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Many athletes who were preparing for the postponed 2020 Tokyo Olympics struggled with anxiety, uncertainty, and disrupted routines as a result of the pandemic. Sam Parsons, a runner for Germany, suffered a panic attack when he realized his Olympic dream was at risk after finishing tenth in the 5,000 metres at the Drake Relays in April. Other athletes have also spoken out about their mental health struggles, including Simone Manuel, a four-time medalist in swimming, and Sam Mikulak, a gymnast. The pandemic has affected athletes' access to training facilities, treatment, and their ability to compete, leading to a rise in injuries and fatigue.

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Physically and Mentally Taxed, Olympic Hopefuls Near the Finish (Published 2021)

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The pandemic year disrupted athletes’ training routines, leaving many depressed, anxious and seeking help.

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Rowing is a high-intensity sport that requires both aerobic and anaerobic energy systems. It involves races lasting between 5.5 to 7 minutes over 2000m in different classes of boats with varying occupants, the presence of a coxswain steering, and whether the boat is sculled or rowed. Rowing competitions are divided into lightweight and heavyweight divisions. Nutrition plays a significant role in managing the demands of training and competition. Rowers require high-energy, carbohydrate-rich diets to meet body weight, development, and strength goals. Rowers also need to pay attention to hydration needs, particularly during long training sessions and competitions. A pre-event meal should provide sufficient fuel and hydration without leaving the athlete feeling uncomfortable. During the competition, athletes can consume carbohydrate-rich fluids and small snacks such as muesli bars or fruit to top up their energy levels. I think this article relates to my book because it shows another thing that they have to do to maintain a good diet/ nutrition. This helps me understand the struggles to become the best because they have to eat foods again and again otherwise they will break the diet!

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About Rowing

Rowing requires great power and strength, and uses both the aerobic and anaerobic energy systems. Racing is a near-maximal effort lasting between 5.5 to 7 minutes over 2000m depending on the class of boat and the competition level. Classes differ between:

The number of occupants in the boat (single, double/pair, four/quad, eight)

The presence of a coxswain steering

Whether the boat is sculled (two oars per person) or rowed (one oar each)

Rowing is divided by lightweight and heavyweight competition. In the lightweight division, male athletes are not permitted to exceed 72.5kg with a crew average of 70kg. For lightweight females, the maximum individual weight is 59kg with a crew average of 57kg. Nutrition plays a key role in managing the demands of training and competition.

Rowing requires long hours of training, with 1 to 2 daily rowing sessions, in addition to gym sessions 3 to 4 times a week to develop strength and endurance. Cross-training sessions such as running, cycling and rowing ergometer sessions are also common.

Competition

Regattas can range from two days of competition, up to one week and heats and finals precede a berth in the finals. In major regattas, rowers may race once or twice in one day and in club regattas rowers may race up to three times per day of competition. On rest days, some light training may be organised. Lightweight rowers must weigh-in 1-2 hours prior to the first of their races on each day they race.

Training diet for rowers

A high energy and carbohydrate diet is required to support the training and competition demands of rowers and meet body weight, development and strength goals. For male heavyweight rowers in particular (taller and more muscular than their lightweight counterparts), can struggle with the volume of food they need to consume to meet strength and training requirements, especially when training, work and study commitments can interfere with typical snack times.

The use of transportable, energy-dense snacks is essential to meet daily requirements without adding too much extra volume and include food items such as:

Cereal and muesli bars

Flavoured yoghurts

Low fat fruit muffins

Fruit loaf, bread and English muffins with thick spreads of peanut paste, jam or honey

Drinks e.g. sports drinks, juice, flavoured milk, liquid meals

These types of snacks are also useful as pre-training snacks before heading to early morning training sessions. Rowers also need to pay attention to recovery nutrition for multiple training sessions over the day (see our fact sheets on Eating and Drinking During & After Sport).

Lightweight rowers have similar nutritional priorities but these often need to be met simultaneously with weight management. This is a nutritionally-challenging situation that is best managed with the support and experience of a sports dietitian. To seek an accredited sports dietitian, go to Find a Sports Dietitian.

Hydration needs

Rowers have high fluid requirements. Long training sessions on the water (even in cold weather) lead to significant sweat losses, particularly when undertaken twice a day. In Australia, regattas are mainly held over the warmer months and often involve long hours in the hot sun. Rowers should monitor their fluid losses by weighing before and after training sessions and competition. Rowers can assess how much fluid they lose during a training session by weighing themselves pre and post training. For every 1 kilogram lost, 1.5 litres of fluid needs to be replaced.

Some practical tips on staying hydrated:

Rowers should try to begin every training session well hydrated

Sufficient water bottles are needed training and some can be kept in the coaches' boat for top-ups

The aim is to drink every time there is a break in the training session or alternatively a camel-back can be used: aim for regular sips throughout the session

During long sessions, hard training cycles or hot weather, sports drinks are the recommended fluid choice as they supply carbohydrate and electrolytes together with fluid.

Sports drinks are suitable fluids during long training sessions (more than 60 mins) or if training for maximum performance and are ideal during competition as they provide electrolytes and carbohydrate along with the fluid in between events. Moreover, they can also help to achieve high fuel goals, especially in the case of adolescent male or heavyweight rowers' development, strength goals and training needs.

What should I eat pre-event?

The ideal pre-event meal will provide sufficient fuel and hydrate you without leaving you feeling uncomfortable. Suitable foods are usually low in fat and fibre and high in carbohydrate. You and your team members should experiment to find the routines that work best for your situation. If you are a lightweight rower a sports dietitian can help you to develop an eating plan so that you can make the weight and still perform at your best.

To avoid stomach discomfort, foods low in fibre and fat can be preferred. Ensure that the meal is well planned and includes familiar foods and fluids. Examples include:

Breakfast cereal + low fat milk

Fruit salad + low fat yoghurt

English muffin or crumpet with jam/honey

Sandwich/roll + salad + lean meat/cheese

If nervous pre-event and appetite is a problem, carbohydrate-rich fluids can be an alternative, such as a low fat milk or smoothie or liquid meal replacement e.g. Sustagen® Sport. A small snack such as a muesli bar, fruit or dried fruit can be eaten about an hour prior to the race as a final effort to top up energy levels.

What should I eat during competition?

The major regattas usually run for two days to a week with rowers often have only one race per day. At the week to week regattas rowers may race in up to three or four events meaning that there is little time for rest and recovery in between. Eating during competition can be difficult, when nerves and a busy schedule can take over! Practising competition eating during training sessions will help to identify food choices that will suit them best. Examples:

If less than 30 minutes between races: fluids, sports drinks, juices, glucose lollies and fruit are the best options (as they are rapidly digested from the gut)

If 30-60 minutes between races: sandwiches with honey/jam/banana, sports bars, cereal bars or low fat muesli bars are good choices.

If 1-2 hours between races: pasta, rice or noodle-based dishes with low fat sauce/toppings or sandwiches or rolls are good choices.

If more than 2 hours between races: a more substantial meal or meal replacement can be eaten (with plenty of fluids, of course!)

Rowers need to be prepared with snacks as regatta courses can be some distance away from shops. An Esky packed with plenty of fluids and snacks like cereal bars, fruit and sandwiches can be a handy way of keeping food cool and safe by the water.

What about recovery?

Left to chance, recovery eating may take a back seat to loading the boat trailer, meetings, stretching, watching races or the trip back home or the team hotel. Handy recovery snacks that can be consumed simultaneously with these activities include sports drinks, liquid meal supplements (e.g. Sustagen Sport), fruit, sandwiches and cereal bars as quick options. A substantial meal should follow within 2-4 hours of finishing for optimal recovery. This is especially important during a regatta that is held over a few days or during weeks of heavy training.

If celebrating a victory, rowers need to ensure that nutrition recovery goals are met before drinking starts! If there isn't time for a substantial meal, a snack containing carbohydrate, protein and fluids should be consumed soon after the event.

Other Nutrition Tips

Lightweight rowers often face special challenges fuelling for training sessions and managing weight targets simultaneously. Specialist advice from a sports dietitian can help to minimise health risks and maximise performance. For tips on making weight, click here to see our fact sheet or go to Find a Sports Dietitian for individualised advice.

Iron levels: Some rowers may have problems with low iron levels, especially females and/or lightweight rowers with restricted intakes. Iron levels should be checked regularly during heavy training or if fatigue levels are unusual. See our fact sheet on Iron Deficiency in Athletes and speak to a Sports Dietitian on increasing iron in your diet.

Although supplements may be tempting to some rowers, it is important to speak to a sports dietitian first before taking anything to ensure that it is safe to take.

*Content in this fact sheet should be considered general advice only and may not suit your circumstances. Before modifying your diet, consult an Accredited Sports Dietitian. All content is regularly peer reviewed before publishing.

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Food for Rowing - Sports Dietitians Australia (SDA)

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Rowing requires great power and strength, and uses both the aerobic and anaerobic energy systems. Racing is a near-maximal effort lasting between 5.5 to 7 minutes over 2000m depending on the class of boat and the competition level.

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This article has introduced the genre of biography. It has described the historical development of the genre, and described the various forms of biography, including historical, literary, and legacy writing. It has also discussed the importance of the subject's life and death, and the importance of the subject's family in the development of a biography. I think this relates to my book because it is a biograpy. This helps me understand that some of it might not be true.

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A biography, or simply bio, is a detailed description of a person's life. It involves more than just the basic facts like education, work, relationships, and death; it portrays a person's experience of these life events. Unlike a profile or curriculum vitae ( résumé), a biography presents a subject's life story, highlighting various aspects of their life, including intimate details of experience, and may include an analysis of the subject's personality.

Biographical works are usually non-fiction, but fiction can also be used to portray a person's life. One in-depth form of biographical coverage is called legacy writing. Works in diverse media, from literature to film, form the genre known as biography.

An authorized biography is written with the permission, cooperation, and at times, participation of a subject or a subject's heirs. An autobiography is written by the person themselves, sometimes with the assistance of a collaborator or ghostwriter.

At first, biographical writings were regarded merely as a subsection of history with a focus on a particular individual of historical importance. The independent genre of biography as distinct from general history writing, began to emerge in the 18th century and reached its contemporary form at the turn of the 20th century.

Historical biography

One of the earliest biographers was Cornelius Nepos, who published his work Excellentium Imperatorum Vitae ("Lives of outstanding generals") in 44 BC. Longer and more extensive biographies were written in Greek by Plutarch, in his Parallel Lives, published about 80 A.D. In this work famous Greeks are paired with famous Romans, for example the orators Demosthenes and Cicero, or the generals Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar; some fifty biographies from the work survive. Another well-known collection of ancient biographies is De vita Caesarum ("On the Lives of the Caesars") by Suetonius, written about AD 121 in the time of the emperor Hadrian.

In the early Middle Ages (AD 400 to 1450), there was a decline in awareness of the classical culture in Europe. During this time, the only repositories of knowledge and records of the early history in Europe were those of the Roman Catholic Church. Hermits, monks, and priests used this historic period to write biographies. Their subjects were usually restricted to the church fathers, martyrs, popes, and saints. Their works were meant to be inspirational to the people and vehicles for conversion to Christianity (see Hagiography). One significant secular example of a biography from this period is the life of Charlemagne by his courtier Einhard.

In Medieval Western India, there was a Sanskrit Jain literary genre of writing semi-historical biographical narratives about the lives of famous persons called Prabandhas. Prabandhas were written primarily by Jain scholars from 13th century onwards and were written in colloquial Sanskrit (as opposed to Classical Sanskrit).The earliest collection explicitly titled Prabandha- is Jinabhadra's Prabandhavali (1234 CE).

In Medieval Islamic Civilization (c. AD 750 to 1258), similar traditional Muslim biographies of Muhammad and other important figures in the early history of Islam began to be written, beginning the Prophetic biography tradition. Early biographical dictionaries were published as compendia of famous Islamic personalities from the 9th century onwards. They contained more social data for a large segment of the population than other works of that period. The earliest biographical dictionaries initially focused on the lives of the prophets of Islam and their companions, with one of these early examples being The Book of The Major Classes by Ibn Sa'd al-Baghdadi. And then began the documentation of the lives of many other historical figures (from rulers to scholars) who lived in the medieval Islamic world.

By the late Middle Ages, biographies became less church-oriented in Europe as biographies of kings, knights, and tyrants began to appear. The most famous of such biographies was Le Morte d'Arthur by Sir Thomas Malory. The book was an account of the life of the fabled King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table. Following Malory, the new emphasis on humanism during the Renaissance promoted a focus on secular subjects, such as artists and poets, and encouraged writing in the vernacular.

Giorgio Vasari's Lives of the Artists (1550) was the landmark biography focusing on secular lives. Vasari made celebrities of his subjects, as the Lives became an early "bestseller". Two other developments are noteworthy: the development of the printing press in the 15th century and the gradual increase in literacy.

Biographies in the English language began appearing during the reign of Henry VIII. John Foxe's Actes and Monuments (1563), better known as Foxe's Book of Martyrs, was essentially the first dictionary of the biography in Europe, followed by Thomas Fuller's The History of the Worthies of England (1662), with a distinct focus on public life.

Influential in shaping popular conceptions of pirates, A General History of the Pyrates (1724), by Charles Johnson, is the prime source for the biographies of many well-known pirates.

A notable early collection of biographies of eminent men and women in the United Kingdom was Biographia Britannica (1747-1766) edited by William Oldys.

The American biography followed the English model, incorporating Thomas Carlyle's view that biography was a part of history. Carlyle asserted that the lives of great human beings were essential to understanding society and its institutions. While the historical impulse would remain a strong element in early American biography, American writers carved out a distinct approach. What emerged was a rather didactic form of biography, which sought to shape the individual character of a reader in the process of defining national character.

Emergence of the genre

The first modern biography, and a work which exerted considerable influence on the evolution of the genre, was James Boswell's The Life of Samuel Johnson, a biography of lexicographer and man-of-letters Samuel Johnson published in 1791.[unreliable source? ]

While Boswell's personal acquaintance with his subject only began in 1763, when Johnson was 54 years old, Boswell covered the entirety of Johnson's life by means of additional research. Itself an important stage in the development of the modern genre of biography, it has been claimed to be the greatest biography written in the English language. Boswell's work was unique in its level of research, which involved archival study, eye-witness accounts and interviews, its robust and attractive narrative, and its honest depiction of all aspects of Johnson's life and character - a formula which serves as the basis of biographical literature to this day.

Biographical writing generally stagnated during the 19th century - in many cases there was a reversal to the more familiar hagiographical method of eulogizing the dead, similar to the biographies of saints produced in Medieval times. A distinction between mass biography and literary biography began to form by the middle of the century, reflecting a breach between high culture and middle-class culture. However, the number of biographies in print experienced a rapid growth, thanks to an expanding reading public. This revolution in publishing made books available to a larger audience of readers. In addition, affordable paperback editions of popular biographies were published for the first time. Periodicals began publishing a sequence of biographical sketches.

Autobiographies became more popular, as with the rise of education and cheap printing, modern concepts of fame and celebrity began to develop. Autobiographies were written by authors, such as Charles Dickens (who incorporated autobiographical elements in his novels) and Anthony Trollope, (his Autobiography appeared posthumously, quickly becoming a bestseller in London), philosophers, such as John Stuart Mill, churchmen - John Henry Newman - and entertainers - P. T. Barnum.

Modern biography

The sciences of psychology and sociology were ascendant at the turn of the 20th century and would heavily influence the new century's biographies. The demise of the "great man" theory of history was indicative of the emerging mindset. Human behavior would be explained through Darwinian theories. "Sociological" biographies conceived of their subjects' actions as the result of the environment, and tended to downplay individuality. The development of psychoanalysis led to a more penetrating and comprehensive understanding of the biographical subject, and induced biographers to give more emphasis to childhood and adolescence. Clearly these psychological ideas were changing the way biographies were written, as a culture of autobiography developed, in which the telling of one's own story became a form of therapy. The conventional concept of heroes and narratives of success disappeared in the obsession with psychological explorations of personality.

British critic Lytton Strachey revolutionized the art of biographical writing with his 1918 work Eminent Victorians, consisting of biographies of four leading figures from the Victorian era: Cardinal Manning, Florence Nightingale, Thomas Arnold, and General Gordon. Strachey set out to breathe life into the Victorian era for future generations to read. Up until this point, as Strachey remarked in the preface, Victorian biographies had been "as familiar as the cortège of the undertaker", and wore the same air of "slow, funereal barbarism." Strachey defied the tradition of "two fat volumes... of undigested masses of material" and took aim at the four iconic figures. His narrative demolished the myths that had built up around these cherished national heroes, whom he regarded as no better than a "set of mouth bungled hypocrites". The book achieved worldwide fame due to its irreverent and witty style, its concise and factually accurate nature, and its artistic prose.

In the 1920s and '30s, biographical writers sought to capitalize on Strachey's popularity by imitating his style. This new school featured iconoclasts, scientific analysts, and fictional biographers and included Gamaliel Bradford, André Maurois, and Emil Ludwig, among others. Robert Graves ( I, Claudius, 1934) stood out among those following Strachey's model of "debunking biographies." The trend in literary biography was accompanied in popular biography by a sort of "celebrity voyeurism", in the early decades of the century. This latter form's appeal to readers was based on curiosity more than morality or patriotism. By World War I, cheap hard-cover reprints had become popular. The decades of the 1920s witnessed a biographical "boom."

The feminist scholar Carolyn Heilbrun observed that women's biographies and autobiographies began to change character during the second wave of feminist activism. She cited Nancy Milford's 1970 biography Zelda, as the "beginning of a new period of women's biography, because "[only] in 1970 were we ready to read not that Zelda had destroyed Fitzgerald, but Fitzgerald her: he had usurped her narrative." Heilbrun named 1973 as the turning point in women's autobiography, with the publication of May Sarton's Journal of a Solitude, for that was the first instance where a woman told her life story, not as finding "beauty even in pain" and transforming "rage into spiritual acceptance," but acknowledging what had previously been forbidden to women: their pain, their rage, and their "open admission of the desire for power and control over one's life."

Recent years

In recent years, multimedia biography has become more popular than traditional literary forms. Along with documentary biographical films, Hollywood produced numerous commercial films based on the lives of famous people. The popularity of these forms of biography have led to the proliferation of TV channels dedicated to biography, including A&E, The Biography Channel, and The History Channel.

CD-ROM and online biographies have also appeared. Unlike books and films, they often do not tell a chronological narrative: instead they are archives of many discrete media elements related to an individual person, including video clips, photographs, and text articles. Biography-Portraits were created in 2001, by the German artist Ralph Ueltzhoeffer. Media scholar Lev Manovich says that such archives exemplify the database form, allowing users to navigate the materials in many ways. General "life writing" techniques are a subject of scholarly study.

In recent years, debates have arisen as to whether all biographies are fiction, especially when authors are writing about figures from the past. President of Wolfson College at Oxford University, Hermione Lee argues that all history is seen through a perspective that is the product of one's contemporary society and as a result, biographical truths are constantly shifting. So, the history biographers write about will not be the way that it happened; it will be the way they remembered it. Debates have also arisen concerning the importance of space in life-writing.

Daniel R. Meister in 2017 argued that:

Biography Studies is emerging as an independent discipline, especially in the Netherlands. This Dutch School of biography is moving biography studies away from the less scholarly life writing tradition and towards history by encouraging its practitioners to utilize an approach adapted from microhistory.

Biographical research

Biographical research is defined by Miller as a research method that collects and analyses a person's whole life, or portion of a life, through the in-depth and unstructured interview, or sometimes reinforced by semi-structured interview or personal documents. It is a way of viewing social life in procedural terms, rather than static terms. The information can come from "oral history, personal narrative, biography and autobiography" or "diaries, letters, memoranda and other materials". The central aim of biographical research is to produce rich descriptions of persons or "conceptualise structural types of actions", which means to "understand the action logics or how persons and structures are interlinked". This method can be used to understand an individual's life within its social context or understand the cultural phenomena.

Critical issues

There are many largely unacknowledged pitfalls to writing good biographies, and these largely concern the relation between firstly the individual and the context, and, secondly, the private and public. Paul James writes:

The problems with such conventional biographies are manifold. Biographies usually treat the public as a reflection of the private, with the private realm being assumed to be foundational. This is strange given that biographies are most often written about public people who project a persona. That is, for such subjects the dominant passages of the presentation of themselves in everyday life are already formed by what might be called a 'self-biofication' process.

Book awards

Several countries offer an annual prize for writing a biography such as the:

References

Butler, Paul (19 April 2012). "James Boswell's 'Life of Johnson': The First Modern Biography". University of Mary Washington Libraries. Archived from the original on 11 November 2014.

Casper, Scott E. (1999). Constructing American Lives: Biography and Culture in Nineteenth-Century America. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-4765-7.

Derham, Katie (2014) [First published in 2014]. The Art of Life: Are Biographies Fiction? (MP4) (Video). Stephen Frears, Hermione Lee, Ray Monk. Institute of Arts and Ideas.

Hughes, Kathryn (2009). "Review of Teaching Life Writing Texts, ed. Miriam Fuchs and Craig Howes" (PDF). Journal of Historical Biography. 5: 159-163. ISSN 1911-8538.

Ingram, Allan; Rawson, Claude; Waingrow, Marshall; Boswell, James (1998). "James Boswell's 'Life of Johnson': An Edition of the Original Manuscript, in Four Volumes. Vol. 1. 1709-1765". The Yearbook of English Studies. 28: 319-320. doi:10.2307/3508791. JSTOR 3508791.

James, Paul (2013). "Closing Reflections: Confronting Contradictions in Biographies of Nations and Peoples". Humanities Research. 19 (1): 124.

Jones, Malcolm (28 October 2009). "Boswell, Johnson, & the Birth of Modern Biography". Newsweek. New York. ISSN 0028-9604.

Lee, Hermione (2009). Biography: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-953354-1.

Meister, Daniel R. (2018). "The biographical turn and the case for historical biography". History Compass. 16 (1): 2. doi:10.1111/hic3.12436. ISSN 1478-0542.

Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1918). "Biography". Encyclopedia Americana. Vol. 3. pp. 718-719.

Roberts, Brian (2002). Biographical Research. Understanding Social Research. Buckingham, England: Open University Press. ISBN 978-0-335-20287-4.

Roberts, Charles George Douglas, ed. (6 December 1883). "Literary Gossip". . Vol. 1, no. 1. p. 13.

Stone, Albert E. (1982). Autobiographical Occasions and Original Acts: Versions of American Identity from Henry Adams to Nate Shaw. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-7845-3.

(Subscription or Turnbull, Gordon (2019-10-10). "Boswell, James (1740-1795), lawyer, diarist, and biographer of Samuel Johnson". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/2950. UK public library membership required.)

Zinn, Jens O. (2004). Introduction to Biographical Research (Working paper 2004/4). Canterbury, England: Social Contexts and Responses to Risk Network, University of Kent.

Further reading

External links

"Biography", In Our Time, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Richard Holmes, Nigel Hamilton and Amanda Foreman (June 22, 2000).

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A biography, or simply bio, is a detailed description of a person's life. It involves more than just the basic facts like education, work, relationships, and death; it portrays a person's experience of these life events.

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Boat construction is very important. The designs of the boat and how sharp the edges are, all affect the way it slices through the water. This article talks about the construction of a racing shell, the design, and the finish of the boat. In the design section of the article, it talks about their design for the racing shells, in the section about the construction talks about how their company, "Carl Douglas" makes the shell and "The shoulders." Finally, in the last section, "Finish," they talk about why the finish on the wood is important and how the swift boats that go through the water shine and sparkle. Read more to find out how boats are made and the process from simple wood, to a beautiful boat. This is important and relates to my book because it lets readers understand how the boats glide on the water and the importance of the structure of the boats. Understanding how the boats are made, and the different types of boats let readers understand the book more and develop more ideas about rowing because they have a background understanding of rowing boats.

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Carl Douglas is a Chartered Engineer and takes hull design seriously. His skills in fluid mechanics, structures and materials science are used to the full in designing these unique, ultra-light racing shells.

With computer-assisted hydrodynamic design, our racing boats are out-and-out racing machines.

We know no faster design. Our boats do less than any other boat to slow you down. They run true and stay dry. Their minimum-drag hull geometry knifes through water, smooth or rough, helped by our deep-Vee bow section.

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Racing boat design | Carl Douglas Racing Shells

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Carl Douglas is a Chartered Engineer and takes hull design seriously. His skills in fluid mechanics, structures and materials science are used to the full in designing these unique, ultra-light racing shells. With computer-assisted hydrodynamic design, our racing boats are out-and-out racing machines. We know no faster design.

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Pulling together, University of Washington

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Pulling together, University of Washington

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In this article, it talks about the story of the boys at the University of Washington. There are also profiles of all the boys who rowed the boat at the 1936 Olympics. This article shows the shell house the boys used, the coach and his story, as well as the radio coverage of the first Olympics they won. This article is important and relates to my book because it shows the stories of the University and can give readers background information about the University and where history was made for rowing as well as the Olympics. The book "The Boys in the Boat," talks about the journey of the group of boys who strive to row to the Olympics. This article can help readers understand the book more because it talks about where it all happened as well as provided radio coverage, videos, pictures, and articles about the University and the boys.

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Today, a decade after the publication of Daniel James Brown's bestseller "The Boys in the Boat," with a George Clooney film adaptation on the horizon (release and premiere dates are not yet set), the epic story of the Husky eight lives on at the UW.

"Before the book, we at the UW knew it was a great story, but now the whole world knows about it," says UW Men's Rowing Head Coach Michael Callahan, who himself rowed for Washington from 1992 to 1996. "Trust, teamwork and perseverance - Ulbrickson, Bolles and Pocock taught those values then, and we teach them today."

The Husky Clipper currently hangs from the rafters of Conibear Shellhouse, where the UW men's and women's crews now train - a short walk north from the ASUW Shell House. But "The Boys in the Boat" isn't the only story of inspiration housed in Conibear. "Young people appreciate that greatness has happened here," says Callahan. "But they're also here to create their own legacy."

That they have. Just inside the south entrance is a room lined with glass cases of trophies, medals and plaques honoring the many achievements of the UW men's and women's rowing programs. Behind each award was a unique group of Huskies who trained hard, pulled as one and became part of a whole that was greater than the sum of its parts. And who, with the UW community's support behind them, added another chapter to the storied history of rowing at the University of Washington.
Story by Jamie Swenson. Except where noted, h Originally published May 2023 istoric photos and ephemera courtesy of UW Special Collections.

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Today, a decade after the publication of Daniel James Brown's bestseller "The Boys in the Boat," with a George Clooney film adaptation on the horizon (release and premiere dates are not yet set), the epic story of the Husky eight lives on at the UW.

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In the article the author exposes Joe Rantz girlfriend and explains how much of an effect she has to his life.  Joe Rantz's beloved girlfriend, and later his wife,  Joyce Simdars is a lovely, kind woman and, like Joe, highly intelligent and ambitious. Joyce comes from a devoutly Christian family, in which there seems to be little overt affection. Partly as a result, she's drawn to Joe's warm, loving personality. Joyce takes a series of difficult jobs to pay her way through the University of Washington; shortly after Joe wins a gold medal at the Olympics, she marries him, and they stay together for the rest of her life. She brought a bunch of courage and determination to Joe's life.
Connection to book:  I think that this connects to my book because it helps me understand the background of Joe a little more because this shows more about why Joe reacts to things the way he does.

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'The Boys in the Boat'
A riveting tale of the '36 Washington Crew

Daniel James Brown's "The Boys in the Boat," the story of the 1936 University of Washington Crew that won the Berlin Olympics, is above all another tale from America's Greatest Generation; framed by the personal experiences of the nine young UW rowers and their coaches during the early years of the Great Depression, the book is not short on recounting examples of the kind of heroism, determination and grit on a personal scale that has led us to view this generation of men and women with a deserved mixture of nostalgia and admiration.

This is a book that's engaging on many levels as an athletic story and a Depression-era history, and manages to tie both together neatly through the prism of rowing. Brown's major advantage and entree to the story of the '36 UW crew, which he recounts in the prologue, is that he knew the man who would become his major protagonist, Joe Rantz, personally; Rantz was his neighbor in Washington, and the source of much of the book comes directly from personal conversations between the author and Rantz, which ultimately makes for a very strong narrative.

Joe Rantz arrives at UW in the fall of 1933 after a childhood and youth that would make a mockery of the word "hardscrabble"; his mother died young, his father and stepmother abandoned him in the family's half-finished house at age 15, and he proceeds to not only earn a living, work his way through school, graduate with honors and catch the eye of UW rowing coach Al Ulbrickson, but also finds time to begin rebuilding his personal life; he gets engaged to the love of his life, Joyce Simdar the summer before he starts at Washington.

Brown's book is excellent in plotting Rantz' progress in the context of the Great Depression, although even as Brown achieves an extraordinary historical level of detail, the prose veers into purple (or at least deeply indigo) territory at times.

As the book widens its' scope from Joe Rantz to the wider world of Washington rowing, the Huskies' great rivalry with Cal-Berkeley, and the personalities that surround the Cal-Washington dynasties of the day, Brown is at his best. As a work of rowing history, the book is marvelously entertaining, and even the most jaded rowers and coaches will find nuggets of extraordinary value, both rowing and otherwise.

Brown is also very skillful with the personalities in the story, not only with Joe Rantz and his family and crew mates, but with his coaches, the talented freshman coach Thomas Bolles, the dour head coach Ulbrickson, his fiery counterpart at Cal, Ky Ebright, and a host of other great names and characters from the day.

Nominally on the fringes, but in reality deeply invested in nearly all of the proceedings is theBritish-born boat builder George Pocock. Part craftsman, part elite coach, and part mystic, Pocock is a fascinating character, and Brown has done the history of the sport a great service by not focusing on only one aspect of Pocock, either the boats or the sagacity of his advice to the Washington coaches and others, but shows us multiple examples of the "mystical meeting the practical," if you will, of Pocock's profound effect on those around.

It's with the rowing itself that Brown does a tremendous job; it's a sign of a writer's job well done in his or her ability to create a thrill of excitement in the reader (as Brown did for this reviewer) over a long bygone event or rowing race. Brown is superb in his evocative renderings of practices on Montlake Cut, the tremendous pressures on the athletes and coaches surrounding the Cal-Washington duals, and the looming trials for the '36 Olympic Games. Particularly outstanding are Brown's evocations of the '34-'36 IRA Regattas in Poughkeepsie as the author shows how elevated a position collegiate rowing occupied in the national imagination in those days (75,000 spectators at the IRA? Spectator trains running the length of the course? Nationwide live radio coverage of the racing? Sign me up!). Brown's renditions of the IRA finals, the Varsity eight an epic four-mile race, seven or eight boats across the Hudson, are practically portraiture and the book is worth the read on these sections alone.

Even though we know how the story ends, it's illuminating, inspiring and occasionally heartbreaking to follow along as the Washington athletes and coaches progress towards the goal of the Berlin Olympics; the book takes us through three years of toil and hard racing, and even harder work during the times away from crew; Joe Rantz and one of his teammates find much-needed summer work doing the quarry work for the new Grand Coulee dam in 1935, one of the great, manpower-heavy stimulus projects of the Great Depression...simple cross training this ain't!

As if to demonstrate that there are very few sure things in rowing (as in life), the crew isn't even assured the spot in the Olympics after they win the Olympic trials. Due to a lack of funds available to the American Olympic Committee that year, it's been decreed that the swimmers, fencers, rowers and other athletes will have to self-fund to the 1936 Games, and Washington would need to come up with $5000 by the end of the week in order to accept the berth.

The role of villain is played by Henry Penn Burke of the American Olympic Committee (and Penn AC), who delivers the ultimatum to the UW Coaches and Athletic Director: if Washington cannot come up with the money and accept the bid, then second place finishers University of Pennsylvania "had plenty of money and would naturally be glad to take Washington's place in Berlin." Telegraph wires run hot, telephone calls are made, and the "entire town went to work," in Brown's words, as Seattle rallies around the UW crew, going door to door to raise the money. It takes but two days to raise money, and the Huskies are on their way to Berlin.

The 1936 Olympics are a problematic topic, as sport, politics, militarism and propaganda are almost hopelessly intermingled. Nevertheless, Brown does an admirable job of placing the UW crew squarely in the context of the times, without veering too far one way or the other. As can be expected, the Olympics are a highlight of the book, and the crew prevails for the gold medal in the face of illness, a sneaky lane draw perpetrated by the Germans, and a vicious crosswind.

After the highlight-level pace which Brown sustains throughout the book, he finishes with quiet grace; we are at last able to catch our breath, learn where (and how) everyone ended up, and, for those of us who are still actively rowing, coaching, or following the sport, are left to marvel at how little some things have changed in the 80 years since the events described herein.

As a rowing story alone, "The Boys in the Boat" would be a terrific read, but this really is a complete work that places Joe Rantz and his crew in the context of their time, and illustrates their drive to excel in the face of occasionally absurd obstacles in a way that's neither hokey nor overwrought. Even if you are not a University of Washington crew fan (and, after reading this book, it's exceedingly hard not to at least acknowledge the depth of rowing history present in the waters and on the shores of the Montlake Cut), "The Boys in the Boat" presents itself as a very, very worthy read.

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'The Boys in the Boat' A riveting tale of the '36 Washington Crew Daniel James Brown's "The Boys in the Boat," the story of the 1936 University of Washington Crew that won the Berlin Olympics, is above all another tale from America's Greatest Generation; framed by the personal experiences of

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Summary:
In the article, "Undefeated UW rower Rantz earned gold" the author examines the UW rowing team and Joe Rantz and explains how Joe Rantz's sensational rowing career and his unwavering sportsmanship and respect for his teammates got them to where they are. It tells us about Joe's time as a rower and how he never lost a race as a Husky and rowed the number 7 seat in the Olympic boat. Rantz studied chemical engineering at UW and worked for 35 years for Boeing. After retirement, he went into business for himself making posts and shakes, and other products from cedar. His wife, Joyce, died in 2002. They had raised their family of five in Lake Forest Park. This is important because it shows that Joe's great career as a rower and his sportsmanship got him a great life.
Connects to my book:
This relates to my book because it gives facts about his lifetime and time as a rower and we can see why his teammates were so inclined and respectful to him. This connects the book because it shows facts about other ideas that have been thrown around in the book.

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Joe Rantz, a member of the 1936 University of Washington eight-oared crew that won the Olympic gold medal, died Monday night. Rantz, 93, died of...

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Joe Rantz, a member of the 1936 University of Washington eight-oared crew that won the Olympic gold medal, died Monday night.

Rantz, 93, died of age-related causes at the home of his daughter, Judy Willman of Redmond.

"He was about as good a teammate as you could get," said Roger Morris of Maple Valley, who is the sole remaining member of the revered crew.

The victory in the 1936 Olympics in Germany was one of the major sports stories in Seattle in the first half of the 20th century.

"At that time, rowing was a major-league sport in this town," said Bob Ernst, who heads the current UW rowing program. "It's still important, but the fact they were able to be national champions and then take on the world overseas in Germany amidst all the turmoil is something that made a lot of people identify with them."

Rantz, who never lost a race as a Husky, rowed the No. 7 seat in the Olympic boat. The Huskies were in Lane 6 and didn't hear the start command.

Accounts say that Rantz yelled, "The race has started. Let's get out of here!"

The Huskies were in last place at the 1,000-meter halfway mark and coxswain Bob Moch called for a higher stroke rate but stroke Don Hume was ill - his eyes were closed and his mouth open. Moch was about ready ask Rantz, the closest man to him in the boat, to set the stroke, but Hume suddenly responded.

The Huskies started passing other shells, reaching an estimated stroke rate of 44 strokes a minute, and won.

Rantz was born in Spokane and his mother died when he was 3. He lived with relatives and at times with his father.

He was living with his brother, Fred, and attending Roosevelt High School when UW rowing coach Al Ulbrickson Sr. saw him practicing on the high bar for the gymnastics team and was impressed.

"When he comes to the university, you have him look me up and talk about crew," Ulbrickson told Fred.

Rantz studied chemical engineering at UW and worked 35 years for Boeing. After retirement, he went into business for himself making posts and shakes, and other products from cedar. His wife, Joyce, died in 2002. They had raised their family of five in Lake Forest Park.

A memorial service will be held at the Lake Forest Park Presbyterian Church, 17440 Brookside Blvd. N.E., at 1 p.m. Sept. 29. In lieu of flowers, the family requests donations be made to the UW Crew, P.O. Box 354070, Seattle, WA 98195. The family plans to donate Rantz's rowing memorabilia to UW.

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Joe Rantz, a member of the 1936 University of Washington eight-oared crew that won the Olympic gold medal, died Monday night. Rantz, 93, died of... Share story Joe Rantz, a member of the 1936 University of Washington eight-oared crew that won the Olympic gold medal, died Monday night.

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What interested them to compete in the Olympics

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What interested them to compete in the Olympics

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Tradition: The Olympics are part of history and celebrate athleticism, sportsmanship, and competitive spirit. Amateur athletes: Many athletes who compete in the Olympics are not paid and simply want to be the best in the world. Rare sports: The Olympics showcase a variety of unique and entertaining events that are not commonly seen on TV. National unity: The Olympics bring people together from all over the country to support their country's athletes. Strengthening the global community: The Olympics unite people from all over the world and celebrate culture, diversity, and life. I think this relates to my book because it shows the reason why they joined the Olympics. This supports why they want to join the olimpics

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Brian Schoener
Archbishop Wood High School

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Five reasons you should care about the Olympics

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As the 2014 Winter Olympics kick off, I thought it would be a good idea to highlight some of the reasons this is still a very important event, one we’re lucky to witness. Although there may be an ap…

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Boats can be made in many ways but the most common boat is something that is not called a boat but a rowing shell. A rowing shell is a narrow and long boat that can have 1-8 people usually in it. According to Britannica, "The term rowing refers to the use of a single oar grasped in both hands, while sculling involves the use of two oars, one grasped in each hand." The structure of both the oars and the boat or rowing shell affects the way that the structure touches the water and how it flows to make the people in it move faster. Read this article to find out more about the boats and their structure, history, courses and equipment, and strokes and styles of training. This is important and relates to my book because in the book it talks about the history of the person who made the boats for the boys to row. This can give readers a background understanding of the boats and how boats are made.

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Rowing: Rowing, propulsion of a boat by means of oars. As a sport, it involves watercraft known as shells (usually propelled by eight oars) and sculls (two or four oars), which are raced mainly on inland rivers and lakes. Learn more about the history, equipment, and styles of rowing in this article.

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There are many types of rowboats, but, the main rowboat used in the book "The Boys In The Boat," is called the Coxed Eight. The Coxed Eight is a "Coxswain steers an eight-person rowing shell with four oars on each side." This article, talks about all the different types of rowboats used in sport rowing. The article talks about the types of crew boats, the types of rowing boats, rowboats for touring, rowboats for working, as well as the difference between flat water rowing and open water rowing, sculling versus sweep rowing, as well as helping readers find a boat that is best for them if they were to buy one! This is important and relates to my book because this helps readers to understand what boats the boys may be reading and learn about the different boats that are used for rowing.

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There are two categories of rowing boats, crew/sweeping and sculling, and three types of rowing boats to choose from based on the type of activity you're looking to embark on. The three kinds of rowing boats also known as shells are open water shells, flat water shells, and traditional skiffs.
What began as a mode of transit in ancient Egypt, Rome and Greece has evolved into one of the most popular sports in the United States: rowing. Many colleges and universities still participate in competitive rowing because it is the country's first team sport.

Rowers can now compete as individuals or as part of crews of two, four, or maybe even eight. Also, rowing became the first American sport that was governed by a national organization. In this article, we'll discuss the various types and categories of rowboats.

Related to: 20 Different Types of Fishing Boats (Small, Mid-Sized and Large Options)

Categories of Rowing Boats

Types Of Crew Boats

Rowing teams can employ a variety of boats, including the following:

Coxless pair

This boat has two rowers outfitted with oars on the left and right sides, each with one oar apiece. There is no coxswain, in this case, so the rudder is attached to the boat through cables.

There are two rowers in this coxed pair; however, the coxswain directs the athletes and steers the boat using cables.

Coxless four

This shell contains four rowers, including one oar apiece, two on each side of the boat. A rower is normally responsible for steering the boat because there is no coxswain on board.

A coxswain steers the boat with the help of four rowers, each of whom possesses a single oar.

Coxed Eight

A coxswain steers an eight-person rowing shell with four oars on each side.

Boats Used For Sculling

In sculling, athletes use two oars, referred to as sculls, rather than one, and there are specialized boats for this type of rowing. There are several different types:

Single Scull

As the name suggests, a single-scull boat holds one rower who steers the vessel by manipulating the pressure exerted on its blades by adjusting the amount of force exerted on each scull.

Double Scull

Two individuals, each with two sculls, maneuver the boat by using an identical strategy in a "double scull," which is also called the "double or 2x."

Coxed and Coxless Quad

Four-person sculling boats such as the coxless as well as coxed quads are available. When rowing a coxed quad, the coxswain steers the boat while the crew steers a coxless quad using their feet.

The coxed quad is normally reserved for novices and youngsters in the sport of rowing.

Octuple Scull

Typically used by novice rowers, the Octuple Scull is one of the rarest boats. There are eight rowers in this boat, which all come with a cox.

Types of Rowing Boats

Flat Water Shells

Solely on steady and smooth water, rowing boat enthusiasts can use their flatwater racing shells to their full potential. For experienced rowers, they're the finest choice. For the sake of speed, these vessels give up everything.

They are extremely light, extremely narrow, and extremely long (usually a single is 27 feet), rendering them quite difficult to spin. They use outriggers and sliding seats, which are frequently part of the boat itself. Sculls are another name for these boats.

Open Water Shells

Using open water shells for workouts is a lot of fun. When matched with flat water shells, you can utilize these shells in rougher waters. Rowing these boats is a blast because they're small, light, and speedy.

In terms of recreational shells, a closer study reveals a wide range of designs, from relatively stable, slow models to newer designs with 24-foot-plus lengths, and 12 to 14-inch maximum waterline beams.

Their weights range between 31.5 and 40 pounds, and they're made of kevlar, fiberglass, or carbon fiber. A real long-distance race on the ocean requires a good sculling strategy.

However, these modern designs can handle tough conditions. It is no longer "recreational" rowing, but "open water" rowing as a result of these performance attributes becoming the norm.

Are these open water shells being used by anyone in particular? There are a lot of "leisure rowers" out there who would like to get out on the river and get some exercise.

You can also get competitions when there are two or more people out there willing to challenge themselves to the limit.

Moreover, these shells are especially suitable for endurance competitions where the routes are recorded in miles (between 5 and 30 +) instead of meters, and even where stroke frequencies, as well as speeds, are a little less, to handle the greater range.

Traditional Skiffs

This type of skiff is best suited to novices and those who wish to enjoy the sport of rowing for recreational purposes. They're dependable and secure in their position.

The term "gentleman's rowboat refers to a light-built boat designed for recreational rowing. Touring rowboats are now the norm. Smaller, lighter, and more maneuverable than a traditional rowing skiff.

In the earlier days, the oarlocks were fastened to the gunwales; today, they are attached to the outriggers of the boat with sliding seat rigs. This enables the use of relatively long oars because of the sliding seat's longer hand reach.

They are also referred to as wherries, skiffs, and towing vessels.

Boats with oar locks situated on the gunwales are designed to carry high loads and are typically broad-beamed (referred to as oar-on-gunwale rowing).

Rowboats with one or two oarsmen, each utilizing two oars, are common in smaller traditional rowboats (one in each hand). Skiffs, dories, dinghies, and yacht tenders are a few examples of this type of vessel.

Skiff and Dory were originally two distinct terms for flat-bottomed boats, with the bottom boards extending lengthwise and across, but both phrases have lost their significance through time and now nearly any small boat can be termed a dory or perhaps a skiff.

In these boats, the oarlocks are separated by about 4½ feet at the gunwales so that the oarsman can sit on the midline of the boat while rowing.

The average length of the oars is 7½ feet. Rowing boats with multiple oarsmen use one oar gripped by each oarsman with both hands. Whaleboats and concerts are two examples.

Every pair of oarsmen on a whaleboat had one oar to work with, and the vessels were 28 feet long as well as 6 feet wide. The oars' lengths range from 16 to 18 feet. Six oarsmen sit single file in 32-foot-long pilot gigs with a 4-1/2-foot beam.

When it comes to rowing, there's no reason not to use oars instead of paddles. Large canoes were often rigged with oarlocks on the gunwales for rowing in the old days.

Traditional (facing the rear) sliding-seat setups for dual recreational canoes are occasionally equipped with outriggers to increase the distance between the oarlocks.

Flat Water Rowing Vs Open Water Rowing

Rowers have to constantly adapt their procedures in open water because of the constantly changing conditions. Because the water isn't flat, your boat will continually be bouncing, causing your stroke to be inconsistent.

You'll notice that when you're rowing parallel to the wave, your oars will be at various heights from your hand.

For fitness as well as stroke skills, interior rowing equipment is a good option. Professionals, on the other hand, suggest that the only way of learning to row in open water is to practice innocent water.

A more powerful swing and arm action are employed when rowing in open water. In open-water rowing, the leg muscles are not as active as they are in flat-water rowing.

Compared to flat-water sculling boats, open-water boats are shorter, stronger, and have a wider hull to withstand the force of the surf.

When the water is calm, it still poses a threat. If your boat flips, keep your hand on the edge of the vessel so you don't lose consciousness. Moreover, your oars won't sink; they'll float.

Finding the Right Rowing Boat

It is possible to grow in long, tapered canoes built of carbon fiber or composite materials at high speeds and with impressive glides. Boats are rowed with their crew members facing away from the boat's path of movement on a rotating seat (a slide). The oars drive the boat forward.

Rowers have used a single oar when doing sweep rowing, as well as two oars for sculling, due to the type of rowing.

On a lake, river or the sea, people can carry out this activity.

There might or might not be a coxswain in a given boat and tournament (the person responsible for steering and heads of the crew and boat). We'll go over the most important things to keep in mind when shopping for a rowing boat in this tutorial.

Sculling vs Sweep Rowing

A boat can be moved over the water in one of two strategies. To move the boat, a rower can use one oar, a method called sweeping, or two oars known as sculling. It's the most fundamental difference between both kinds of rowing.

The coxswain is the only significant distinction between the two styles of rowing. In a sweep boat, the coxswain is the individual who does not have an oar but is the race planner, pace-setter, and navigator of the boat.

If your child is considering a career as a coxswain, don't worry. The coxswain's duty is just as significant, or maybe even more than the rowers' role.

What to Look for When Choosing a Row Boat

There are several important factors to take into account while looking for the ideal rowing boat that meets your needs.

The kind of rowing movement you'll be participating in, whether it's a competition or a recreational one, as well as whether you'll be rowing in seawater or calm lake water, will all play a role in the type of rowing boat you choose.

When purchasing a rowing boat, the most important factors to keep in mind are:

A variety of vessels suited to a various uses

Sweep or sculling rowing

The number of people expected to board the vessel

Sculling or Sweeping: Which Is Better For You?

For sculling or sweeping purposes, a rowing boat has one, two, four, or eight seats, depending on how many people are in the boat. Sculling and sweep rowing are the two most common types of rowing. Scullers are rowers who use two oars, one on each side.

Sweep rowers are those who only use one oar at a time. Sculling is divided into three categories: single (1x), double (2x), as well as a quad (4x) (four people). One-oared rowing sweep boats might or might not have a coxswain's seat.

Besides steering, this individual can be an on-the-water instructor as well. In rowboats with no coxswains, the rudder is moved by one of the rowers' feet.

Sweeping rowers pair with a coxswain (2+) and pairs without a coxswain (2-). They also have four rows plus a coxswain (4+) as well as (4-). The last set is right rowers (8+) with a coxswain.

There are no other boats on the water faster than the eight that always have a coxswain in it. Men's eights can reach speeds of about 14 mph when playing competitively.

Two oars (sculls) are used by each rower, one on each side (length = 3 m).

Sweeping: Each rower uses a single oar, which they hold with both hands.

Exactly How Many Seats Will You Need in Your Rowboat?

Depending on the number of rowers you'll have, you'll need to purchase a rowing boat that has enough seats.

There are a few terms to bear in mind when it comes to rowing boats with numerous rowers. The seats in the boat are used to identify the rowers. Seat No. 1, or the bow, is reserved for the rower in the front of the boat, who will be the first to finish.

The guy in front of the bow is number two, followed by number three, number four, number five, number six, and number seven.

The boat's stroke must be a powerful rower with outstanding technique, as the stroke establishes the rhythm and the number of strokes per minute that the other crew members must follow.

What Kind Of Rowing Boat Hull Material Should You Use?

With the lightest, thinnest boats feasible used in rowing comes a challenge for resilience that can only be overcome by the precise coordination of all the crew members' movements.

A rowing boat's performance is influenced by its lightness and rigidity, which necessitates the use of high-technology materials (kevlar, and carbon fiber, among other varieties of blended materials).

Wood and composite are the primary building materials used in the construction of rowing boats.

Compared to Kevlar Composites (carbon fiber, etc.), wood is the most costly but very rigid.

more robust and manageable in terms of maintenance and portability

Factors Affecting Rowboat Design

There have been hundreds of years of trial and error to perfect the traditional rowboat forms. Among the things to think about are the following: waterline beam width and length, the fullness or fineness of the ends, and trimming.

Compromises must be made when designing a product.

Height and width

An unsteady boat with a narrow waterline beam puts its passengers at risk of slipping overboard, while an unsteady boat with a wide waterline beam is more resistant to waves. Beam (width) is a critical consideration.

The oars will be difficult to handle if the rowlocks are too close together. Rowing will be inefficient if the rowlocks are too far apart, wasting a rower's work if the boat is too large.

For rowboats that are narrow and quick in sheltered waters, outriggers may be installed to help separate the rowlocks.

If the freeboard (the height of the gunwale above the waterline) is too high, the boat will be caught by the wind and the rower will not be able to manage the boat in high winds because of the excessive windage.

To prevent flooding, make sure your freeboard is as high as possible. Only one rowing position is needed if the boat is made for a single person. Having a person in the back of the boat will cause the boat to be stern heavy, resulting in a skewed trim.

The rowing boat's length must strike a balance between two elements that have an impact on its speed. Having a boat that is too short will limit the boat's speed. Friction and wet surface area increase with increased boat length.

Therefore, a minimum length of 16 feet is recommended. To balance a boat that is longer than the recommended length can be challenging, even if the boat is quicker than the recommended speed.

A weight can be placed on the bow of the rowboat to provide the necessary breadth and height, or the boat can provide a second rowing position further forward. Because of the rowboat's weight, there are certain advantages and disadvantages.

As soon as the oar stroke is over, a very light boat will begin to slow down. A heavier boat, on the other hand, is more likely to keep moving forward. Compared to traditional clinker-built rowboats, modern rowboats are significantly lighter.

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Sculling and crew boats are the two most common types of rowing shells. Boats come in a variety of sizes and configurations to accommodate varying numbers of passengers. Therefore, the number of people and waterbody you plan to use the boat on should determine which one you choose.

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Rowing is a very old sport including the simple concept of pushing a boat from one place to another and it involves using oars to paddle. Rowing has been used for travel for thousands of years. The Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, and Vikings all at least partially used rowing to move their ships. In the 1820s Cambridge and Oxford Universities started to take rowing seriously as a sport. In the text, it shows the history of rowing, how it works, the playing surface, and the equipment. It also shows how the game is played and the challenges the players face while playing.  Relates to my book: It connects to my book because it shows the history of the sport in the book.

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Rowing is a very old sport involving the simple concept of pushing a boat from one point to another as fast as you can using oars. Rowing comes from the time when big ships used oars, as well as the wind, to be the most efficient while travelling. In modern day rowers sit in a boat called a shell. There are two kinds of rowing. In team rowing, where the shell is filled with eight rowers, each team member only holds one oar and they must work as a team. Two person rowing or in single person rowing is actually called sculling and each team member has two oars, or skulls, one in each hand.

History

Rowing has been used for travel for thousands of years. The Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, and Vikings all at least partially used rowing to move their ships. Rowing as a race started in 16th century England where people would be transported from big ships to London on smaller row boats. The wealthier members would bet each other who could get to land quicker, leading to races between different rowboats. By the 1800s rowing was a full fledged sport with different events purely for the purpose of gambling and entertainment. In the 1820's Cambridge and Oxford Universities started to take rowing seriously as a sport. Thirty years later Harvard and Yale in the US picked up rowing. Rowing quickly became popular. Rowing was included in the Olympics in 1900 and has been an Olympic sport ever since.

Playing Surface

The playing surface in rowing is the water. Usually, races will take place in rivers, especially slow moving rivers. Sometimes rowing takes place in lakes. The most important requirement for rowing is that the water is fairly still. If the water moves too quickly it can pose a problem for the rowers. In more amateur rowing often a bridge or a pier will be the starting line and another landmark will be the finish line. For the Olympics and high level rowing, buoys are put out including lanes for each shell. The standard rowing race, including the Olympics, is 2000 meters. Younger rowers might only do 1000m. There are also long distance rowing events for some and these are up to 2 to 3 miles.

Equipment

If you join a rowing team you may be lucky in that there isn't a lot of individual equipment you'll have to buy. However, the equipment you use in rowing is very important.

There is also training equipment available for both teams and individuals:

Gameplay

Rowing gameplay is pretty simple. Teams, or individuals, start rowing when an official starts the race and they go until the finish line. The boat that passes the finish line first wins. Most times all of the boats in the race lineup together. Sometimes, if there are too many boats, there will be different heats and the fastest time no matter what heat you are in is the winner. Regardless of if you're a team or just individual it is very important to have a combination of strength and stamina throughout the race.

Positions and Roles

In single sculling or double sculling the positions are simple.You are either in a boat by yourself or with one person in front or behind you. You hold two oars, one in each hand and if you need to steer you steer by rowing harder on one side or another. In team events, especially eight person boats, positions become important.

Coxswain: Sits in the back of the boat and faces the rowers. Steers the boat and helps pace the rowers, telling them when to speed up or slow down. Usually someone is very small and light so they don't weigh down the boat very much.

First and second seats (bow): Helps to balance the boat. Sits the furthest away from the coxswain. Usually a lighter person.

Seats 3-6 (the engine room): The strongest rowers. Big and strong they follow the seventh and eighth seat's pace and pull the boat.

Seats 7-8 (stern pair): Sit closest to the coxswain. They're usually the best racers and they set the pace for the others by communicating with the coxswain.

Rules and Regulations

Since rowing is a pretty simple sport the rules are also pretty simple. There are only two rules to consider when rowing.

Lane Changing: At the Olympics and higher level races each boat has a lane set out for them. Even though usually all the boats stay in their lane it is legal to switch lanes. In lower level rowing the same is true. You can turn left and right in rowing. The only exception is if you purposefully obstruct or crash into another boat. That is a disqualification.

False Starts: A false start, or starting before the starting signal, is not uncommon in racing. If this happens all the boats are brought back to the start line to go again. If you false start once no problem. If you false start twice you're out of the race.

Referees and Officials

There are multiple kinds of referees and officials in rowing. Referees oversee everything in the race. Their assistants help them. Judges stand by the finish line and confirm the winner of the race. Starters align the boats at the start and start the boats. Umpires make sure the boats don't crash or interfere with each other. In races where there aren't as many officials available, they can do one or more of these things.

Lingo and Terminology

Regatta: A boat racing event

Cox: A coxswain

Blades: Oars

The catch: When the oar enters the water

Catching a crab: When an oar gets caught up in the water. This is really bad. It usually ends the team's race or capsizes their boat.

Sculling: Rowing with two oars

Coaching

Coaching in rowing is very important. The coxswain is the coach of the boat when it's in the water. They work with the coach of the team. Usually that coach will run practices for the team. They mostly will be on a motor boat next to the rowing shell. Rowing coaches help set workouts for their team and help them to get stronger and row better as a team.

Skills and Techniques

Rowing is all about a combination of strength, stamina and timing. In order to win races you have to be faster than other teams. However, teams may burn out if they start too fast. That is why stamina and timing are important. The most important part is the timing aspect. In team rowing being on time with every other rower is extremely important. When the whole team is on time then they will move way more smoothly and faster.

Strategy

Race strategy is a huge part of being successful in rowing. Energy conservation and efficiency are key to being a successful rower. For the most part you want to start a race fairly slowly but at a strong enough pace. Toward the middle and finish of the race, you want to pick up the pace and pull more strongly. By the last 50 meters or so you want to all out-sprint. Still pulling in unison with your team, you want to go as fast as you can. The coxswain will usually indicate these changes, helping you and the team know the pace at which you will need to row, especially depending on what other teams are doing.

Drills

Rowing is a hard sport to practice. Not only do you have to be outside, you need enough space to be able to row for a few thousand meters. You can't row at all in bad weather. When you actually get on the water you can row different distances at different speeds to practice and get stronger. When you can't get on the water there are a few drills you can do using equipment out of the water. Rowing machines are a traditional tool for training. They simulate the feeling of rowing with different levels of intensity. To get more fancy you have rowing tanks. These are essentially small pools that electronically push the water against your boat to mimic actually being in the water. These are also used for practice, making you stronger and practicing what it's actually like in a race on moving water.

Olympic Rowing

Rowing is a European sport that has been around for a long time. That is why the sport has been included in the Olympics since 1900. In the Olympics there are two kinds of events, sculling and sweep oar. Sweep oar are the team events, where each person only holds one oar, and there is a coxswain steering and organizing the boat. Sculling are the individual and two person events where each rower holds two oars. Olympic races are the pinnacle for rowers. The US is historically the best country in the world when it comes to rowing. Other teams that are good include Great Britain and Germany.

Rowing Teams

Rowing teams start locally. Some high schools, in the US especially, have teams. Many colleges and universities also have crews. From there you can qualify to be a part of your national team. That is where you can compete in international rowing events, namely the Olympics.

FAQ

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Rowing is a very old sport involving the simple concept of pushing a boat from one point to another as fast as you can using oars. Rowing comes from the time when big ships used oars, as well as the wind, to be the most efficient while travelling.

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Article for life of Joe Rantz                     2

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Article for life of Joe Rantz                     2

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Joe was mostly by himself as his mother died and his father wasn't very involved in his life, so he focused on rowing. he rowed for the University of Washington most of his life and he was an important part of his team as all his team was very strong together. Joe never lost a race in his time at Washington, so him and his teammates being so strong, he got the opportunity to go to Berlin in the 1936 Olympics. while he was in the Olympics his team faced Hitler as the German team, and they got their Olympic win. back in us, they were recognized as heroes as the boys who defeated Hitler, and they were secured in the Rowing Hall of Fame.
Relates to my book: This connects to my book because it seconds the backstory in the book and we can see more specifically what happened in his early life.

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by Violet from Weston

Joe Rantz was born in Spokane, Washington in 1914, where he lived with his father after he lost his mother at the age of 3. However, his father remarried and moved to Sequim with his young wife when Rantz was 15. Joe was a growing boy, so he was very challenging to keep fed, so Joe's step- mother insisted they leave him behind.

He did his best to take care of himself, he searched for ways to make money so that he could support himself. Joe eventually moved in with his brother, Fred, and he was able to attend and graduate from Roosevelt High School. While at school, he took up gymnastics and proved to be a strong athlete. After his graduation, he took a gap year, so that he could work and save money to attend college.

Joe enrolled at the University of Washington, after catching the attention of prestigious crew coach Al Ulbrickson. Ulbrickson saw Joe's competitiveness and work ethic that reflected potential to make a strong rower.

Joe had to support himself through the Great Depression so that he could stay in school and row. He worked grueling and physical jobs that hardened him for the rowing season. With grit and the unyielding will to succeed, he was able to earn enough money in a desperate time so that he can learn, row, and survive.

Joe never lost a race during his time at Washington. The coaches noticed that whenever he was taken out of a boat, the boat slowed down. His sophomore year, he found his way into the seven-seat of the varsity eight. Joe became one of eight other sons of loggers, shipyard laborers, and farmers that went on to win the 1936 Intercollegiate Rowing Championships, beat their arch rival, University of California Berkley, and eventually the mighty Ivy leagues of the East. Once they declared their dominance across the nation, Joe and his fellow teammates earned a ticket to Berlin to compete in the 1936 Olympics.

Joe and his team were rowing against Hitler. The Germans had been training to be the dominant figures in the Olympic games that year, and displayed themselves as a force to be reckoned with. However, the American boat made it to the final, and were placed in lane six (the far lane) of Lake Grunau. But when the race started, the American boat did not hear the call and they remained stationary. Joe realized that everyone else had taken off and yelled, "Let's get out of here! The race has started!"

Joe's boat was in last place at the 1,000 meter mark, which is the halfway mark, but after a strong and frantic surge they passed Great Britain, Hungary, Switzerland, Germany, and finally the Italians in the last ten strokes of the race. The United States won by six-tenths of a second.

When Joe returned to the United States he and his teammates were heroes, recognized as the boat that stunned Hitler. He also graduated from Washington in 1939 with a chemical engineering degree and he married the love of his life, Joyce Simdars. He moved with her to Seattle, and had five kids.

Joe and his eight other boat-mates were inducted into the USA National Rowing Hall of Fame.

In my opinion as a rower, Joe is the definition of resilience. He found a way to support himself after his family left him during The Great Depression, and eventually go to college where he would excel in athletics and academics. Joe turned himself into somebody from scraps and mental grit. I believe everybody could learn something from Joe Rantz's story.
The beliefs, viewpoints and opinions expressed in this hero submission on the website are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the beliefs, viewpoints and opinions of The MY HERO Project and its staff.
Bibliography

Bell, Gregg. "Unleashed: The Huskies Who Stole Gold from Hitler." [Online] Available http://www.gohuskies.com/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID=208716669.

Myhre, Rich. "Mill Creek Women Continue Family Rowing Legacy." [Online] Available http://www.heraldnet.com/article/20130910/SPORTS/709109949.

Brown, Daniel James. The Boys in the Boat. Penguin Books, 2013. 404

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Joe Rantz was born in Spokane, Washington in 1914, where he lived with his father after he lost his mother at the age of 3. However, his father remarried and moved to Sequim with his young wife when Rantz was 15.

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Joe Rantz lived from (March 31, 1914 – September 10, 2007) He was an American rower who competed in the Olympics. He had many struggles through life in his early years, culminating with his Olympic gold medal win from the seventh seat of the US men's eight at Berlin in 1936. This was important to Joe as he was on his own since 15 so most of his life was concentrated on rowing so Joe knew that he would be able to have a better life now that the world knows his achievements. Joe is an important person because he found a way to collect himself after his family left him during The Great Depression, and eventually go to college where he would advance in the world of athletics and academics. Joe turned himself into somebody from scraps and mental determination.
Relates to my book: this relates to my book because it shows how he collected himself after the great depression of which we learned in the book so we can now make connections from the article to the book.

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Out of the depths of the Great Depression, and against the backdrop of World War II, comes an irresistible story of hard work and the ability to find hope in the most desperate times. Nine working class American boys strive for athletic greatness to show everyone at the 1936 Olympics, even Adolph Hitler himself, what true companionship and dedication looks like. From the very beginning of the story, the hope of winning a gold medal at the Olympics seemed like an impossible task for the sons of loggers, shipyard workers, and farmers who had just enrolled in their first year of college at the University of Washington. The wind that day was a perfect day for a photo finish. The boys of the University of Washington rowing team had made it this far and they were ready to become the gold medal winning team. The lane assignments for the race were posted and the United Sates had gotten the unfavorable 6th lane. The
This crew was never expected to beat the most elite rowing crews of the East Coast or the most profound crews who rowed for Great Brittan. The story starts off by introducing one of the main characters, Joe Rantz who was the son of a farming man who lost his mother as a very young boy due to natural causes. After the death of his mother, his father and newlywed mother abandoned Joe. Without telling him where they were going, he watched the tail lights of the family car disappear in the distance. For the next 4 United States would be racing against some of the best rowers from England, Germany, Italy, Hungary, and Switzerland. From the very beginning of the race, the United States and Great Brittan had a terrible start. The announcer was speaking German and the men did not know when he said go. They only noticed the other competitors racing past them signaling them that they should sprint as fast as they could. The ending of the race would only be determined by a photo finish that had everyone standing on their feet wanting ...show more content...

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Out of the depths of the Great Depression, and against the backdrop of World War II, comes an irresistible story of hard work and the ability to find hope in the most desperate times. Nine working class American boys strive for athletic greatness to show everyone at the 1936 Olympics, even Adolph Hitler himself, what true companionship and dedication looks like.

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article for history of boat rowing olympics

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article for history of boat rowing olympics

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https://www.nbcolympics.com/news/rowing-101-olympic-history

in the article I learned about all the Olympic outcomes from 1900-2016, the article talks about the winners for example 1900 Olympics says "Prior to competing in the pair with coxswain event at the 1900 Games, Dutchmen Roelof Klein and Francois Brandt were unhappy with the weight of their coxswain and replaced him with a 73-pound boy they plucked from the streets of Paris. The boat wins the gold medal, but the boy disappears before any information about him is gathered. Olympic lore put the boy's age between 7 and 10 years; but Dutch historian Tony Bijkerk, who discovered the story and investigated it at length, estimated a range of 12 to 14."

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Berlin, 1936: The U.S. men's eight team (in background above) win gold and defeated Germany at their home venue. Jack Beresford, a 37-year-old from Great Britain, teamed with Leslie Southwood to win the double sculls and extend his medal-winning streak to five Olympics. Beresford previously won single sculls medals in 1920 (silver) and 1924 (gold), a silver in the eight in 1928, and a gold in the four in 1932. The only other rowers to win medals at three or more Games are Paul Costello, Vyacheslav Ivanov, Siegfried Brietzke and Steve Redgrave.

London, 1948: Labeled "The Cary Grant of Scullers" by journalists for his good looks, Australian Mervyn Wood took the single sculls title in London. He later added silver in the event in 1952 and a double sculls bronze in 1956. In the late 1970s, while serving as police commissioner in the Australian state of New South Wales, he was charged with perverting the course of justice. Although the charges were dropped, he was denied the opportunity to partake in the torch relay prior to the 2000 Sydney Olympics.

Melbourne, 1956: American John Kelly Jr., the brother of Grace Kelly and son of three-time Olympic rowing champion Jack Kelly, won bronze in the Melbourne single sculls event. Although he never matched his father's Olympic success, Junior was an accomplished rower in his own right, twice winning the prestigious Henley Royal Regatta in England.

Rome, 1960: At each Olympics from 1920 to 1956, the U.S. -- represented by crews from various colleges - won the prestigious men's eight event. But that run ended in Rome, where the American boat finished fifth, more than 10 seconds behind victorious Germany.

Munich, 1972: The New Zealand eight in Munich is perhaps the most under-financed gold-medal crew in history, winning with a boat purchased after a series of bingo games and a raffle in which participants paid a dollar for a chance to win a "dream kitchen." Facing crews with bankrolls 10 times as large, the motley group of engineers, carpenters and mechanics was the first crew not from the U.S., Great Britain or Germany to win the event.

Moscow, 1980: Seven of the eight men's rowing events were won by East German boats, including the men's pair, where twin brothers Bernd and Joerg Landvoigt finished ahead of Soviet twins Yuri and Nikolai Pimenov. Disrupting the East German reign was 6-foot-7 Pertti Karppinen of Finland, who used his trademark powerful finish to win the second of his eventual three consecutive gold medals in the single sculls.

Los Angeles, 1984: The Games marked the Olympic debut of Steve Redgrave, who helped Great Britain triumph in the men's four with coxswain, an event later discontinued. Redgrave, turning his talents to other boats, won gold at every ensuing Games through 2000, after which he was bestowed with knighthood.

Los Angeles, 1984: Capitalizing on the absence of most boycotting Eastern Bloc nations, the U.S. men and women rowed to a combined eight medals. Romania claimed five of the six women's gold medals, their only loss coming in the eight, which the Americans won. Bradley Lewis and Paul Enquist turned in the other U.S. victory in L.A. in men's double sculls. Lewis later penned a memoir, "Assault on Lake Casitas," in which he wrote, "Rowing is such a fine sport. Everyone goes backward, and the leader can see his opponents as they struggle in vain."

Los Angeles, 1984: Shortly after the start of the repechage in the men's eight, a French rower lost his oar when an oarlock broke. It is later determined that the equipment was tampered with, so the crew automatically advanced to the final. The Canadians won the race in a shocker, leading the entire way and holding off the favored Americans by .42 of a second.

Seoul 1988: Pertti Karppinen's quest for his fourth consecutive single sculls gold ended in the semifinals, where the 35-year-old Finn placed last. In the final, East German Thomas Lange beat five-time world champion Peter-Michael Kolbe of West Germany. In 1990, Lange's father, a high-ranking member of the Communist Party, committed suicide in the aftermath of communism's collapse in Eastern Europe. Two years later, Lange defended his Olympic title in Barcelona.

Barcelona, 1992: Australia's famed powerhouse in the four made its Olympic debut with a lineup of Andrew Cooper, Michael McKay, Nicholas Green and James Tomkins. The so-called "Oarsome Foursome" followed up its 1990 world title with an Olympic title, finishing comfortably ahead of the runner-up U.S. quad. At the 1996 Atlanta Games, with Cooper replaced by Drew Ginn, the boat was just as awesome, winning a second straight gold.

Barcelona, 1992: Two months before the Games, Canada's Silken Laumann was the favorite to win the women's single sculls. But at a pre-Olympic race, a German boat crashed into her right leg, severing muscles, tendons and ligaments. She was told she would need at least six months to recover, but five weeks later, she announced that not only would she recover, but she also would compete in Barcelona. She did and took bronze, one of five Canadian rowing medals at the Games.

Barcelona, 1992: Norway placed second in the men's quadruple sculls and earned the Barcelona crowd's approval by using a wooden boat and wooden oars. Other crews' equipment was made of lightweight carbon fiber, including that of the victorious Germans, who won the race by nearly two seconds.

Atlanta, 1996: Though his partners changed, Steve Redgrave's results in the pair remained the same from 1988 through 1996. He won with Andrew Holmes in 1988, then with Oxford graduate Matthew Pinsent in 1992 and 1996. With his victory in the four with coxswain in 1984, Redgrave increased his gold-medal tally to four, the most in rowing history.

Atlanta, 1996: In the men's single sculls event, Switzerland's Xeno Mueller rowed the last 500 meters in an impressive 1 minute, 36.56 seconds to pass Canadian Derek Porter and German Thomas Lange, the two-time defending champion. Mueller grew up in Switzerland, Germany, Spain and France before attending Brown University and moving to the United States in 1992. He became a U.S. citizen in 2004.

Sydney, 2000: Seconds after winning his fourth gold in 1996, Great Britain's Steve Redgrave said, "If anyone sees me in a boat again, you have my permission to shoot me. I've had enough." A few months later, he announced that he would, in fact, pursue a fifth gold in Sydney. There, as a member of Britain's four, Redgrave capped one of the most remarkable careers in Olympic history with a fifth -- and final -- triumph.

Sydney, 2000: The men's single sculls final in Sydney was essentially a two-man race, with New Zealand's Rob Waddell defeating the reigning champion, Xeno Mueller of Switzerland. Mueller tried to surge in the third quarter of the race, but Waddell responded. Fifteen strokes later, Waddell found open water and the double world champion sealed the Olympic title in 6 minutes, 48.90 seconds.

Sydney, 2000: Riding a 36-year gold-medal drought in the prestigious men's eight, the United States seemed poised for a return to prominence in the event it once dominated. But in Sydney, the three-time reigning world champions finished a distant fifth, while Great Britain won the event for the first time since 1912.

Sydney, 2000: Twenty-four years after women's rowing was added to the Olympic program, the single sculls title was successfully defended when Yekaterina Karsten of Belarus achieved the feat in a photo finish. At the 600-meter mark of the final, she trailed Bulgaria's Rumyana Neykova. In the third quarter, Germany's Katrin Rutschow-Stomporowski joined the hunt. Karsten mounted a sprint in the final 150 meters and crossed the line with Neykova. A photo finish determined that Karsten won by .01 of a second.

Athens, 2004: The United States' 40-year gold-medal drought in men's eight came to a halt when the crew rowed to over a boat-length lead en route to one-second victory over the Netherlands in 5:42.48. Major changes to the crew propelled the Americans to gold. Prior to the Games, Jason read, Wyatt Allen, Chris Ahrens, Joey Hansen, Matt Deakin, Dan Beery, Beau Hoopman, Bryan Volpenhein and coxswain Peter Cipollone never raced together at a major international regatta.

Athens, 2004: Although he finished far behind the medal contenders in single sculls, one of the biggest stories of the Games was Kenyan Ibrahim Githaiga, who became the first black African ever to row at the Olympics. Githaiga began rowing in 1997, at the suggestion of a friend. In 2002 he and coach Juvenalis Gitau earned an Olympic Solidarity scholarship and went to Australia to train at the Australian Institute of Sport. Githaiga continued his rowing education with the South African team in Cape Town. Eventually he found himself training with the Dutch national team in Germany and Holland. It all paid off with a fourth-place finish at the 2004 African Olympic Qualifying Regatta, good enough to get him to Athens.

Beijing, 2008: The men's coxless four boat of Tom James, Steve Williams, Peter Reed and Andrew Triggs-Hodge won Great Britain's third consecutive Olympic gold medal in the event. New Zealand's women's double sculls team defended its 2004 gold medal by finishing .01 of a second ahead of Germany. Romania's Georgeta Andrunache won her third consecutive gold medal in the women's coxless pair and fifth career gold. China's women's quadruple sculls boat of Bin Tang, Xi Aihua, Jin Ziwei and Zhang Yangyang brought the host nation its first Olympic rowing gold medal. On the final day of the nine-day Olympic program, the U.S. women's eight team brought home the country's first women's eight gold medal since 1984.

London, 2012: Anna Goodale, Anne Cummins and Lindsay Shoop were the only three women missing from the original gold medal winning 2008 Beijing lineup. The U.S. women's eight team won gold in London, defending their title. Meghan Musnicki, Taylor Ritzel and Esther Lofgren joined the U.S. women's eight team after the departure of Goodale, Cummins and Shoop. After a silver medal performance in Beijing, the Netherland's women's eight team claimed the bronze medal and Canada's women's eight team took home silver.

London, 2012: The men's four team of Charles Cole, Scott Gault, Glenn Ochal and Henrik Rummel proudly took home a bronze medal for the United States. Great Britain and Australia both matched their 2008 Beijing Olympic performances in the men's four. Australia took home silver and the British men's four team repeated their victory and won gold.

Rio, 2016: For the third time in a row, Great Britain topped the medal chart, winning five (three gold, two silver). Germany, New Zealand, Australia, and the Netherlands all won three medals. Martin and Valent Sinkovic returned to the Olympic stage in Rio, but this time in the men's double sculls. After a hard fought battle against the Lithuanians, the brothers won gold in the event, and were the first men's doubles crew to go under six minutes in a race. The double sculls event also featured Kjetil Borch and three-time Olympic medalist Olaf Tufte of Norway, who earned the bronze. Kiwi Mahe Drysdale reclaimed his single sculls title ahead of silver medalist Damir Martin of Croatia. Following a photo finish, the judges gave the win to Drysdale, although both athletes earned the same time. Great Britain edged out Germany by just over a second in the men's eight to take gold for the first time since 2000. Kim Brennan, the most recent female rower to win two gold medals in the same Games (2012), won gold in the single sculls event, followed by Gevvie Stone of the United States. The United States' women's eight once again dominated their field, winning gold for a third straight time since 2008 by over two seconds.

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Berlin, 1936: The U.S. men's eight team (in background above) win gold and defeated Germany at their home venue. Jack Beresford, a 37-year-old from Great Britain, teamed with Leslie Southwood to win the double sculls and extend his medal-winning streak to five Olympics.

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What type of training did they need to do to prepare for the Olympics?

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What type of training did they need to do to prepare for the Olympics?

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Rowing is a tough sport and Olympic training is hard. Rowers are dedicated and have strict routines. They train two or three times a day to prepare for competition. Water practice is essential, but so is strength and conditioning using indoor rowing machines helps them. Leg strength is crucial for racing, so they prioritize squats and deadlifts in the gym. Rowing machine workouts are important for controllable training. Rowers require a high-calorie diet, consuming around 4,000 calories daily, including healthy options and sometimes with high-calorie foods. I think this article relates to my book because it shows what type of training they had to do. This helps me understand the struggle to be the best at the Olympics

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Most rowers would likely agree they have an obsessive nature, living monk-like existences with early starts and long hours in the boat and the gym.

Here, Built for Athletes takes a look at how Olympic rowers train.
2-3 Times Per Day
At the elite level, rowers will regularly train two or three times a day to make sure they have every base covered and get into peak shape for competition.

Practicing on the water is obviously a staple, but strength and conditioning work as well as topping up the volume by using an indoor rowing machine is critically important too.
Leg Strength Is Key
Squatting and deadlifting is a heavy focus in the gym because leg strength is so important when the athletes race.

"I do a lot of work on my glutes and quads in the gym, and train the core to protect the back," Helen Glover told [ https://www.coachmag.co.uk/sport/5565/olympic-gold-medallist-helen-glover-s-training-regime ] before the last Olympics.

"I really like gym work because you can see your improvement and measure yourself getting stronger. I get a real sense of achievement when I can lift more than the week before."
Rowing Machine Work
While it might not always be as appealing to the athletes, putting in the hours on a rowing machine is hugely beneficial because a number of variables are eliminated.

You can judiciously control the amount of resistance encountered so it's easy to carry out specific interval workouts if required, as well as to quantify improvements in a way that builds confidence before a race.
Nutrition
Because of the sheer amount of intense workload that rowers endure, they need a huge amount of calories when they are in peak training.

As Glover explains: "I need to have around 4,000 calories a day - double that of an average woman. I mainly eat healthily and always have my five fruit and veg portions a day, but sometimes it's a struggle to eat enough so I can get away with having high-calorie foods like chocolate and crisps."

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Rowing is one of the toughest sports around and Olympic training programmes are renowned for being intense, cut-throat environments. Most rowers would likely agree they have an obsessive nature, living monk-like existences with early starts and long hours in the boat and the gym. Here, Built for Athletes takes a look at how Olympic rowers train.

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How University of Washington affects the state of Washington

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How University of Washington affects the state of Washington

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In the article, "How the University of Washington Affects the State of Washington," the author shows the importance of the University of Washington and its effect on the State of Washington. The author talks about how the University helps the state and supplies more than 100,000 jobs and how one university can help a state grow. This article is important because it shows the importance that the University has and why it is important. This can help readers understand why the University of Washington is important and why it is such an important part of the book. Understanding why the university is important in modern times can help readers figure out why the University was important when Joe Rantz was rowing there. The university provided him with a safe, good campus and helped him learn lots of things. It also helped Joe develop his love of rowing and lifelong friends. The University is a big impact on the state and that will help readers understand why it had a big impact on Joe too.

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Administrative affairs | For UW employees | News releases | UW and the community

Across its three campuses, the University of Washington generated a total impact on the state's economy of more than $15.7 billion in FY 2018, according to an economic contribution analysis released today. The study further concludes that the economic activity of the UW system supported or sustained 100,520 jobs throughout the state.

The analysis shows that the economic contribution of the UW has increased significantly over the past decade: Since 2009, the impact has increased by 55%, rising from $9.1 billion to $15.7 billion.

"The positive ripple effect of the UW generates a tremendous impact on the lives of all Washingtonians," said Governor Jay Inslee. "These numbers are a testament to the economic engine fueled by the University of Washington, and the stories behind those numbers reflect the power of the people, businesses, research and innovation that contribute to and are supported by the UW and will continue to impact our state for generations."

The study measured the economic contribution of UW operations including its campuses and projects across the state of Washington, in the Puget Sound region and in the cities of Seattle, Bothell and Tacoma. The study provides individual impact analyses of UW Medicine, UW Research, Intercollegiate Athletics, alumni of the University and CoMotion, a collaborative innovation hub dedicated to expanding the economic and societal impact of the UW community.

"The University of Washington's mission is to serve the public, a commitment that we honor in countless ways - by creating access to excellence for all Washington students and families, by attracting some of the world's most talented educators, innovators, health-care providers and researchers to advance discovery, and by bettering communities across the state," said UW President Ana Mari Cauce. "We are proud to contribute to Washington's thriving innovation economy, and we seek to be measured by the positive impact that we create in the world."

The study was conducted by Parker Philips, a nationally recognized consulting firm specializing in economic impact analysis. Nichole Parker, a principal partner at Parker Philips, said, "Economic contribution is an objective way to measure the significance of an organization in the regional economy. It is a tool that policymakers can use to inform their decisions and empirical context that shows the impact of the institution. The UW is a sustainable economic driver that is making a demonstrable impact on Washington."

Among the findings in the study:

The $15.7 billion total economic impact of the UW in FY 2018, which included $7.8 billion direct and $7.9 billion indirect and induced spending, was the result of operational spending, capital spending (three-year average), payroll and benefits paid to employees, student spending and visitor spending.

The operations of the UW supported or sustained a total of 100,520 jobs - one out of every 37 jobs in the state.

Through its local spending and the jobs it supported or sustained, the UW generated $752.7 million in state and local taxes.

The staff, faculty and students of the UW contribute an estimated $61.9 million annually in charitable giving and volunteerism.

The UW supported or sustained $1 out of every $37 in Washington's economy.

A significant portion of the UW's overall effect on the state's economy is attributed to UW Medicine, which has an annual economic impact of $8 billion, supports or sustains 51,489 jobs and generates $330.2 million in state and local tax revenue. Beyond the medical and social impact of this integrated health system, UW Medicine provides a unique impact to the residents of the Pacific Northwest, because it connects residents with a top-rated medical school and an internationally recognized research organization. The study shows that the UW Medicine impact is significant and rising.

The study also analyzed the individual impact of the UW Bothell and Tacoma campuses, both of which make a significant impact on the communities they serve and the state of Washington. Both campuses show an increase of jobs and impact over the previous economic impact study completed. UW Bothell's FY 18 economic impact totaled $341.8 million on the state of Washington, with 2,322 jobs supported or sustained. UW Tacoma in FY 18 accounted for a $313.5 million impact in the state of Washington and supported or sustained a total of 2,064 jobs.

In addition to the significant impact of campus operations, the report also found that the income being added into the economy as a result of graduates obtaining post-secondary education is significant. In FY 2018, the UW conferred nearly 17,000 bachelor's, master's, doctoral and professional degrees. The total number of alumni living and working in the state is more than 363,000, a group which will generate $328.1 billion over their careers.
For more information, contact Victor Balta at 206-543-2580 or balta@uw.edu.
Tag(s): Economic Impact Report

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UW drives $15.7 billion of state's economy; sustains more than 100,000 jobs

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Administrative affairs | For UW employees | News releases | UW and the community Across its three campuses, the University of Washington generated a total impact on the state's economy of more than $15.7 billion in FY 2018, according to an economic contribution analysis released today.

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In olympic boat rowing, there are many hardships their olympians face to get to the point they are now, the boat rowing olympics talk a lot about winning and losing but nothing about any of those efforts, the olympians train hard to become the best they can, in the article it shows top ranks. in the article it states only about the places they got even though they put a lot of effort

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The United States fails to medal in rowing for the first time since 1908. (Published 2021)