine how "American" they were. Many refused to answer the surveys, or only answered "no" on the questionnaires. At Tule Lake in California, thirty-five teenagers protested by refusing to turn in their surveys. They were arrested and taken to jail at gunpoint. Learn more from the film Conscience and the Constitution.

To address the poor facilities at the segregated high school she attended in Farmville, Virginia, sixteen-year-old Barbara Rose Johns decided to take action. She assembled student council members and made a plan to go on strike. On April 23, 1951, Johns and her fellow students went on strike to protest the substandard conditions at Robert Russa Moton High School. As a result, NAACP lawyers met with students and the community and filed a lawsuit at the federal courthouse in Richmond, Virginia. The case was called Davis v. Prince Edward, and it became one of the five cases that the U.S. Supreme Court reviewed in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka when it declared school segregation unconstitutional. Read more.

The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was founded in April 1960 by young people who had emerged as leaders of the sit-in protest movement initiated on February 1 of that year. SNCC veteran Charlie Cobb Jr. explains, "No civil rights action in history had ever swept the South the way that the sit-in movement did; certainly no action driven and led by young people. SNCC's youthfulness was important to what it was and what it became. The number and manner in which young people began emerging as leaders in the civil rights movement in 1960 was unprecedented. As Martin Luther King Jr. put it at a Durham, North Carolina civil rights rally less than a month after sit-ins erupted in Greensboro, 'What is new in your fight is the fact that it was initiated, fed, and sustained by students.' An often ignored effect of this student action was their making legitimate going to jail for a principle. And this changed the students, laying the foundation for everything they would do as SNCC organizers." Read more at SNCCDigital.org. Teach about SNCC with Stepping into Selma and Teaching SNCC: The Organization at the Heart of the Civil Rights Revolution.

In the spring of 1963, Birmingham, Alabama, was the "do-or-die" battleground for the Civil Rights Movement. Heavy intimidation by Birmingham authorities left the Movement floundering. Using word-of-mouth under a veil of secrecy, more than 4,000 African American schoolchildren organized to walk out of classrooms at exactly 11 a.m. on "D-Day," May 2, 1963, touching off a week of mass demonstrations and rioting that shocked the nation. Police tried to stop them. Yet, the children prevailed. Read more. Teachers can request a free documentary film for the classroom from Teaching Tolerance called Mighty Times: The Children's March.

In 1965, Christopher Eckhardt (age 16), John F. Tinker (age 15), Mary Beth Tinker (age 13), Hope Tinker (age 11), Paul Tinker (age 8) along with other students decided to wear black armbands to their schools in Des Moines, Iowa, to mourn the dead on both sides of the Vietnam War and to support a Christmas truce. The Des Moines school board tried to block them from wearing the armbands, and most of the students who wore them were suspended. The students argued that their right to free speech was being violated, and with the help of the American Civil Liberties Union, filed a case that went all the way to the Supreme Court in Tinker v. Des Moines. In 1969, they won. Their victory was based on the precedent of Burnside v. Byars about the right of high school students in Mississippi to wear buttons advocating the right to vote. Read more.

In 1968, Mexican American students in East Los Angeles took action to protest Anglo-centric textbooks, poor funding for schools, and other racist policies toward Chicano students. In March 1968, students presented a list of 39 demands to the school district including bilingual and bicultural education, improvement of school libraries, an end to corporal punishment, and more. An estimated 15,000-20,000 students walked out of class at five Los Angeles high schools in what became known as the "blowouts." Teach about the blowouts with " The History All Around Us: Roosevelt High School and the 1968 Eastside Blowouts."

Over the last decade, undocumented youth, known as DREAMers (for the Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors, or DREAM Act), have built a movement to push for changes to immigration law − speaking out publicly about their situation, staging demonstrations, holding hunger strikes, forming alliances with other movements, and more. In 2012, after DREAMers protested and lobbied against President Obama's aggressive deportation program, he issued an executive order creating the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program which now protects nearly 800,000 Dreamers from deportation. In September, when President Trump announced he was canceling DACA, students walked out of high schools in Denver, Fort Worth, Phoenix, Washington, D.C., and Albuquerque, among other cities. Within hours of the announcement, the President backed down from his original position, yet their status remains unresolved. Learn more at United We Dream, DreamActivist, and Dream Action Coalition.

In February 2012, unarmed teenager Trayvon Martin was killed by George Zimmerman in Sanford, Florida. Initially no charges were filed against Zimmerman, and as the story spread, so did outrage. In March, thousands of students walked out of elementary, middle, and high schools across Miami, where Martin had attended high school. In April, young activists who would go on to found the Dream Defenders organized a march from Daytona to Sanford. The students walked for three days to Sanford and then blocked the doors to the police station until local officials and law enforcement agreed to meet with them to hear their demands. Martin's killing and the Dream Defenders' organizing efforts helped give rise to today's ongoing #BlackLivesMatter movement. Learn more about Black Lives Matter and the Florida-based Dream Defenders. Find lessons in Teaching for Black Lives from Rethinking Schools.

Eagle Scout is the highest rank that a Boy Scout can earn. In 2012, a Boy Scout troop leader refused to approve seventeen-year-old Ryan Andresen's Eagle Scout badge project, a tile wall with an anti-bullying message, after he came out to his Boy Scout troop as gay. That same year, the Boy Scouts of America announced that they would continue to exclude openly gay participants from the organization as leaders or participants. Following the announcement, Eagle Scouts of all ages began to resign and return their medals to the BSA offices. Within a year more than 200 posted letters explaining why they resigned online. In 2013, the BSA decided to allow openly gay youth into scouting, and two years later they decided to allow openly gay leaders. Read more.

In 2015, 21 children from around the country filed suit against the U.S. government in a case called Juliana v. US. They argued that by adopting policies that promote fossil fuel use, leading to the emission of carbon dioxide at rates that change the climate, despite knowing these energy sources are warming the planet, the federal government violates "the youngest generation's constitutional rights to life, liberty, and property," and fails to protect essential resources held in trust for the public. Read more in Teen Vogue and Our Children's Trust.

On October 26, 2015, Niya Kenny witnessed a violent altercation in her math classroom at Spring Valley High School in Columbia, South Carolina. A school resource officer flipped a classmate over in her desk and dragged her across the room. Kenny spoke up against the officer's actions. As a result, she was arrested along with her classmate. After widespread protest, the charges were dropped. Kenny has worked with the Alliance for Educational Justice to launch an #AssaultAt hashtag so that students can track and expose other examples of assaults on students by school police.

The protest of the Dakota Access Pipeline at Standing Rock that made international news got its start with 13-year-old Tokata Iron Eyes and her friends. As described in this article, "when they heard about plans to reroute the Dakota Access Pipeline away from Bismarck and through sacred land, they took action. As part of the Standing Rock Youth, a group of about 30 young people from the Standing Rock Sioux community, they decided to go online, and make their issue known. Thirteen-year-old Anna Lee Rain Yellowhammer, also a member of the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe, spearheaded a Change.org petition in late April, simply called 'Stop the Dakota Access Pipeline.'" Read more. Teach about this history with Standing with Standing Rock: A Role Play on the Dakota Access Pipeline.

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In light of the outpouring of youth activism for stricter gun laws and against the militarization of schools, Teaching for Change shares these examples of young people at the forefront of social...

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Isabel Wilkerson [Caste] on widening conversations around race to include caste, and working together to care for everyone as a whole/as a species.  A very thoughtful and brief conversation about Wilkerson's ideas/the book.

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Isabel Wilkerson [Caste] on widening conversations around race to include caste, and working together to care for everyone as a whole/as a species.  A very thoughtful and brief conversation about Wilkerson's ideas/the book.

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https://open.spotify.com/episode/35UghMepGMyzLI5FhKcFCX

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Isabel Wilkerson - "We all know in our bones that things are harder than they have to be."

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Listen to this episode from On Being with Krista Tippett on Spotify. In this rich, expansive, and warm conversation between friends, Krista draws out the heart for humanity behind Isabel Wilkerson's eye on histories we are only now communally learning to tell - her devotion to understanding not merely who we have been, but who we can be.

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This article debunks three persistent racial myths related to athleticism, IQ, and health.
https://www.sapiens.org/biology/athletics-iq-health-myths-of-race/

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Teaching APUSH w/clear opportunities for callbacks to the text:

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Teaching APUSH w/clear opportunities for callbacks to the text:

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The text gives history teachers the chance to put a name and face to the experiences of the Jim Crow South, the Second Great Migration, the Civil Rights Movement, the media's framing of the Black Power movement, and the international student protest movement of 1968. Additionally, the text allows teachers to incorporate stories of Black joy and triumph. -Megan (History Megan B.)

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25 best films about "Sports and Moving Black America Forward" (LA Times)

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25 best films about "Sports and Moving Black America Forward" (LA Times)

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https://www.latimes.com/sports/story/2023-07-15/25-films-about-sports-and-moving-black-america-forward

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Reserved for Community Block 9/7 for BRIDGE student-led discussions across campus: Miller, the gym, the library reading room and Norris for the 9/7 student-led talks. (Sarah booked with Claire, we can follow up later when we know needs for the space) We are hoping to have different grade levels spread out across those spaces to discuss the PrepReads books, and we won't know fully which ones until we coordinate with BRIDGE (which might happen mid-late August).

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NY Times Teaching Resources on Race and Racism

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NY Times Teaching Resources on Race and Racism

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For those of us anxious/wanting additional ideas.

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Resources for Teaching About Race and Racism With The New York Times (Published 2021)

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A curated collection of over 75 lesson plans, writing prompts, short films and graphs relating to racism and racial justice.

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Tyke working with Halia and Cameron--interest in students leading discussion forums.  Maybe invite students or student groups from other schools too?
T emailed Claire to book a Community Block.

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1. Gregory Kaliss–Beyond the Black Power Salute…..”Unequal opportunity sparked Jim Brown’s endeavors to encourage Black development while Billie Jean King fought so that women tennis players could earn more money and enjoy greater freedom. Gregory J. Kaliss examines these events and others to guide readers through the unprecedented wave of protest that swept sports in the 1960s and 1970s. The little-known story of the University of Wyoming football players suspended for their activism highlights an analysis of protests by college athletes. The 1971 Muhammad Ali–Joe Frazier clash provides a high-profile example of the Black male athlete’s effort to redefine Black masculinity. An in-depth look at the American Basketball Association reveals a league that put Black culture front and center with its style of play and shows how the ABA influenced the development of hip-hop. As Kaliss describes the breakthroughs achieved by these athletes, he also explores the barriers that remained--and in some cases remain today.”

**Also by him of interest:

Men’s College Athletics and the Politics of Racial Equality: Five Pioneer Stories of Black Manliness, White Citizenship, and American Democracy (Temple University Press, 2012; paperback edition, 2014).

“’Never Go Back’: Pasadena Racial Politics and the Robinson Brothers,” in LA Sports: Play, Games, and Community in the City of Angels (University of Arkansas Press, 2018)

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From Jessie, suggested readings for context:

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From Jessie, suggested readings for context:

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The Dark End of the Street – This might be a bit too much, but passages might add context.  I plan to read it this summer and am happy to give suggestions.

The Rebellious Life of Mrs. Rosa Parks – The first book written about her for adults rather than children.  Also written after her death so there were more personal documentation available to scholars to draw upon.  I think this could be really cool and am also planning to read this!

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ARTIST AND DOCUMENTARY from Pressley Huie

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ARTIST AND DOCUMENTARY from Pressley Huie

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The artist I met, Glenn Kaino, created a bunch of different works revolving around Tommie Smith. I'm just going to list them below, they're really interesting and I think you'll like reading and looking at his work. There's also a documentary he made called With Drawn Arms, I think you can watch it on Hulu.

http://www.glennkainostudio.com/exhibition/with-drawn-arms

(A link to Glenn's collection about Tommie Smith)

https://kavigupta.com/content/feature/877/artworks-9319-glenn-kaino-salute-final-turn-2019/

https://www.pacegallery.com/journal/passing-baton-glenn-kaino/

Pressley Huie

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Laura and Tyke met to talk about debunking scientific background of race theories.  Laura hopes to include that in the opening year forums (maybe Hiwat will do background research on it?  She has already read about it.). Then, later in the year--more in-depth follow-ups.  Laura and Kiara have spoken as well.

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Laura and Tyke met to talk about debunking scientific background of race theories.  Laura hopes to include that in the opening year forums (maybe Hiwat will do background research on it?  She has already read about it.). Then, later in the year--more in-depth follow-ups.  Laura and Kiara have spoken as well.