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기사 번역 프로젝트 보고서 양식 20323 정은재

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https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/02/politics/army-air-defense-russia-ukraine-china/index.html

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America’s front line of missile defense is straining under the demand of global threats | CNN Politics

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The US Army’s air defense units are among the most overworked in the US military, manning missile systems across the globe to provide around-the-clock deterrence against adversaries including North Korea, China, Iran and Russia.

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The welfare states were developed during a post-war economic boom, and they rely on taxing the middle class and the poor.

By John Gustavsson

It's a common refrain in American progressive circles: If Europe can have universal health care, pre-K, and all the other welfare state goodies, why can't America? We could if we just taxed the millionaires and billionaires, the argument goes.

Speaking as a Swedish citizen, I can tell you it is not quite that simple. While I treasure many of the benefits the welfare state provides, the fact of the matter is that the U.S. cannot follow the same path, for a number of reasons.

Building a welfare state is a boom-time endeavor. The Nordic welfare states were built during the postwar expansion. In Sweden's case, we got the best of both worlds: We avoided becoming involved in the war, and afterward, demand for our industries spiked. With that, so did salaries. This made building a welfare state easy for two reasons: First of all, as salaries boom, so do tax revenues, even if tax rates are unchanged. This revenue boost allowed the government to add additional safety nets and government programs without raising rates or having to cut any other budgets.

Secondly, it is politically much easier to raise taxes when salaries are rising quickly. Most people don't pay close attention to their tax rates, but rather to how much they get paid. If taxes are increasing, but real wages are increasing at an even faster rate, then most people will be fine with it because their paychecks keep getting bigger over time and they are able to purchase more stuff. Relative change is king.

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Why the Nordic Model Wouldn't Work in the U.S.

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The welfare states were developed during a post-war economic boom, and they rely on taxing the middle class and the poor. - John Gustavsson - Start a free trial today for full access.

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North Korea is often described as the ``world's last Stalinist country." This description has become a cliché but it is misleading: North Korea might keep up outward appearances as a Stalinist regime, but for all practical purposes its society and economy have moved far away from the patterns once pioneered by Joseph Stalin and his henchmen.

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기사 번역 프로젝트 보고서 모둠

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20502 김리안 개인보고서 제출 

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20502 김리안 개인보고서 제출 

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기사 번역 프로젝트 개인보고서 ( 김리안 ) 

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기사 번역 프로젝트 보고서 - 개인용

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모둠 보고서 진짜진짜 마지막

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모둠 보고서 진짜진짜 마지막

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기사 번역 프로젝트 보고서 양식모둠용

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The U.S.-South Korea relationship: Shared sacrifices in war, strong partnership in peace

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This week, President Biden will welcome South Korea’s President, Yoon Suk-yeol, to the White House, where they will celebrate a security partnership that has endured for 70 years.

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https://www.latimes.com/business/technology/story/2023-04-27/hate-speech-twitter-surged-since-elon-musk-takeover

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(Chandan Khanna / AFP/Getty Images)

In October, polarizing billionaire and Tesla Chief Executive Elon Musk purchased the polarizing social media platform Twitter for $44 billion, promising to change how the site operated.

In various statements, most of them tweets, Musk made allusions to decreased moderation on the platform, pledging to make the site a bastion of "free speech."

In the months that followed, he implemented several new initiatives at the company and the site, including firing hundreds of employees, reinstating hundreds of previously banned accounts, stripping badges of verification from most users who did not pay $8 per month for a Twitter Blue subscription, and pledging to address the site's bot problem.

But new research shows that the site also underwent another change after Musk took over - it became more hateful.

According to data collected by researchers from USC, UCLA, UC Merced and Oregon State University, daily use of hate speech by those who previously posted hateful tweets nearly doubled after Musk finalized the sale. And the overall volume of hate speech also doubled sitewide.

The research was conducted by Keith Burghardt, Matheus Schmitz and Goran Muric of USC, UCLA's Daniel Fessler, Daniel Hickey of Oregon State and Paul Smaldino of UC Merced.

The group studied the tweets of users who had made hateful postings a month before and after Twitter was sold and also collected a sampling from the general user pool.

The researchers first developed a "hate lexicon" of 49 racist, antisemitic and homophobic and transphobic terms. Then, they examined the pre- and post-sale postings using an artificial intelligence tool that scanned for the hateful terms and their frequency, weeding out "non-toxic," or non-hateful, uses of the terms.

"We first had to create a set of words that we could determine as being hateful," Burghardt, a computer scientist with the Information Sciences Institute at the USC Viterbi School of Engineering, said in a news release. "Our aim was to find words that were relatively high precision, meaning that if people are using these words, it's unlikely they're being used in a non-hateful manner."

The volume of hate speech posted by hateful users surged after the sale was finalized, although researchers noted that hate speech on Twitter was on the rise even before Musk bought it.

At the outset of their project, the researchers hypothesized that, with Musk nodding toward less restrictive policies, hate speech would increase. But they were unsure by just how much.

"I didn't have any expectations one way or the other," Fessler, who is director of the UCLA Bedari Kindness Institute, said in an interview with The Times, "because it's very difficult to gauge in advance. You don't know what the population of users potentially producing such content is, you don't know what the size of the population is or what their frequency of tweeting and retweeting is."

But the results shocked Burghardt.

"What was surprising was ... that this stuff had increased so dramatically," he told The Times. "We had not expected that hate users would actually be using more hate words after Elon Musk joined Twitter."

Fessler noted that expressions of intolerance had been on the rise since the start of Donald Trump's presidential campaign and that Musk "winked at those sentiments often enough that a population of active or potential Twitter users who shared those views recognized the opportunity they were being given."

"From a kind of 30,000-foot level," Fessler said, "the Twitter effect is really reflective of larger trends in society."

Researchers noted that they could not "prove a causal relationship between Musk's takeover and hate speech." The CEO's changes to moderation are "poorly documented," they said.

The research is an important step in identifying how and why people can become radicalized online by what has been termed stochastic terrorism, in which hate speech is used to incite violent acts, Burghardt said.

Social media could play a role in that radicalization, he said, but more research is needed.

Once users join these hate groups, even on social media sites that are not traditionally hateful, Burghardt said, they're immediately more hateful and more antagonistic.

"We expect that, once they join these sites, they become more likely to advocate violence," he said, "and then some small proportion actually commit these acts."

But despite the documented increase in hate speech, Fessler noted that it was coming from a small population.

"This is in no way a majority view," he said. "And society as a whole is ... increasingly tolerant of difference and increasingly diverse."

Twitter has substantial influence despite its relatively small size, so Fessler is concerned that it's apparently subject to the whims of one person - Musk.

"It is worrisome when a platform with the reach of Twitter can be purchased by one individual and even modest attempts to turn it to more socially constructive ends ... are deconstructed and removed," Fessler said.

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One billionaire owner, twice the hate: Twitter hate speech surged with Musk, study says

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Right after Elon Musk took control of Twitter, hateful content rose as moderation was loosened, according to a USC computer scientist and his team.

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https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/commentisfree/2020/mar/12/its-time-to-put-an-end-to-the-gaslighting-that-occurs-every-day-in-australia

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"It was a joke, you're just too sensitive - toughen up."

"Uh, I'm not racist. You're racist for calling me racist. Actually, that's reverse racism!"

"I didn't do that; I wasn't even alive then."

"Maybe it's just all in your head."

"We're all human, aren't we?"

You would be hard pressed to find a First Nations person in Australia who hasn't seen or heard these statements at some point in their lives. Most of us know by now that these are tactics used by predominantly white people to avoid engaging in genuine and meaningful dialogue about race-based issues, and to further uphold systems of oppression that white communities continue to benefit from.

What we don't talk about enough though is how these types of responses are also unconsciously grounded in a psychological concept known as "gaslighting", as well as the collateral damage that occurs in the minds of black and brown people as a result of this type of avoidance and delusion.

Gaslighting, which is a concept that was popularised by a theatrical play called Gas Light in 1938, is defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as:

to manipulate (someone) by psychological means into doubting their own sanity"

As Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people, just how many times have we walked away from an encounter with a racially resentful white person, who has just spent the majority of their time denying our experiences as people, and left reeling from the blatant ignorance, contempt and neglect of our humanity and right to exist?

Or how many times have we thought to ourselves, "This person is clearly harbouring racist attitudes, but they are doing their absolute best to convince me that they are 'the least racist person you could ever know'?"

One of the key objectives for those in possession of this type of gaslighting mentality is to destabilise a person or party, and then ultimately lead them to creating a distinct lack of trust in their own thinking, their abilities, their judgment or their experiences, putting them in a position where they are continuously questioning their own reality.

This can obviously have severe implications for our mental health, both individually and collectively.

To be told that we "just need to toughen up" or "get over it", in relation to very open and unjustified racism is not OK. To be called racist for identifying actual racist behaviours and rhetoric is not OK. To be told that racism is all in our heads and that everybody is human, despite the plethora of First Nations people who are not treated as such by society, is not OK.

These white "innocents" - as James Baldwin called them - are planting seeds of uncertainty in their victims, striving for power and revelling in their domination and control over others. Sometimes this occurs in the subtlest ways. Sometimes we don't know it's happening at all.

This includes how stories and narratives are interwoven throughout the fabric of history in particular ways so as to conceal or withhold information from those who could be empowered by them. Additionally, it involves control of the portrayal of figures within those narratives to maintain a state of dominion and dependency.

From resistance fighters and frontier war heroes such as Pemulwuy, Windradyne and Multuggerah being labelled as "troublesome", to the direct opposition to factual events such as massacres, cultural genocide and forced removals and from schools and universities named after perpetrators of extreme and abhorrent acts of violence committed against Aboriginal communities, to allocating $6.7m to "re-enacting" an event that never even took place ... It's time to put an end to the gaslighting that occurs in this colony every day.

One of the key steps we can take to healing from this sickness is understanding that gaslighting is a tool of the oppressor that is - and has been for 250 years - weaponised against us to keep our people in a perpetual state of disarray, disenfranchisement and disengagement.

Therefore we, as the rightful and sovereign owners of these lands, will no longer trust apologies. We will no longer accept the empty words that spill from the forked tongue of white supremacy. We will no longer allow ourselves to be mystified by white racial resentment.

To draw on the brilliance of Baldwin once more, "I cannot believe what you say, because I see what you do."

We refuse to uphold the images of the primary violators of the people of this land. We continue to resist the blood-stained grasp of neocolonialism, and we are taking back our minds, our bodies and our spirits.

Because we are no longer victims of this nationwide gaslighting, we are survivors of it.

Joshua Waters is a proud Gamilaraay man, who works in the education sector across all of southern and south-west Queensland

Guardian Australia is proud to partner with IndigenousX to showcase the diversity of Indigenous peoples and opinions from around the country

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It's time to put an end to the gaslighting that occurs every day in Australia | Joshua Waters for IndigenousX

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It is a tool of the oppressor that is weaponised to keep our people in a perpetual state of disarray

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기사 번역 프로젝트 보고서 양식모둠용

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https://www.forbes.com/sites/christopherrim/2022/09/29/will-the-end-of-legacy-admissions-and-affirmative-action-fix-the-ivy-leagues-diversity-problem/?sh=3305ca621473

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Will The End Of Legacy Admissions And Affirmative Action Fix The Ivy League’s Diversity Problem?

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Students for Fair Admissions, the nonprofit organization bringing the case against Harvard and University of North Carolina, alleges that the elimination of legacy admissions will likewise relieve the need for affirmative action.

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기사 번역 프로젝트 모둠

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보고서 최종본 완성했어요!!!

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보고서 최종본 완성했어요!!!

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기사 번역 프로젝트 보고서 최종본 ( 김리안, 유연진 )

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Job discrimination faced by ethnic minorities convinces public about racism | Discrimination at work | The Guardian

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Researchers believe they may have found the best way to convince the public that racism is a real problem and requires major change: tell them about an Oxford University study exposing discrimination faced by job applicants.

A groundbreaking project exploring how better to boost public support for action against systemic racism tested which messages best move people towards a more anti-racist position.

Reframing Race, a charity, tested dozens of arguments on almost 20,000 people and found highlighting research from 2019 showing ethnic minority applicants received less positive responses to job applications than white people, was the "blockbuster" in terms of making people more likely to agree that all races and ethnic groups are equally as capable as one other.

By contrast using well-trodden language about people "suffering" from "inequality" was less likely to convince people of the systemic problem and even sometimes backfired.

The need for better arguments was made clear by a survey for the study covering England and Scotland, which revealed widespread racist attitudes with 40% of people believing that "some races or ethnic groups are naturally harder working than others" and one in five think some races are more intelligent than others.

The research also showed it remained easier to get audiences to accept racism as a real and pressing problem than to get them to support particular solutions.

"If we want to end racism and entrench anti-racism it is critical to build public demand for deep and irreversible progress," said Sanjiv Lingayah, report author and director of Reframing Race. "[This] shows there is still a way to go. The data shows significant attachment to deep-seated and debunked myths about 'race'. More positively, the findings show that the public can understand systemic racism and that they can be rallied around far-reaching anti-racist solutions."

The researchers found the message with the most potential was when people in England were told Oxford University researchers had applied for more than 3,000 jobs in the names of fictitious applicants, randomly varying the ethnicity, but keeping the skills, qualifications and work experience the same. White British applicants had to make four applications to get a positive response while ethnic minority applicants had to make seven.

"It is an almost watertight piece of evidence about the existence of racism in hiring," the authors said. "The experiment 'catches racism red-handed'. Naming Oxford University gives the results further credibility. And, additionally, the way that the fake CV 'sting' is outlined gives the message the feel of a compelling story - with plot, characters and a powerful ending."

Other effective messages involved telling people about far worse maternal mortality rates for black women than faced by white women and even using a metaphor to describe racism as a birdcage which traps people all boosted public acceptance of racism as a problem.

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An example of a message that made people less likely to think of racism as a systemic problem was one that said: "This country's black and minority ethnic communities still suffer poorer outcomes across education, employment, health and in the criminal justice system. In order to achieve genuine racial equality, we must work towards an inclusive Britain in which we all feel valued, enjoy equal opportunities and share a common sense of belonging."

The authors said "suffer" is "language of illness" and while it may provoke empathy "it does also suggest BAME victimhood rather than steadfastness and agency".

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Job discrimination faced by ethnic minorities convinces public about racism

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Researchers believe they may have found the best way to convince the public that racism is a real problem and requires major change: tell them about an Oxford University study exposing discrimination faced by job applicants. A groundbreaking project exploring how better to boost public support for action against systemic racism tested which messages best move people towards a more anti-racist position.

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AI can threaten your personal identity – but it doesn't have to - BBC Worklife

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This feeling of unease and existential panic can be extremely unnerving - and entirely justified in the current work landscape. But there's reason to take a breath: as this technology finds its way into the mainstream and continues to evolve, experts say these worries don't have to take over.

Shoss says one of the best ways to handle identity-driven anxiety is to demystify the unknown.

In ongoing research, she says, "we've found that people who tend to read more and try to learn more and develop more skills around the technology are a little bit less anxious about the impact of robots and AI in the workplace". The threat can seem less imminent, she explains, once people understand the technology's shortfalls and the need for human oversight.

Jessica has taken this approach herself: ever since that first conversation with her boss, she's thrown herself headlong into learning everything necessary to become her company's resident AI expert.

"I've immersed myself," she says. "I've done a complete 180, from ignoring it out of fear to fully diving in. I need to control the AI narrative at my company, and make sure that I'm in the driver's seat and I'm telling them what ChatGPT and these other tools can and cannot do."

Jessica feels her job is secure for now. But the technology's evolution, she says, still feels like a relentless onslaught. Eventually, she believes AI will be able to take over many of the writing and editing tasks that make up much of her current workload. She's trying to be proactive, working to refine skills that are tougher for AI to mimic and move into a more strategic role - and to find a new way to re-frame her identity.

To ease identity anxiety, workers also may find it's helpful to look at what, exactly, AI can do - and what human-led job tasks are still irreplaceable.

It may actually be good if AI replaces menial tasks, says Jo Lindsay Walton, a research fellow in arts, climate and technology at the Sussex Digital Humanities Lab at the University of Sussex, UK. He points to tasks like transcription, which will become entirely automated. As this happens, he explains, workers will be able to focus not only on more essential, less robot-replicable, expertise, but also on more meaningful and satisfying work that can make them feel good about themselves.

Plus, adds Walton, it's worthwhile to remember that today's workers aren't the first to experience an existential crisis over automation. Since the Industrial Revolution, people have been threatened by machines promising to usurp their jobs and the things that mean a lot to them personally.

"We can learn a lot about our present and future from how people in the past thought about their future," says Walton. But historically, those threats have been overblown, and humans have always retained an irreplaceable role in the workforce. "The high-level message is that they got it wrong," he adds, "and we are probably getting it wrong."

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AI can threaten your personal identity - but it doesn't have to

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The rise of workplace artificial intelligence is shaking some workers' confidence in who they are. But this worry isn't insurmountable.

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https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/13/business/media/netflix-korea-asia-drama.html

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How Netflix Plans Total Global Domination, One Korean Drama at a Time

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Popular content produced in Asia and around the world has taken on greater significance with most of Hollywood now on strike.

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기사 번역 프로젝트 보고서 모둠

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https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-21956748

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From agriculture to automobiles to autocorrect, new things have always required new words - and new words have always aroused strong feelings.

In the 16th Century, neologisms "smelling too much of the Latin" - as the poet Richard Willes put it - were frowned upon by many.

Willes's objects of contempt included portentous, antiques, despicable, obsequious, homicide, destructive and prodigious, all of which he labelled "ink-horn terms" - a word itself now vanished from common usage, meaning an inkwell made out of horn.

I've spent much of the last year writing a book about technology and language and, today, the debate around what constitutes "proper" speech and writing is livelier than ever, courtesy of a transition every bit as significant (at least so far as language is concerned) as the Industrial Revolution.

From text messages and email to chat rooms and video games, technology has over the past few decades brought an extraordinary new arena of verbal exchange into being - and one whose controversies relate not so much to foreign infiltrations as to informality, abbreviation and self-indulgence. Hence the swelling legions of acronyms ( LOL!), grunts of internet-inspired indifference ( meh) and social-media-inspired techniques for dramatising the business of typing (#knowwhatImean).

In each case, the dividing line is largely generational - with a dash of snobbery and aesthetic appeal thrown in. Yet even the most seemingly obvious divisions between old and new can break down under closer examination.

Speed of communication today is matched by the speed with which new words are taken up. Bicycles, automobiles and telephones took decades each to become a part of daily life, both as words and as objects.

For the first time in human history, moreover, a majority of the world's adult population are playing an active role in the culture of reading as well as of writing. Social media networks are a particular engine of change, not least because what they offer is effectively an arena of typed conversation. Within them, written words spill out at the speed of speech, together with the peculiarly binary formulations that digital sociability involves:

to friend and to unfriend

to follow and to unfollow

to like and to unlike.

While friend/unfriend and follow/unfollow may embody corporate coinages at their most reductive, there's a freewheeling creativity to word-building at the user end of social media.

If I can't drag myself away from this particular social media service for even a moment, I may be a borderline twitterholic - although my fluency in speaking twitterese will be hard to dispute by anyone else in the twittersphere. I may even win the approval of the elite twitterati, so long as I don't embarrass myself by sending dweeps (drunken tweets).

And if you think all these words are unworthy of note, the Oxford English Dictionary disagrees with you.

It's far harder in some languages than others to import or invent vocabulary, of course. The Chinese character-based writing system entails constantly pressing old symbols into new service.

The word for a computer, for example, involves combining the characters for "electric" (dian) and "brain" (nao), while the character for "electric" itself originally denoted lightning.

It's a feature that makes fluent literacy in Chinese characters extremely challenging - and creates an internal consistency that many elsewhere would welcome. For, just as it was in the 16th Century, language change is a potent proxy for other concerns - about globalisation, the undermining of regional cultures and values, the decline of a shared sense of what is "proper" - and the stuff of thought itself.

In his recent book To Save Everything, Click Here, author Evgeny Morozov offers a blistering critique of both the term gamification and the mentality it encodes - the notion that almost any human activity, from voting to recycling, can be mechanically restructured like a game and thus made "fun".

As he puts it: "Soviet planners were also gamification enthusiasts, even if they never used the term." Their preferred label was "socialist competition", and the "games" they arranged involved unending, repetitive labour rewarded by empty titles - not entirely dissimilar to using some online services today.

If change must not be confused with progress, however, it's equally a category error to equate it with decay - not least because the changes currently taking place to language online are far too expansive either to summarise or condemn.

The name originates from an early spellchecking program's habit of automatically "correcting" the word "cooperation" (when spelt without a hyphen) into "Cupertino", the name of the California city in which Apple has its headquarters.

One of my favourite Cupertinos was my first computer's habit of changing the name "Freud" into "fraud" - or, more recently, of one phone's fondness for converting "soonish" into "Zionism".

As Cupertinos suggest, onscreen language is both a collaboration and a kind of combat between user and medium. And if self-expression can sometimes be reduced to little more than clicking on "like", there's every bit as much pressure exerted in the opposite direction.

Only time will tell what endures. For digital natives and immigrants alike, though, there's much to celebrate in the constant flux of our tongue - not least in the reminders it offers of the human stories beneath even the most seamless of technology surfaces.

If the history of language teaches us anything, it's that logic and reason come after the event with words - and that we are always saying more than we intend.

Tom Chatfield is the author of Netymology: A Linguistic Celebration of the Digital World

You can follow the Magazine on Twitter and on Facebook

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Viewpoint: Why do tech neologisms make people angry?

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The bewildering stream of new words to describe technology and its uses makes many people angry, but there's much to celebrate, writes Tom Chatfield.

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https://www.foxnews.com/politics/gop-presidential-candidates-applaud-supreme-court-striking-down-biden-student-loan-forgiveness-plan

https://edition.cnn.com/2023/06/30/politics/supreme-court-student-loan-forgiveness-biden/index.html

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Republican presidential candidates are applauding the ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court's conservative majority to strike down President Biden's ambitious and expensive student debt relief program.

In a 6-3 decision Friday, the high court ruled that the White House lacked the legal authorization to provide billions in federal loan forgiveness for borrowers, absent clear authorization from Congress.

The move by the Supreme Court will prevent more than 40 million low- and middle-income borrowers from receiving $10,000 in federal loan forgiveness under the Biden administration's plan - and is a major defeat for the president on one of his key 2020 election campaign promises.
SURPEME COURT'S CONSERVATIVE MAJORITY DELIVERS BLOW TO PRESIDENT BIDEN'S STUDENT LOAN FORGIVENESS PLAN

Former Vice President Mike Pence said the Biden administration's plan was "an egregious violation of the Constitution," adding that he was "pleased that the Court struck down the Radical Left's effort to use the money of taxpayers who played by the rules and repaid their debts in order to cancel the debt of bankers and lawyers in New York, San Francisco, and Washington, D.C."
OPINION: WHAT HAPPENS NOW THAT THE SUPREME COURT HAS STRUCK DOWN BIDEN'S STUDEN LOAN FORGIVENESS PLAN
Pence touted that he was "honored to have played a role in appointing three of the Justices that ensured today's welcomed decision, and as President I will continue to appoint judges who will strictly apply the law and enforce our Constitution's separation of powers."

Sen. Tim Scott of South Carolina also applauded the ruling.

"The U.S. Supreme Court was right to end the illegal and immoral effort by the Biden Administration to transfer student debt to taxpayers," he said in a statement to Fox News.

In a digital video, Scott argued that "Joe Biden wants you to pay off student loans of lawyers and professors. I want to strengthen vocational education and apprenticeships."
HOW THE SUPREME COURT RULED IN THE CASE OF GRAPHICS DESIGNER WHO REFUSED TO CREATE SAME-SEX WEDDING WEBSITE
"We need more welders, carpenters, and electricians. These are the jobs that built America and these are the jobs liberal elites can't shift to China. College isn't the only path to the American dream and it's time for a president who values hard work and the people who do it," the senator emphasized.

Former ambassador and former Gov. Nikki Haley of South Carolina emphasized in a statement that "a president cannot just wave his hand and eliminate loans for students he favors, while leaving out all those who worked hard to pay back their loans or made other career choices. The Supreme Court was right to throw out Joe Biden's power grab."

Republican presidential candidate, entrepreneur and conservative commentator Vivek Ramaswamy charged that the Biden plan was "disastrous."

"We have a bad habit in America of paying people to do the exact opposite of what we want them to do: more $$ to stay at home than to work, more $$ to be a single mother than married, more $$ for those who *fail* to repay loans than those who do. As a matter of policy, this decision helps reverse that trend," Ramaswamy argued.

North Dakota Gov. Doug Burgum, who launched his GOP White House bid a month ago, said in a statement that "the American financial system was built on the idea that if you borrow money, you pay it back. President Joe Biden knew his student loan gambit was on shaky legal ground, as the Constitution clearly states that spending originates in Congress, but he proceeded anyway in an attempt to score political points. Erasing the debt of high-paid, college-educated workers at the expense of blue-collar Americans is wrong, and would have exacerbated inflation significantly."

Robert F. Kennedy Jr, who's primary challenging President Biden for the Democratic nomination, called the Supreme Court ruling "unfortunate" but charged it was "the predictable result of Biden's failure to bring Congress together on this issue of crucial importance to young Americans."

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"President Biden knew his plan wouldn't survive a legal challenge. His plan gave the appearance of action, while accomplishing nothing," argued Kennedy, an environmental activist, high-profile vaccine skeptic, and scion of the famous Kennedy political dynasty.

Kennedy added that "this is an issue of grave importance to our country. As President, I will galvanize public support to pressure Congress to put down their partisan positions and legislate meaningful relief to the tens of millions of Americans who are drowning in student debt."
Fox News' Bill Mears contributed to this story

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GOP presidential candidates applaud Supreme Court striking down Biden's student loan forgiveness plan

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Republican presidential candidates applaud ruling by Supreme Court's conservative majority to block President Biden's student debt forgiveness plan

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Chris Vallance & James ClaytonTechnology reporters, BBC News

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Thirty million join Meta’s Twitter rival Threads, Zuckerberg says

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The Meta chief is hoping Threads, his new Instagram-linked app, will beat Twitter on numbers.

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https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-66218318

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By David Gritten and Laura Gozzi

Iran's morality police are to resume controversial street patrols to enforce the dress code requiring women to cover their hair and wear loose clothing.

It comes 10 months after mass protests erupted in response to the death in custody of Mahsa Amini, who was held for allegedly wearing "improper" hijab.

Women and girls have burnt their headscarves or waved them in the air at the anti-establishment demonstrations.

Many have even stopped covering their hair in public altogether.

Authorities attempted to enforce the dress code using other measures while the morality police patrols were paused, but they have been met with derision on social media and open defiance on the streets.

Under Iranian law, which is based on the country's interpretation of Sharia, women must cover their hair with a hijab (headscarf) and wear long, loose-fitting clothing to disguise their figures.

Since 2006, special police units formally known as the Guidance Patrols (Gasht-e Ershad) have been tasked with enforcing those rules.

Mahsa Amini, a 22-year-old Kurdish woman, was detained by the force in Tehran on 13 September. She died three days later in hospital.

There were reports that officers beat her head with a baton and banged her head against one of their vehicles while taking her to a "re-education centre". However, authorities blamed her death on an underlying health condition - something her family denied.

Many Iranians expressed outrage and protests against the morality police and the wider clerical establishment swept across the country in its wake.

Hundreds of people have been killed and thousands more have been detained in a violent crackdown by security forces, which have portrayed the protests as foreign-instigated "riots". Seven protesters have also been executed following what a UN expert has called "sham trials marred by torture allegations".

As well as demonstrating on the streets, videos and photos posted on social media suggested that an increasing number of women and girls were not covering their hair in public.

Authorities responded by installing surveillance cameras to identify them and closing businesses that turn a blind eye to dress code violations.

Women and men who supported the rules also appeared to take enforcement into their own hands. Earlier this year, a video emerged showing a man throwing a tub of yoghurt in the face of two unveiled women.

On Sunday, police spokesman Saeed Montazerolmahdi confirmed that morality police patrols had resumed across the country to "deal with those who, unfortunately, ignore the consequences of not wearing the proper hijab and insist on disobeying the norms".

"If they disobey the orders of the police force, legal action will be taken, and they will be referred to the judicial system," he added.

However, a university student identified only as Ismaili expressed doubt that the officers would be able to impose the dress code as they had before Mahsa Amini's death.

"The number of people who do not obey is too high now," she told Reuters news agency. "They cannot handle all of us, the last thing they can do is use violence and force against us. They cannot do it."

The reformist newspaper Hammihan warned that the resumption of patrols could "cause chaos" in society, while reformist politician Azar Mansouri said it showed the "gap between the people and the state is widening".

Iranians also took to social media to condemn the move as well as the arrest on Sunday of an actor, Mohammad Sadeqi, after he urged women to defend themselves when accosted by morality police.

Mr Sadeqi claimed in an Instagram post that the state had "declared a war" on them and advised women to carry "machetes" to fight back. "Trust me, people will kill you," he warned officers.

The judiciary's Mizan news agency said he was accused of "instigating violence through unconventional and unlawful comments online".

Additional reporting by BBC Monitoring.

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Iran's morality police to resume headscarf patrols

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The controversial police unit enforces Iran's strict dress code and has been accused of brutality.

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Inflation has been bruising Americans for more than two years - and it's finally losing some of its punch.

The Labor Department reported Wednesday that the consumer prices in June were up just 3% from a year ago - the smallest annual increase since March 2021. What's more, forecasters say inflation could fall further in the months to come.

But two years of high inflation has left its scars, and people are adjusting their habits, potentially in permanent ways.

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Here are five things to know about the state of inflation today.

Inflation has fallen sharply from its peak last year

It was a totally different picture this time last year. Back then, inflation had topped 9%, fueled in part by record-high gasoline prices following Russia's invasion of Ukraine.

Since then, gasoline prices have tumbled more than 26%. And that's having a big impact on the day-to-day lives of many Americans, especially commuters like Kate Blacker from Jersey City, N.J., who travels about an hour each day to her job at a community college.

"I'm a lot less worried now than I was six months ago, eight months ago, when the prices were rising so rapidly and I didn't know when that was going to cool down," says Blacker.

Grocery prices also leveled off last month, in a welcome relief to consumers' budgets.

And in another positive development in the midst of the summer, the price of airline tickets and hotel rooms fell in June, despite strong demand for travel.

Inflation likely has further to fall

Here's more good news: Even lower inflation rates are in the pipeline. Rent was a big driver of inflation in June, but people signing new apartment leases this summer are seeing smaller rent increases than they did a year ago.

That takes time to show up in the government's inflation tally, but the writing is on the wall.

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Likewise, the wholesale price of used cars has been falling for several months, so those savings should continue to produce lower prices on dealers' lots.

Omair Sharif, who heads the forecasting firm Inflation Insights, believes the next several months will be marked by mild cost-of-living increases, much like June was.

"This is kind of the leading edge of the summer of disinflation," Sharif says.

Companies may no longer be able to pad their profits

Economist Lael Brainard says some companies added to their profit margins during the last two years of strong inflation - a trend that could soon be reversed.

Brainard served as Vice Chair of the Federal Reserve board before moving to the White House in February to direct the National Economic Council. She points to what she calls a "price-price" spiral, when companies see their costs go up, then raise their own prices even more.

"It will be important for corporations to continue to bring their markups down after having raised them to unusually elevated levels over the past two years," Brainard told the Economic Club of New York Wednesday.

Brainard says those higher markups "should unwind if consumers are more price-sensitive and firms have to compete more intensely."

Many people are becoming more careful shoppers

Two years of high inflation has left a mark on the way people spend money, and some of those changes may be lasting.

Blacker, for example, postponed a trip to Los Angeles this summer, hoping to find cheaper plane tickets in the fall. She also canceled her gym membership, and says she and her partner are more thoughtful now about their food purchases than they used to be.

"We didn't really look so much at the grocery prices before," Blacker says. "It was more like, 'Oh, let's look up a recipe and just get whatever it is that we need.' "

With restaurant prices still climbing, she's also eating out less often.

"It's something we have to be much more conscious about, in terms our budgeting for that," Blacker says.

The Federal Reserve is not ready to declare victory just yet

The data showing easing inflation on Wednesday will likely be greeted as welcome news to the country's inflation fighters, but the battle is probably not over.

The Fed has raised interest rates aggressively over the last 16 months in an effort to curb demand and bring prices under control.

Although the central bank opted to hold rates steady at its last meeting in June, forecasters expect at least one additional, quarter-point rate hike when Fed policymakers meet in two weeks.

If inflation continues to trend down, however, that may just be the last increase in this cycle.

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Why inflation is losing its punch - and why things could get even better

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Annual inflation fell to 3% in June, the lowest since March 2021. That probably won't stop the Federal Reserve from raising rates again, but this month's expected hike could be the last.

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La Corée du Nord rejette toute négociation sur son désarmement nucléaire

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Pyongyang a répondu à l’appel du G7 qui l’avait exhorté à « l’abandon complet, vérifiable et irréversible des armes nucléaires ». Une requête « extrêmement interventionniste », a jugé la ministre des affaires étrangères nord-coréenne.

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기사 번역 프로젝트 보고서 양식모둠용

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https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/oct/28/uncovering-britains-secret-history-of-bussing-ethnic-minority-children

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Shabina Aslam was a seven-year-old in Bradford when she was placed on a bus and moved out to a white-majority suburban school, where she and her brother were placed in the special needs department.

This is despite the pair - whose family had migrated from Kenya as part of the exodus of Indians from east Africa - being fluent in several languages.

"We spoke English, Swahili and Punjabi," Aslam recalls. "Nobody spoke to us or tested our language abilities."

Aslam and her brother were part of the controversial "bussing out" policy from the 1960s, which transported primary schoolchildren from ethnic minority backgrounds to such schools. On the surface, its aim was to integrate the non-anglophone-speaking children of immigrants from former British colonies with south Asian, West Indian and African backgrounds.

Aslam recalls how the bus was painted with a yellow circle, and was deemed the "Paki bus" by white children.

It was only when she trained as a teacher in her thirties that she stumbled across an inconspicuous footnote in a book about the experience of black people in British education, when she realised others had also been bussed outside their city.

"One of the problems with bussing is that when it was happening, no records were kept," she said. "There's no real records of it other than in people's memories."

Shabina Aslam's exhibition Bussing Out at the Theatre in the Mill Bradford University reflects on Asian and African-Caribbean children being relocated to rural schools with large white pupil populations. Photograph: Gary Calton/The Observer

After strong opposition over several years from a chorus of affected families, anti-racism groups and ethnic minority associations, the policy was eventually scrapped for being discriminatory, although when dispersal began and ended varied in each area.

Now, Aslam's personal experience is the basis of an immersive art exhibition and archive she has created, Bussing Out, which is based on 21 oral history interviews she conducted with fellow Bradfordians.

The exhibition includes a purpose-built set of the top floor of a 1970s bus. Visitors are immersed in the experience of Aslam's interviewees, where they can hear actors giving reconstructions of the interviews, as animations of the bus route are projected on the windows.

Bussing has mostly been associated with desegregation efforts in the US, but "also took place in Britain, encouraged through educational policies on 'immigrant pupils' ratios", said Dr Shirin Hirsch, a senior lecturer in history at Manchester Metropolitan University.

Talk of the policy first came about in the autumn of 1963, when white parents organised protests in Southall against the arrival of immigrant children to Beaconsfield Road school.

Bussing took place in many British cities yet is largely undocumented. Photograph: Gary Calton/The Observer

After meeting some of the disgruntled parents, the Conservative minister for education at the time, Edward Boyle, declared in the House of Commons, that the school had become " irretrievably an immigrant school ".

"It is desirable on educational grounds that no one school should have more than about 30% of immigrants," he said.

It was under Harold Wilson's Labour government, elected in 1964, that the policy finally found a foothold in British schools. This was despite the fact that only a fraction of schools, 569 out of 26,000, accommodated more than one-third of immigrant children in 1971, according to Olivier Esteves, the author of The Desegregation of English Schools.

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From 1964 to 1986, Blackburn, Bradford, Bristol, Ealing, Halifax, Hounslow, Huddersfield, Leicester, Luton, Walsall, West Bromwich and Wolverhampton opted to "desegregate" schools with a large intake of immigrant children.

"The racial suspicion towards such children was justified through a narrative that to truly integrate they would need to be spread out," said Hirsch. "In reality the bussed 'immigrant' was selected far more on skin colour than on immigration status. It was only the 'immigrant pupils' who were 'bussed out' rather than white children 'bussed in'."

By the early 1970s, as word of bussing targeting only immigrant families began to spread, Usha Prashar of the Race Relations Board decided to lead the first investigation into bussing.

The Race Relations Act 1965 had been introduced to address racial discrimination, followed by the Race Relations Act 1968, which focused on eradicating discrimination in housing and employment.

It was under this legislation that the Race Relations Board's investigation concluded that there was a "pattern of discrimination".

"The impact was quite worrying on small children," Prashar said. "Bussing meant a very long day for very small children who had to leave home at the crack of dawn to arrive late in the evening."

She added: "They could have been taught English in their local areas. I think it was a response also to the comments when [Boyle] visited [Southall] that he got from the local community that, 'Too many immigrants are coming in, our schools are becoming all Asian, it's going to lower the standard of schools', and so on.

"This investigation which was led by me, concluded that bussing was unlawful and detrimental for the children, and led to the dismantling of this policy."

The Race Relations act was updated again and the Commission for Racial Equality created in 1976, a year that coincided with Gurdeep Singh Chaggar's murder by a racist gang. "Nobody in this country, to this day, appreciates that bussing was taking place in the United Kingdom," Prashar said.

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Uncovering Britain's secret history of bussing ethnic minority children

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Shabina Aslam was sent away to a remote school under a policy of dispersing non-white children in the 1960s and 1970s, which she now explores in a Bradford-based exhibition

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One million people are living below the poverty line in NSW, census data has revealed

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Exclusive: The figure includes one in seven children, with western Sydney suffering the highest rates of child poverty

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인공지능 번역의 한계와 도전: 언어별 특징과 문화적 이해의 필요성(수정본)

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인공지능 번역의 한계와 도전: 언어별 특징과 문화적 이해의 필요성(수정본)

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보고서 완성했어요 !!! 

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보고서 완성했어요 !!! 

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기사 번역 프로젝트 보고서 ( 김리안, 유연진 )

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기사 번역 프로젝트 보고서 20712 방은서

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As John Kerry touches down in China, the main question will be whether the world's biggest superpowers - and polluters - can dispel diplomatic tensions to focus on key climate goals.

Mr Kerry, the US special envoy on climate, is the latest top official to be dispatched from Washington following visits by Antony Blinken and Janet Yellen - as the US seeks to restart stalled relations with Beijing.

He will meet his Chinese counterpart Xie Zhenhua and other officials on his four-day trip. Mr Kerry's office says he wants to engage with China on "increasing implementation and ambition", and ensuring a successful COP28, the UN climate change conference scheduled for the end of the year.

While their meeting is not widely expected to yield any concrete decisions, it will be seen as a conversation starter. They are likely to discuss their common challenges of accelerating their switch to clean energy and reducing carbon emissions.

The two countries are the biggest investors in renewable energy, with China alone making up more than half of the world's total renewable energy investment, according to one assessment.

But they are also the world's two largest carbon emitters, making them the "G2 of energy consumption, energy use and pollution," noted Dan Kammen, energy professor at the University of California, Berkeley.

"So both are making major steps, but neither are actually seeing emissions fall yet," he told the BBC Newshour programme.

Contradictory moves

Both governments are evidently still struggling to balance the demands of economic growth and reducing emissions, leading to contradictory moves that have attracted criticism from environmentalists.

It wasn't so long ago that China appeared keen on reducing its reliance on coal.

In 2020, President Xi Jinping announced key carbon neutrality goals after a steady ramp-up in previous years in clean energy infrastructure. Years of worsening smog in Beijing and other cities had triggered widespread public anxiety, prompting authorities to progressively shut down coal-fired power plants and curtail coal production.

But since then, blackouts have been plaguing the country, mainly attributed to either the coal power slowdown or severe droughts affecting hydropower output. The resurgent post-Covid economy, both domestically and globally, has seen a greater demand for power as China's factories increase production. Extreme heatwaves - like the one seen this summer - and cold snaps have also led to higher electricity consumption.

China has now shifted to prioritising its energy security. That means moving back to coal power, because this is seen as more reliable when compared with the intermittency of wind and solar energy.

Last year, China approved a dramatic increase in its coal power output, the equivalent of approving two large coal power plants a week, according to one analysis.

Another found that while renewable energy now forms a greater share of China's power output, coal-fired power was still rising in absolute terms because of the sheer demand.

Activists have criticised the return to coal as a lazy way of solving the problem, arguing that there are market policies and infrastructure solutions that can make clean energy supply more consistent.

As for the US, it has recently passed two pieces of legislation that would put billions of dollars into clean energy. But it has also just approved one of its largest oil and gas drilling projects in recent years in Alaska.

US carbon emissions also grew in 2022 as the country consumed more natural gas during extreme weather that year, according to the International Energy Agency.

"The US is no better... so each one has a long way to go, each one needs to egg the other on, and most importantly all the countries all around are watching to what degree the US and China absolutely are dead serious about the climate goals," said Prof Kammen.

Laying out their wishlists

Analysts say Mr Kerry may try to persuade China to fully capitalise on its clean energy resources and achieve carbon neutrality more quickly.

China aims to peak its carbon emissions by 2030 and become carbon neutral by 2060 - goals which some say are too far off and give it too much leeway. Others have also taken issue with the fact that China is still considered a "developing country" by the UN, which means it is held to different standards than the US and other major powers.

Earlier this month Ms Yellen urged Beijing to donate to international climate funds set up by richer countries to help poorer economies struggling with climate change. China has rejected such requests in the past, citing its UN status.

China's own wishlist may include the removal of a recently reinstated US tariff on Chinese-manufactured solar panels. It may also object to proposed US taxes on foreign steel and aluminium based on carbon emissions, which would hit Chinese exports hard.

Both sides could also use climate issues as a bargaining chip in their wider trade and political negotiations.

China would be reluctant to be seen as giving in to the US given the current state of their relationship, warned Li Shuo, Greenpeace East Asia's senior global policy advisor based in Beijing.

But there is an opportunity for Mr Kerry and Mr Xie to "capitalise on this relatively calm period... to separate their bilateral relationship from their climate conversation", he told the BBC.

In other words, both countries need to urgently put aside their rivalry to address the climate crisis, say experts. There is a hope for a return to the amity seen at the 2021 COP meeting, where they announced a surprise joint agreement to accelerate emissions reductions.

"You could still make an argument to decouple your trade, as long as you are willing to bear the cost. But you can never make an argument to decouple climate engagement because... this issue will never be singlehandedly solved by the US or China. It is truly a global issue that requires all hands on deck," said Mr Li.

Prof Kammen agreed. "Let's recognise that if we don't fix this, all our disputes about human rights and things are important - but they are truly rearranging deckchairs on the Titanic," he said.

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John Kerry in Beijing: Can US and China set aside rivalry for climate action?

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The two biggest economies and polluters need to work together to avert the crisis, experts say.

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On Dec. 16, 2022, China extended its threats against Taiwan to include a more direct move against Japan-and its treaty ally, the United States. The Liaoning aircraft carrier sailed quietly east between Okinawa and Miyako islands, of Japan's Okinawa Prefecture, sandwiching the Japanese territory with China's mainland to the west.

On Dec. 16, 2022, China extended its threats against Taiwan to include a more direct move against Japan-and its treaty ally, the United States. The Liaoning aircraft carrier sailed quietly east between Okinawa and Miyako islands, of Japan's Okinawa Prefecture, sandwiching the Japanese territory with China's mainland to the west.

Between Dec. 17 and 22, the Chinese navy flew a total of 180 fighter jets and helicopters from the carrier in an apparent drill against the Nansei island chain, also known as the Ryukyu Islands, which includes Okinawa, where the United States has several military bases. This elevated threat threshold, along with the increasing assertiveness of other Chinese actions such as the spy balloon incident, brings new dynamics and risks to Okinawa itself.

China has conducted drills on the eastern side of the island of Taiwan before, wading into Japanese territorial waters, but historically it stayed closer to Taiwan. This time, China's navy sailed deliberately between two islands deep in Japanese territory, in what looked like training to deal with the larger U.S.-Japan defensive stronghold. Speeches, jamming or interfering with information channels, nearby missile tests, and buzzing jets over Taiwan have become expected forms of pressure from China. But steering an aircraft carrier east of the Nansei islands, past waters Japan designates for the U.S. military, was a far stronger move.

These drills occurred near waters and airspace the United States uses for training, an area Japan and the United States consider the more secure side of Okinawa. To some degree, such moves by China is a regular reaction to events around Taiwan, where China frequently saber-rattles in response to the island's defense efforts. The United States and Japan had just signed large defense spending bills to assist Taiwan. But Okinawa also has a significance of its own.

Okinawa has a tragic history of recent conflict. The independent Ryukyu Kingdom was taken over by Japan in the 19th century, but the worst losses came during World War II, when the island lost around a quarter of its civilian population during fighting between the Americans and Japanese, including mass suicides ordered by the Japanese military. The island offered a foothold for the invasion of the home islands itself-one never, in the end, needed. Following the war, Japan signed a security treaty with the United States giving up its military capacity and entrusting it to the United States, which directly ruled the island for a period. Okinawa became the hub of the U.S. military presence, forcing Okinawans to give up valuable farmland and beginning long-lasting problems between locals and the U.S. military.

At the time, China benefited from U.S. containment of the defeated Japan. Yet today the situation has flipped. The United States and Japan have grown closer, and the U.S. military presence bolder; China, acutely aware of the U.S. presence in its region, feels bullied and contained. The United States routinely sails its own 7th Fleet into the Taiwan Strait, flaunting its ability to respond quickly. Sailing the Liaoning carrier past Okinawa was the Chinese attempt to respond to the U.S. military with an equivalent gesture. It may have prompted U.S. House of Representatives Speaker Kevin McCarthy's rethink of his visit to Taiwan; McCarthy requested instead that Taiwanese President Tsai Ing-wen meet him in the United States.

But China isn't just eyeing Taiwan. As China's fleet strength grows and the possibility of a conflict with the United States rises, Beijing increasingly needs a path through the first island chain as a whole. The first island chain is the string of islands, small and large, including Taiwan and the Ryukyu Islands, between China and the Pacific Ocean. The islands' territorial claims potentially limit China's access to open seas in the event of war.

Retired U.S. Admiral James Stavridis contends in his book Sea Power that access to the oceans "drive[s] the international system" because of a ship's ability to carry large scale weaponry, aircraft, and supplies anywhere in the world. The smaller Nansei islands potentially hold an exit lane for Beijing. China already claims the Diaoyu islands (as it refers to them; Japan calls them the Senkaku islands) just west of the Nansei islands but harbors greater ambitions.

War with Taiwan is one thing, though; war with Japan and the United States another. Part of Beijing's purpose here may be intimidation, hoping to keep Tokyo and Washington out of a war in the first place. But it's more likely to stir opposition to Beijing in Tokyo, where distrust of China is growing. This is the kind of moment Tokyo envisioned when signing the original U.S.-Japan Mutual Security Treaty in 1951 and establishing permanent basing agreements with the United States in 1960. The U.S.-Japan alliance, born out of the U.S. occupation, has not always been popular with the Japanese public, but Beijing's direct military threat makes the joint Japanese-American defense approach for all these decades more credible.

All this makes Okinawa increasingly important-and imposes costs that Okinawans, now largely opposed to Washington's presence and feeling neglected by Tokyo, don't want to pay. At the crux of this tangle is Okinawa Prefecture Governor Denny Tamaki, the son of a Japanese mother and a U.S. marine father he never knew, who has sought to stand up for the people of Okinawa against pressure from both Japan and the United States. Tamaki's experiences embody the human consequences of focusing so much geopolitical energy on one island chain. Okinawans are angry about the constant low-flying aircraft noise; the crimes, both petty and brutal, committed by American soldiers and sailors; and the extensive land reserved for military bases.

Yet given the strategic value of Okinawa, the island may be doomed to be contested by larger powers. Chinese revanchists often point to the island as a potential claim for Beijing itself, based on the tributary relationship between the Ryukyu Kingdom and the Qing empire. Beijing has made use of these claims itself during disputes with Tokyo over other island territories.

Yet China's ambitions could also backfire. The U.S. presence in Okinawa brings hundreds of thousands of Americans through the island. Over eight decades, some have grown fond of Okinawa and Japan more generally-a powerful instrument of soft power for the archipelago. Any threat to the island is likely not to deter Washington or Tokyo but to provoke them.

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Okinawa Is in the Crosshairs of China's Ambitions

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Okinawans continue to pay the price for being caught between great powers.

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Group aims to start language immersion charter school in Frederick County

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In the spacious basement of her Urbana home, Li Zhou commanded rapt attention from the preschoolers sprawled on the carpet before her.

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https://www.xportsnews.com/article/1712310

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(엑스포츠뉴스 이창규 기자) 영화 '바비'의 캐릭터 포스터 문구 훼손 논란이 불거지면서 국내 개봉하는 외화들의 메시지 훼손 사례들이 다시금 회자되고 있다.

지난 12일 워너브러더스 코리아는 공식 SNS를 통해 주연인 마고 로비를 비롯해 라이언 고슬링, 아메리카 페레라 등 7명의 모습이 각각 담긴 '바비' 캐릭터 포스터를 공개했다.

그런데 해당 포스터는 '바비', '켄' 이라는 문구만이 담겨 논란이 일었다. 북미판 포스터에는 실제로 바비를 가지고 인형놀이를 하듯 여러 설정들이 담긴 문구가 있었기 때문.

마고 로비의 경우 '바비는 무엇이든 될 수 있어'(Barbie is everything), 라이언 고슬링은 '그는 그냥 켄'(He's just Ken)이라는 문구가 있었는데, 이를 모두 단순히 '바비', '켄'으로 의미를 축소시켜 번역한 것. 심지어 아메리칸 페레라는 다른 극중 인물들과는 달리 실제로 사람이기 때문에 'She's a human'이라는 문구가 적혔음에도 '인간'이라는 문구로 표기됐다.

게다가 프랑스나 이탈리아 등 유럽 지역과 태국 등 동남아 지역은 물론, 인도네시아 처럼 이슬람 문화권에 있는 나라에서도 해당 문구가 그대로 번역됐던 터라 더욱 비판이 많았다.

3일 워너브러더스 코리아 관계자는 엑스포츠뉴스에 "특별한 의도는 없다"면서 "국내 마케팅 시작 전 먼저 캐릭터 비주얼과 캐릭터명을 소개하기로 한 것이다. 국내 마케팅 시작 시점에 맞춰 전체 24종 캐릭터 포스터를 다시 공개할 예정"이라고 밝혔다.

결국 워너브라더스 코리아는 공식 SNS에 포스터의 문구를 수정하고 24종 캐릭터 포스터를 공개했지만, 이전에 공개한 포스터 문구와 관련한 별다른 언급이 없어 반응은 좋지 않다.

이와 유사한 사례는 종종 있어왔다.

2009년 개봉했던 우디 앨런 감독의 '내 남자의 아내도 좋아'의 국내 포스터에서는 스칼렛 요한슨의 가슴 부분을 포토샵으로 부각한 것이 발견되면서 비판을 받았다.

2017년 개봉했던 '우리의 20세기' 또한 원제인 '20th Century Women'에서 의도적으로 여성을 뺀 게 아니냐는 비판을 받았다. 마이크 밀스 감독이 작품에 대해서 "나를 키워준, 20세기를 살아온 여성들에 대한 러브레터"라고 언급했던 만큼, 원제가 갖고 있는 의미를 훼손했다는 지적을 받았다.

이뿐 아니라 '세상을 바꾼 변호인'은 원제가 'On the Basis of Sex'였기에 개봉명이 변경된 것에 대해서는 큰 이야기가 나오지 않았으나, 포스터의 번역이 문제가 되었다.

미국 연방 대법원의 대법관 루스 베이더 긴즈버그의 젊은 시절을 그린 작품인 만큼, 북미 포스터에서는 'Heroic'(영웅적인), 'Inspiring'(영감을 주는), 'Marvelous'(놀라운) 등의 문구가 큼지막하게 담겼다. 하지만 국내 포스터에서는 완전히 다른 의미가 담긴 '러블리한 날', '꾸.안.꾸한 날' 등의 문구로 대체되었다.

최초 공개된 포스터에서는 '빌어먹을 차별을 무너뜨릴 결정적 한방'이라는 내용으로 영화의 메시지를 그대로 담아냈던 것을 감안하면 의도적으로 페미니즘을 지우려는 게 아니냐는 비판을 받았다. 결국 당시 포스터 번역을 담당했던 CGV아트하우스 측은 "해외 이미지를 활용해 자체 콘텐츠를 만드는 과정에서 오리지널 콘텐츠의 의미를 본의 아니게 훼손했다"며 사과했다.

이와 관련해 이학후 영화평론가는 "포스터도 영화의 일부분 아닌가. 그렇다면 그것에 대한 존중이 필요하다고 본다"며 "창작자에 대한 존중의 태도를 갖고 홍보를 진행했으면 하는 바람이다. 과거 영화의 오역 사태도 비슷한 측면에서 봐야한다. 상업영화도 예술의 일부 아닌가. 어떤 창작물이든 창작자의 의도를 존중해줘야 한다"고 밝혔다.

물론 외화의 경우 번역을 통해 개봉명이 바뀌는 일이 드문 것은 아니며, 오히려 적절한 의역으로 인해 '초월번역'이라며 원제보다도 좋은 평가를 받는 경우도 있다.

실제로 '사랑과 영혼'의 경우 원제가 'Ghost'였는데, 유령, 귀신이 아닌 영혼이라는 단어를 쓰면서 동시에 사랑이라는 단어를 추가해 영화의 내용을 함축적으로 담아냈다.

'지랄발광 17세' 또한 적절한 번역으로 호평을 받은 케이스다. 원제인 'The Edge of Seventeen'은 '17살의 끝'으로 직역할 수 있는데, 'edge'라는 단어를 변형한 은어 'edgy'는 힙스터, 중2병처럼 10대들이 남들과 달라보이기 위해 오만가지 허세를 부리는 단어로 쓰인다. 이 때문에 국내 개봉명을 'edgy'에 맞춰서 번역하게 됐고, 보다 강렬한 제목으로 인해 작품에 대한 관심을 높이는 데 성공했다.

이외에 '미녀 삼총사'(원제 'Charlie's Angels')와 '그 여자 작사 그 남자 작곡'(원제 'Music And Lyrics') 또한 영화의 느낌을 잘 살렸다는 평을 받는다. 특히 후자의 경우 '음악과 가사'라는 단순한 원제를 로맨틱 코미디라는 장르가 떠오를 수 있게끔 번역했다는 좋은 평을 받았다.

이러한 호평을 받는 의역의 경우, 작품이 갖고 있는 의미를 잘 함축해냈거나 작품에 대한 이해도나 집중도를 높이기 위해 의미를 명확하게 한 케이스다.

그러나 작품이 담고 있는 기본적인 메시지를 배제하거나 훼손하는 오역은 작품의 홍보에 방해만 될 뿐이다. 적절한 의역을 거쳐 '초월번역'이라는 평가를 받는 작품들이 왜 호평을 받게 된 것인지 홍보를 맡은 담당자들은 깊이 생각해봐야 하지 않을까.

사진= 워너브라더스 코리아, '바비' 공식 계정, '내 남자의 아내도 좋아' 포스터, '세상을 바꾼 변호인' 포스터, 소니 픽처스

이창규 기자 skywalkerlee@xportsnews.com

ⓒ 엑스포츠뉴스 / 무단전재 및 재배포 금지

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반복되는 포스터 속 오역...'초월번역' 원한다면 [엑's 초점]

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(엑스포츠뉴스 이창규 기자) 영화 '바비'의 캐릭터 포스터 문구 훼손 논란이 불거지면서 국내 개봉하는 외화들의 메시지 훼손 사례들이 다시금 회자되고 있다. 지난 12일 워너브러더스 코리아는 공식 SNS를 통해 주연인 마고 로비를 비롯해 라이언 고슬링, 아메리카 페레라 등 7명의 모습이 각각 담긴 '바비' 캐릭터 포스터를 공개했다. 그런데 해당 포스터는 '바비', '켄' 이라는 문구만이 담겨 논란이 일었다.

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In our series of letters from African journalists, France-based Maher Mezahi writes how racism and Islamophobia lie behind the anger seen on the country's streets over the past week.

The riots which spread countrywide after the killing by police of Nahel M, a 17-year-old boy of Algerian origin, have shaken French society to its very core. The unrest has been described as unprecedented in terms of scale and intensity.

In Marseille, a city that I've called home over the past year, an absurd routine settled into place.

Afternoons were for rushing to finish errands before shops and public transport prematurely shut down ahead of the impending chaos.

Evenings were characterised by a high-stakes game of cat-and-mouse between police and rioters, set to the pulsating soundtrack of car sirens, helicopters and fireworks.

Mornings were for French talk-shows and the one-sided analysis they often platformed.

The same carousel of police union spokespersons, law analysts and politicians repeatedly attempted to explain the who, what, and - most notably - why the riots were taking place.

While there was almost unanimous condemnation of the police killing of Nahel, after the riots many were quick to raise the same-old question regarding immigration into France.

There was the ever-present: "How have third- and fourth-generation French citizens of immigrant descent failed to integrate into French society?"

And my personal favourite: "Don't rioters understand that they are ruining their own property?"

That such questions have yet to be answered decades after they were first raised makes me question whether those asking them were sincerely searching for answers.

In his famed commencement speech at Kenyon College in the US in 2005, late American novelist David Foster Wallace put forth the parable of two young fish swimming past an older fish, who says to them: "Morning, boys. How's the water?"

The two continue on their way and then one asks the other: "What the hell is water?"

"The point of the fish story is merely that the most obvious, important realities are often the ones that are hardest to see and talk about," Wallace noted.

As a young, Algerian, Muslim man who grew up in Canada, my observation of day-to-day life in France over the past few months is that the water reeks of latent, banalised racism and Islamophobia.

In the weeks leading up to the shooting, there were several examples of major media outlets and political elites making highly provocative statements about Muslims and Algerians in France.

At the start of June, former Prime Minister Edouard Philippe gave a wide-ranging interview in which he called for immigration reform. He said that some French people don't consider second- or third-generation immigrants French for purposes of "integration, education, civic-mindedness" - and that these views should be heard.

Mr Philippe went on to say that another problem many French people have with immigration is Islam.

"It is a central subject, a disturbing subject, a haunting subject," he said.

Finally, he advocated revoking a bilateral treaty that makes it easier for Algerians to immigrate to France.

Later on in June, France's most watched news channel, BFM TV, filmed the entrance of a middle school in Lyon so that they could count how many students walked in with an "abaya", a loose robe worn by many Muslim women.

The report was meant to tell the French public that the open display of religion was creeping into schools, contravening the doctrine of laïcité - the French concept of strict secularism in the public space.

The girls defiantly walked up to the entrance in their abayas and removed their headscarves, or hijabs, as French law requires, forcing the institution to acknowledge that it was actively undressing them.

The scenes were reminiscent of Frantz Fanon's Algeria Unveiled essay, in which he analyses the colonial apparatus' obsessive gaze on Algerian women who covered their bodies.

Martin Luther King Jr once said that a riot is the language of the unheard"

Maher Mezahi
Journalist

The abaya controversy was followed by the story that a handful of Muslim children in Nice, between the ages of nine and 11, had the audacity to pray in their school courtyard.

The mayor of Nice, Christian Estrosi, the head of a right-wing political party, Eric Ciotti, and the Minister of Education, Pap Ndiaye, all publicly lambasted the children.

A few days later, and just a few weeks ahead of the 2023 Fifa Women's World Cup, a French court upheld a ban on Muslim footballers wearing the hijab.

While the officer who killed Nahel is in custody, right-wing personalities created a crowdfunding campaign for him, which received €1.6m (£1.4m; $1.7m) in donations before it was closed.

Some left-leaning politicians condemned the campaign, but others on the right used it to symbolise their support for the police and it has become a highly divisive issue.

All of this fuels the feeling of many Muslims and North Africans living in France that they are not accepted by the state and society, and explains why many people reacted with such anger to the killing of Nahel.

Martin Luther King Jr once said that "a riot is the language of the unheard".

Last week, and perhaps for the very first time in their lives, troubled French youth made themselves heard.

More Letters from Africa:

Follow us on Twitter @BBCAfrica, on Facebook at BBC Africa or on Instagram at bbcafrica

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France riots: Fuelled by everyday discrimination

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Algerian journalist Maher Mezahi writes about the riots that swept through France.

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https://hbr.org/2021/05/what-the-west-gets-wrong-about-china

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Many people have wrongly assumed that political freedom would follow new economic freedoms in China and that its economic growth would have to be built on the same foundations as in the West. The authors suggest that those assumptions are rooted in three essentially false beliefs about modern China:…

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China promised Trump a better deal for America; it didn’t actually deliver

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In 2020, President Trump signed a deal with the Chinese government to improve trade relations. China, for the most part, has not followed through.

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국가 간의 성명 속에서 텍스트 해석의 상이함이 가져오는 여파가 궁금합니다. 그리고 어떤 논쟁이 생길지 궁금한데 이 기사가 적절한지 의문이 드네요. 주제 선정 이유는 중어중문을 지망해서 이렇게 쓰네요

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China is attempting to open a new front in its territorial dispute with Japan by questioning Tokyo's sovereignty over the island of Okinawa, home to 25,000 US troops.

The two countries are already pushing rival claims to the Senkakus, a chain of uninhabited islands in the East China Sea that are controlled by Tokyo. The dispute over the islands, known as the Diaoyu in China, has hit bilateral trade and sent diplomatic relations to their lowest point for decades.

Beijing began its attempt to broaden the territorial dispute earlier this month when the communist party newspaper, the People's Daily, ran an article in which two Chinese academics challenged Japan's sovereignty over the Ryukyu chain of islands, which includes Okinawa.

Luo Yuan, a two-star general in the People's Liberation Army, raised the territorial stakes again this week, saying the Ryukyus had started paying tribute to China in 1372, half a millennium before they were seized by Japan.

"Let's for now not discuss whether [the Ryukyus] belong to China, they were certainly China's tributary state," Luo said in an interview with China News Service. "I am not saying all former tributary states belong to China, but we can say with certainty that the Ryukyus do not belong to Japan," he added, in comments translated by the South China Morning Post.

The potential for more diplomatic clashes over territory comes amid fresh criticism of Japan's attitude towards its wartime conduct in China and the Korean peninsula.

Beijing reacted angrily after the outspoken nationalist mayor of Osaka, Toru Hashimoto, said this week that Japan's forced recruitment of Asian women to work in military brothels before and during the second world war had been necessary to maintain discipline among soldiers.

"We are appalled and indignant about the Japanese politician's comments boldly challenging humanity and historical justice," Hong Lei, a Chinese foreign ministry spokesman, told reporters.

"The way they treat the past will determine the way Japan walks toward the future. On what choice Japan will make, its Asian neighbours and the international community will wait and see."

On Wednesday Hashimoto attempted to clarify his remarks, saying he had not sought to justify the use of so-called comfort women, but was questioning why Japan had been singled out for criticism given that other countries had, he said, operated similar schemes.

Okinawa, an island of more than 1 million people, hosts more than half the 47,000 US troops stationed in Japan.

Washington and Tokyo have agreed to reduce Washington's military footprint on Okinawa, but the island is seen as key to the US's ability to respond quickly to maritime provocations by the increasingly robust Chinese navy, as well as a crisis on the Korean peninsula.

In their People's Daily article, Li Guoqiang and Zhang Haipeng, prominent academics at the government-run Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, said Japan's annexation of the Ryukyu kingdom in 1879 amounted to an invasion, and that the sovereignty issue remained open to question.

They pointed out that the kingdom had previously been a Chinese vassal state, adding that the ruling Qing dynasty had been too weak to resist Japan's advance.

"Hanging in the balance of history, the unresolved problem of the Ryukyus has finally arrived at the time for reconsideration," they wrote.

In a later article for the paper's sister publication, the Global Times, Li said: "Not only is Japan obliterating the truth about the Ryukyu issue, but it is doubling its aggressiveness and making provocations over the Diaoyu issue. Therefore it is necessary to revisit the Ryukyu issue."

China's foreign ministry dismissed Japanese protests over the article.

Hua Chunying, a ministry spokeswoman, told reporters that China "does not accept Japan's representations or protests". She said the article reflected renewed interest in the islands in the light of Japan's provocative actions over the Senkakus.

Japan's government effectively nationalised three of the disputed islets after buying them from their private owners last year, sparking violent protests across China and forcing the temporary closure of Japanese businesses in the country.

Okinawa, scene of one of the bloodiest battles of the Pacific war, was controlled by the US until it was returned to Japan on 15 May 1972.

The continued presence of US troops and military hardware is a constant source of tension with the civilian population, who complain about crimes by soldiers, noise pollution and the potential for accidents involving aircraft.

Analysts said China was mistaken if it believed that provoking Japan over Okinawa would add momentum to its claims to the Senkaku islands. "If China's goal is to hold talks with Japan over the Senkakus, articles like these are counterproductive," M Taylor Fravel, a Chinese foreign policy expert at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, told Associated Press.

"As a result, Japan has an even stronger incentive now to stand firm with China and not hold talks."

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China lays claim to Okinawa as territory dispute with Japan escalates

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China questions Japan's sovereignty over Ryukyu islands, heightening tension over existing Senkakus islands dispute

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기사 번역 프로젝트 보고서 양식모둠용

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기사 번역 프로젝트 보고서 양식모둠 이승찬 정은재 연규성

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https://edu.cctv.com/2023/01/16/ARTI6cGWhg9zqBXsrOylGBvO230116.shtml

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教育部颁布《信息技术产品国家通用语言文字使用管理规定》

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为贯彻党的二十大精神，进一步落实《中华人民共和国国家通用语言文字法》，加大国家通用语言文字推广普及力度，教育部制定《信息技术产品国家通用语言文字使用管理规定》（以下简称《管理规定》），以第54号教育部令颁布。

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Twitter owner Elon Musk says he has an optimistic outlook on China 's future and believes the communist country is ready to help write international rules for artificial intelligence.

Mr. Musk said China has good intentions for emerging technology during an audio interview with U.S. lawmakers on Twitter Spaces.

"I'm kind of pro- China," Mr. Musk said in the interview late Wednesday. "And I know this makes it sound like 'Well, do you have all these vested interests in China?' I'm like, I have some vested interests in China but honestly, I think China is underrated and I think the people of China are really awesome and there's a lot of positive energy there."

Mr. Musk's support of the communist country was met with skepticism by Rep. Mike Gallagher, Wisconsin Republican, who told Mr. Musk he viewed China as being on "team genocidal communism" and not "team humanity."

Mr. Gallagher leads the House Select Committee on the Chinese Communist Party working to counter the country's global aggression alongside Rep. Ro Khanna, the committee's top-ranking Democrat who represents Silicon Valley.

The bipartisan duo interviewed Mr. Musk about his impressions of China and his outlook for AI.

Mr. Khanna pressed Mr. Musk to explain whether he believed China would participate in efforts to collaboratively regulate AI.

"My understanding from the conversations that I had in China was that China is definitely interested in working in a cooperative international framework regarding AI regulation," Mr. Musk said.

The billionaire entrepreneur in charge of Twitter, Tesla and SpaceX recently traveled to Beijing, meeting with China's foreign minister on May 30. After the communist government eased restrictions on foreign businesses, Tesla opened the first completely foreign-owned auto factory in China in 2019.

Mr. Musk's praise for China and openness to its participation in the AI industry arrives as he is launching a new AI project. Mr. Musk promoted the AI startup on Twitter on Wednesday, saying the "xAI" team would work to "understand reality."

The tech mogul whose social media, automotive, and rocket companies have benefited from AI tools told Mr. Gallagher and Mr. Khanna that the U.S. needs to worry about an AI doomsday scenario.

"It's actually important for us to worry about a Terminator future in order to avoid a Terminator future," Mr. Musk told the lawmakers.

Mr. Musk cast China as a nation willing to help avoid widespread devastation.

The entrepreneur's rosy outlook on China comes on the heels of the global COVID-19 pandemic that the U.S. intelligence community assessed emerged and spread from an exposure in November 2019 that emanated from Wuhan, China.

Mr. Gallagher said he was skeptical that the Chinese Communist Party would be a constructive partner for AI given its recent past.

"In what other international framework have they been a constructive actor?" Mr. Gallagher said. "For a decade, our experts made the case for sharing cutting-edge, gain-of-function research with China and that turned out to be a total, pandemic-level disaster."

He said he anticipated the Chinese government would look in the near term to use AI to implement "total techno totalitarian control."
* This article was based in part on wire service reports.

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'I'm kind of pro-China': Elon Musk sees role for China in writing AI rules

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Twitter owner Elon Musk says he has an optimistic outlook on China's future and believes the communist country is ready to help write international rules for artificial intelligence.

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Renewed Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict Underlines Russia’s Waning Influence

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Russia helped end a 2020 war and its troops policed the cease-fire. But with a new crisis in the Caucasus heating up, Moscow, distracted and weakened by Ukraine, has not intervened.

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https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2020/9/6/red-pills-and-dog-whistles-it-is-more-than-just-the-internet

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Darlena Cunha is a professor at the University of Florida and a freelance journalist.

[Illustration by Jawahir al-Naimi/Al Jazeera]

Ever since its release in 1999, references from blockbuster film, The Matrix, have become part of popular culture. The movie's premise and many of its lines have stuck with us for more than 20 years and, particularly in the last decade, been co-opted by groups who would never be aligned with its original ethos.

In recent months, The Matrix co-creator Lilly Wachowski has spoken out, saying the science fiction film is more of a transgender allegory than anything else - revelations that will certainly grate on those who gravitate to the movement inspired by one of the movie's most memorable lines: "Take the red pill."

Initially, following the metaphor of how it plays out in the film, taking the red pill (instead of the blue pill) meant choosing to see the truth.

If you take a red pill, your eyes are opened to the truth of the world, and you no longer exist in the prettier, but fake, world you thought you lived in. If you take the red pill, you see the underpinnings of the world's networks, the push for power from various groups, the nefarious dealings of those in control to keep the masses satiated and at bay.

But as time went on, this became more than just a line from a movie. It gained traction on internet forums, then Reddit, and for years, has stood as a battle-cry for conservative conspiracy theorists and men's rights activists (MRA) - many of whom believe the "truth" is that white men are under attack.

But what does the phrase really mean? There are too many definitions of red-pilled in Urban Dictionary to cite them all.

There is no one true definition of red-pilling, so red-pilling can be anything. But there is a certain type of person who proudly proclaims to have taken the red pill most often. Men like Cesar Sayoc , the man who sent improvised explosive devices to critics of Donald Trump, and far-right conspiracy theorist and radio host Alex Jones . Men who hate feminism, who are against liberal ideas, men who pick-up a rtists (PUAs) , t he manosphere (a group of online communities that include MRAs, PUAs, believe in things like p and . incels and Men Going Their Own Way (MGTOW) among others)

Even those who use the term in more mainstream spaces do so without much clarity. In May, Elon Musk tweeted "Take the red pill" to his 34.5 million followers. It got hundreds of thousands of likes, replies and retweets, including from Ivanka Trump. But why would Musk type this dog whistle, and does he know what it means?

In the film scene, Keanu Reeves's Neo learns that the matrix (the life he thought he was leading) was "the world pulled over [his] eyes to prevent [him] from seeing the truth". The truth being that he was a slave, just like everyone else, born into bondage, but kept sated by a silly, untrue fantasyland.

"You take the blue pill, the story ends. You wake up in your bed and believe whatever you want to believe," Laurence Fishburne's character Morpheus tells Neo. "You take the red pill, you stay in Wonderland and I show you how deep the rabbit hole goes."

The hero takes the red pill, which is meaningful to these groups who feel the world has mistreated them. Gathering in online echo chambers, they feel like heroes for seeing the world for what it is, for being brave enough to handle it and strong enough to show others.

Little do they realise that their red pill of truth often leads them down a path of delusion, the very thing they think they are rallying the rest of the world against.

While red-pilling has had some play in the media, it is often through a sympathetic lens. Many people do not truly understand the process of being indoctrinated into this type of thinking or what it does to those undergoing it.

This phenomenon is not something to be gawked at or ignored. Misogyny, white supremacy and anti-Semitism are on the rise, and so is the violence that goes with them, including shootings, bombings and vehicular violence.

Increasingly, these bursts of violence come after months or years of conditioning these men undergo. They hang out on YouTube or in internet forums and weave a web of conspiracy theory around themselves, in which they are the ultimate victims, and their scapegoats some unlikely victors in the game of life - groups typically marginalised by society: Jewish people, Black people, other people of colour, and, of course, women.

More than 'just the internet'

Nick Price,a self-described "nearly professional internet troll", helps run the Facebook page Hope This Helps, which hands out snarky one-liners to disgruntled people who complain in entitled ways on business websites and social media.

Price has been watching the red-pill community grow since the early 2000s. He says the ideas started on Internet Relay Chat (IRC), an application layer protocol responsible for some of the first chat rooms on the internet. Over the years, those ideas have evolved.

"What was once light-hearted and humorous slowly became sinister over time in a lot of communities," Price said. "I think they generally start down these paths due to a lack of self-esteem and identity, and they'll cling on to what they derive from it."

These groups are actually a collection of servers that connect computers. Starting in the late 1980s, it ran as a basic tree-like communication tool, where each computer was part of the network, but messages were routed only through certain channels, depending on their directive. The content categories range from the Dark Web to Hacktivism and everything in between. Because of the technical nature of using these channels, the people drawn to the original communities tended to have tech knowledge and interests in common.

A lot of these toxic beliefs and behaviours are self-reinforcing until the point that they escalate and start to become normal ad infinitum.

by Nick Price

A woman working in tech in Silicon Valley, who asked for anonymity to protect her career and family, says she was part of the original communities. They were built on the perception that their rants were "just the internet", she explained. But that became a "get-out-of-jail-free card" for members to say whatever they wanted, she added. And then it got worse.

"That combined with a new kind of internet community of people who go to violence as a first resort. It means that threats are more real now. In this second community, [what is said is] not a joke, but that first community adds plausible deniability," she said. "So now you have two communities, who absolutely can and will do violence. These two feed off each other. But really both want violence."

Because the first type of community would make violent threats and laugh it off, saying people took the internet too seriously, when the second group came along making violent threats they were able to claim that they were just in jest - until the moment they actually acted on the threats. When a member of the community committed a violent act, the rest would then disavow them, claiming they were an outlier.

Examples of this type of violence after online activities range from making pipe bombs to carrying out mass shootings . Red-pilling is not a game any more, if it ever was.

"A lot of these toxic beliefs and behaviours are self-reinforcing until the point that they escalate and start to become normal ad infinitum, and I think a lot of it is fuelled by the vile echo chambers that pop up everywhere," Price said.

Conspiracy theories and anti-Semitism

So, what happens when you accidentally feed into this loop? That is where I come in. I am a professor of journalism, a reporter, an opinion writer and a woman. As a teacher, I can say that very few of my students know what red-pilling means. Many assume it has to do with politics - red being Republican and blue being Democrat. And although the ideologies do start to align if you squint your eyes, deaden your brain, concentrate on the fringe elements of both parties and ignore all nuance, in reality, red and blue pills have nothing to do with US political parties.

As a reporter and liberal opinion writer, I can say that nothing makes you question your purpose more than finding your own work being used by red-pillers to pull people down their rabbit holes. An outlandish word here, a provoking phrase there, and an argument taken out of context are all that is needed to get some people to take a hesitant first step towards conspiracy-theory, white-supremacist, anti-Semitic central.

In my case, they used my name and a piece I wrote in 2014for TIME to bring the narrative back around to Jewish people running everything, crying racism and being the most privileged of all. The original article, for reference, was about understanding the riots that happened in Ferguson after the death of Michael Brown and the acquittal of the officer who shot him. I argued that riots were the language of the unheard and that they are necessary for the evolution of society.

Not all of the articles written about my piece on right-wing and far-right websites were fire and brimstone (although many were). Some were worded intelligently, using a subtle touch to take my words just slightly out of context so that by the end of it a reader might just think "Huh, maybe it is Darlena who is the racist one. After all, the writer of this article seems to care about Black people, seems to want economic equality - unless, of course, the people suffering brought it upon themselves. Which, if you look at certain situations in a certain light (i.e. the way they will have been presented in these articles), sometimes they must have, right?"

In Greg Gutfeld's monologue on Fox Five, for instance, he set up an entire debate scenario where he played both sides.

"You don't kill a kid because he's high," Gutfeld said, imitating the traditionally liberal view of Michael Brown's murder. "Well, he was also high, and he attacked the cop," Gutfeld answered himself. He goes on in this manner, brilliantly making conservative talking points sound rational and liberal talking points sound silly until he gets to his conclusion: "Can we agree on one thing?" he asks. "Sure," he answers himself. "That Darlena Cunha is a big moron?"

And that is the first step. Easy as that. Logical as it seems but illogical as it actually is.

This reckoning, this change, it does not happen all at once. It is a gradual descent, a slow journey.

I got off luckier than most because they gave me, as a person, a mere glancing blow and the piece in question was just an afterthought. They called me a Jewess - even though I am not Jewish - then left me alone. But focusing on my Jewish-sounding name (Cunha can be a variant of Cohen) was priming, conditioning for the reader. It was a subconscious hint to build the web on top of which red-pillers pile their ideas, their motives and their conspiracies.

Making opinions seem like facts

"Remember, all I'm offering is the truth, nothing more," Morpheus tells Neo. That is what these men believe - that they are bringing the truth - almost, but not quite, devoid of politics.

"It was a Republican state representative who founded the RedPill subreddit," Price said, referring to Robert Fisher, who also previously ran for office as a Democrat, and referencing the first Reddit RedPill community that sprang up in 2012.

"I still see it used occasionally these days in the older 'wake up sheeple' type of context, but it's definitely been surpassed by MRA types. What's interesting to me is conservatives adopting the term 'woke'. Even Donald Trump's campaign is selling gear that says it. And I think although the origins differ significantly, the right's adoption of both terms seems very aligned on both sides."

Price thinks Alex Jones's use of the phrase in the early 2010s helped boost its popularity. He even marketed an actual red-pill product, which he has claimed - incorrectly, of course - could prevent someone from catching or help in treating coronavirus.

"I'm not sure if it became more of an MRA thing because Alex Jones started shifting that direction and talking about the evils of feminism and that sort of thing, or if it was because MRAs were into conspiracy stuff and adopted it themselves," Price said.

These groups discuss the evils of women and feminism, and how unfairly they are treated, while sharing conspiracy theories about Jewish people, powerful women or people of colour until their opinions seem like facts.

But the movie reference does not work metaphorically. It does not translate to these chat rooms and websites.

"I've almost never seen or heard the term 'blue-pilled' used as a contrary term, which I think would be a good litmus test for how related to the movie it still is, especially given that the red-pill crowd is so prone to insulting anyone who disagrees," Price said.

The red-pillers have a movement with no basis - and this gives it power because a movement with no clear definition is one that can mean anything to any follower. It can be moulded to fit the particulars of each individual so that each person going down these rabbit holes of propaganda can make the messaging speak directly to them.

"These days I feel like engaging with any of them is pointless," Price said. "You're talking to a brick wall that delights in ignoring everything you say. They've tied so much of their self-worth and identity to beliefs that feminism is ruining their lives, that people of colour are trying to take their rights away, and that Jewish people are running an underground power, that entertaining something contrary could destroy their self-worth, and so it's kind of a defence mechanism."

Take the red pill

As a woman, I found there are not many frank discussions about red-pilling amid female academics, researchers or even journalists. Most women I asked to speak to about the topic politely declined. They were too busy, they did not have enough expertise, they could not speak on something so broad, and most honestly, they could not handle the stress of an interview on this particular topic right now. Perhaps they were afraid. With the main thrust of the current movement being anti-feminist, they have every right to be.

"Every ... woman I know who [stands up to] them gets relentlessly abused for years," the woman who works in the tech industry in Silicone Valley said. "Anyone quoted in [this piece] that is female is going to get harassed."

Rational thinking is not at the heart of these attacks. Harder still is to figure out what we can do about them.

by Evelyn Torton Beck

When a movement does not have a definition, it does not have rules. When messages in the movement are left in fragment form, followers can hear anything they want. And many of them hear that they should attack other people, particularly people who are not cis-white men. And that is scary.

In addition to harassment, many women are simply tired. Evelyn Torton Beck, a professor of psychology in the department of women's studies at the University of Maryland, said that while misogyny, racism, anti-Semitism and often homophobia and ableism are usually tied together in these broad-ranged attacks, it is nearly impossible to explain why this happens across the spectrum of marginalisation.

"Rational thinking is not at the heart of these attacks," Beck said. "Harder still is to figure out what we can do about them."

When Elliott Rodger killed six people in 2014, he wrote out a misogynistic screed against women and was hailed by the aforementioned men's communities as a hero. But his manifesto does not read as rational thinking, it reads as a deep emotional hatred of women stemming from his own instability.

Beck was quick to mention the work women and other marginalised populations had put in throughout the decades to move equality along, listing education, research, political activism, changing institutional biases, voting in politicians who had been disenfranchised and more.

"The list of what we tried is so very long and some things were effective, but it feels as if right now the backlash is so strong, I am amazed that you even thought you could reach or help the 'red-pill' people," she said. "From what I have read, they are incalcitrant."

I doubt anything said here could reach that group. I'm just hoping it will reach the rest of society.
The views expressed in this article are the author's own and do not necessarily reflect Al Jazeera's editorial stance.

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Red pills and dog whistles: It is more than 'just the internet'

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It is favoured by men's rights groups and conspiracy theorists, but what does 'take the red pill' actually mean?

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The overblown, heavily political fear of American cities - The Washington Post

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Looming U.S. Investment Restrictions on China Threaten Diplomatic Outreach

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Any such restrictions are expected to anger Beijing and will be the first test of the new channels of communication that the world’s two largest economies are trying to restore.

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Hollywood actors go on strike, say it’s time for studio execs to ‘wake up’

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SAG-AFTRA, the union representing Hollywood actors and performers, is on strike against major studios after negotiations broke down with the Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers.

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권기명 개인 탐구 기사

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권기명 개인 탐구 기사

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What is woke?

Aside from being the past participle of wake, for decades, it meant conscious and aware - but the slang word has come to represent an embrace of progressive activism, as well.

Merriam-Webster added the word to its dictionary in 2017, defining it as, "aware of and actively attentive to important facts and issues (especially issues of racial and social justice)." The Oxford dictionary adopted it the same year, defining it as "originally: well-informed, up-to-date. Now chiefly: alert to racial or social discrimination and injustice."

"Woke is a slang term that is easing into the mainstream from some varieties of a dialect called African American Vernacular English (sometimes called AAVE)," according to Merriam-Webster. "In AAVE, awake is often rendered as woke, as in, 'I was sleeping, but now I'm woke.'"

The meaning appears to have shifted sometime after Erykah Badu repeatedly used the line "I stay woke" in her 2008 song, "Master Teacher," which begins, "I am known to stay awake."

After the song came out, "'Stay woke' became a watch word in parts of the Black community for those who were self-aware, questioning the dominant paradigm and striving for something better," according to Merriam-Webster.
REP. CREWNSHAW, SEN. COTTON LAUNCH WHISTLEBLOWER EFFORT AGAINST MILITARY "WOKE IDEOLOGY"
Then in 2013 and 2014, after Florida man George Zimmerman was acquitted in Trayvon Martin's slaying and the police-involved death of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Mo., a wave of Black Lives Matter activism emerged around the country. The phrase went from Twitter hashtag to rallying cry.

"The word woke became entwined with the Black Lives Matter movement; instead of just being a word that signaled awareness of injustice or racial tension, it became a word of action," according to Merriam-Webster. "Activists were woke and called on others to stay woke."

In 2018, the rapper Meek Mill took the phrase as the top single on his album "Legends of the Summer."

The BLM-themed "Stay Woke" was his first song since getting out of prison in April of that year.
DEMOCRATS GETTING INCREASINGLY NERVOUS ABOUT WOKE CULTURE
"How can I pledge allegiance to the flag," he raps in the final verse. "When they killin' all our sons, all our dads?"

But the meaning of woke evolved again with the rise of " cancel culture" -- as the two terms saw increased use, they became intertwined in the public consciousness. Often, someone gets canceled after they say something insensitive - something not woke.

So an addition to meaning aware and progressive, many people now interpret woke to be a way to describe people who would rather silence their critics than listen to them.

That's entirely different than what the word meant when it first appeared in print.

That was in a 1962 New York Times article about beatniks and pop culture absorbing jazz music and African American slang from Harlem, Oxford revealed in a June 2017 article about new words heading into the dictionary.

That article, written by the Black New York City novelist William Melvin Kelley was titled, "If you're woke, you dig it" - meaning if you're in the know, you understand.

As he noted at the time, a lot of jazz-era idioms became mainstream speech, and words like cool and hip. But the slang was already evolving in meaning back then.

"At one time, the connotations of 'jive' were all good," Kelley wrote. "Now they are bad, or at least questionable."

A decade later, in Barry Beckham's "Garvey Lives!" play about the Black Nationalist leader and publisher Marcus Garvey, a character named Strong vows that he "won't go to sleep" but instead will "stay woke."

"I been sleeping all my life," he says. "And now that Mr. Garvey done woke me up, I'm gon stay woke. And I'm gon help him wake up other Black folk."

Now it's not so much a racial term as an ideological one.

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What is woke? Aside from being the past participle of wake, for decades, it meant conscious and aware - but the slang word has come to represent an embrace of progressive activism, as well. Merriam-Webster added the word to its dictionary in 2017, defining it as, "aware of and actively attentive to important facts and issues (especially issues of racial and social justice)."

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Disney’s ‘Little Mermaid’ Backlash Has Reached Insane Heights

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Disney’s live-action remake of “The Little Mermaid” has awakened a legion of rabid fanboys.

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사회적 약자 우대정책

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Affirmative action is over in the United States, but only for Black people | Tayo Bero

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Don’t worry, privileged white students can still rely on their parents’ money and connections to get into Harvard. Yay!

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https://www.theguardian.com/money/2022/dec/15/job-discrimination-faced-by-ethnic-minorities-convinces-public-about-racism

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Researchers believe they may have found the best way to convince the public that racism is a real problem and requires major change: tell them about an Oxford University study exposing discrimination faced by job applicants.

A groundbreaking project exploring how better to boost public support for action against systemic racism tested which messages best move people towards a more anti-racist position.

Reframing Race, a charity, tested dozens of arguments on almost 20,000 people and found highlighting research from 2019 showing ethnic minority applicants received less positive responses to job applications than white people, was the "blockbuster" in terms of making people more likely to agree that all races and ethnic groups are equally as capable as one other.

By contrast using well-trodden language about people "suffering" from "inequality" was less likely to convince people of the systemic problem and even sometimes backfired.

The need for better arguments was made clear by a survey for the study covering England and Scotland, which revealed widespread racist attitudes with 40% of people believing that "some races or ethnic groups are naturally harder working than others" and one in five think some races are more intelligent than others.

The research also showed it remained easier to get audiences to accept racism as a real and pressing problem than to get them to support particular solutions.

"If we want to end racism and entrench anti-racism it is critical to build public demand for deep and irreversible progress," said Sanjiv Lingayah, report author and director of Reframing Race. "[This] shows there is still a way to go. The data shows significant attachment to deep-seated and debunked myths about 'race'. More positively, the findings show that the public can understand systemic racism and that they can be rallied around far-reaching anti-racist solutions."

The researchers found the message with the most potential was when people in England were told Oxford University researchers had applied for more than 3,000 jobs in the names of fictitious applicants, randomly varying the ethnicity, but keeping the skills, qualifications and work experience the same. White British applicants had to make four applications to get a positive response while ethnic minority applicants had to make seven.

"It is an almost watertight piece of evidence about the existence of racism in hiring," the authors said. "The experiment 'catches racism red-handed'. Naming Oxford University gives the results further credibility. And, additionally, the way that the fake CV 'sting' is outlined gives the message the feel of a compelling story - with plot, characters and a powerful ending."

Other effective messages involved telling people about far worse maternal mortality rates for black women than faced by white women and even using a metaphor to describe racism as a birdcage which traps people all boosted public acceptance of racism as a problem.

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An example of a message that made people less likely to think of racism as a systemic problem was one that said: "This country's black and minority ethnic communities still suffer poorer outcomes across education, employment, health and in the criminal justice system. In order to achieve genuine racial equality, we must work towards an inclusive Britain in which we all feel valued, enjoy equal opportunities and share a common sense of belonging."

The authors said "suffer" is "language of illness" and while it may provoke empathy "it does also suggest BAME victimhood rather than steadfastness and agency".

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Job discrimination faced by ethnic minorities convinces public about racism

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Researchers believe they may have found the best way to convince the public that racism is a real problem and requires major change: tell them about an Oxford University study exposing discrimination faced by job applicants. A groundbreaking project exploring how better to boost public support for action against systemic racism tested which messages best move people towards a more anti-racist position.

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인공지능 번역의 한계와 도전 : 언어별 특징과 문화적 이해의 필요성

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인공지능 번역의 한계와 도전 : 언어별 특징과 문화적 이해의 필요성

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London wildfire response hit by crew shortages - report - BBC News

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BBC News Rural Affairs producer

Firefighter shortages meant 39 fire engines were not available to help tackle the wildfires that burnt across London last July, a new report reveals.

The fires saw 16 homes in Wennington, Havering, destroyed in one of the blazes on 19 July 2022.

A major incident review of the London Fire Brigade's (LFB) response was published on Monday after a Freedom of Information request by the BBC.

A brigade spokesperson said the review would help them be better prepared.

Deputy commissioner Dom Ellis said: "We know last summer was not a one-off - climate change will continue to give rise to more extreme weather events.

"That's why we have reviewed what happened last summer to determine how we can improve and be as best-prepared to tackle this ever-growing risk head-on."

But Matt Wrack, the general secretary of the Fire Brigades Union (FBU), said firefighters were not being given "adequate resources... to do their jobs".

The 19th July was said to be one of the LFB's "busiest days in the modern firefighting era" with 2,496 calls received - including 740 relating to wildfires - and 26 fires requiring four or more pumping appliances to attend.

The major incident review said staff had responded to the "unprecedented demand with bravery, tenacity and determination".

"Without this concerted and coordinated effort there is no doubt the damage to London's communities would have been much worse," it added.

But it found that 39 appliances were "off the run" - unavailable - because of insufficient staff numbers.

The caused "longer response times, an inability to resource specific incidents at the level requested by incident commanders and an inability to relieve operational colleagues at protracted incidents," the review stated.

'Negligence driven by cuts'

But it added that, given the unprecedented demands of the day, even if the brigade had the extra 39 appliances there would still have been difficulty in resourcing the fires and relieving crews.

The brigade now has a recruitment plan in place and has brought in new equipment for tackling future wildfires.

That includes a so-called "holey hose" - a new type of hose that creates a water curtain of up to two metres high along its length.

London's deputy mayor for Fire and Resilience, Baroness Fiona Twycross, said: "The new specialist 'holey hose' equipment being used by fire crews across the capital is part of the Mayor's ongoing investment, modernisation and transformation of the brigade to build a safer London for everyone."

A PPE shortage - which meant there were 95 incidences where staff couldn't work - was caused because "the correct laundry processes were not being followed"

Female firefighters were "disproportionately impacted" by PPE shortages and twice as likely to be "off the run" as a result

The LFB did not have a fully qualified Wildfire Tactical Advisor (TAW)

The brigade needed to do more to ensure its incident commanders could properly assess the resource needed to deal with wildfires and develop better tactical plans

During the course of their work, the review authors found that "a resistance to reflection and review was evident in some areas" of the brigade.

Matt Wrack of the FBU said there was "a lack of national strategy and planning on issues like wildfires".

"Wildfires have been on the government's risk register for a decade, but they have failed to learn the lessons of last year's wildfires. This is negligence driven by cuts and complacency," he added.

The brigade said it was now creating 10 wildfire officers and 30 wildfire tactical advisors, who will be trained in the more rural areas of England where wildfires are more common.

The brigade has also been learning new skills and tactics from fire and rescue services in Europe.

LFB was just one of 11 fire and rescue services across the UK to declare a major incident on the day.

The National Fire Chiefs Council (NFCC) and the UK government are due to draw up new national policy guidelines on wildfires.

Meanwhile, those residents whose homes were destroyed in Wennington last year are still waiting for them to be rebuilt.

Havering Council said it was "working closely with affected residents to help them get their lives back on track".

Wennington vicar the Reverend Elise Peterson said the rebuilding of homes was "slow progress".

"There are residents that have lost everything and are still in temporary accommodation. It's been really difficult for those people. It's been a challenging year - the village has changed permanently," she said.

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London wildfire response hit by crew shortages - report

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Crew shortages meant 39 engines were not available to fight London's wildfires last July, a review finds.

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In North Korea, a generation gap grows behind the propaganda

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PYONGYANG, North Korea (AP) - She dances beneath 10-foot portraits of two smiling dictators, a modern young woman in a central Pyongyang plaza who twirls to music calling on North Koreans to die for their leader.

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https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-66131541

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BBC News Rural Affairs producer

Firefighter shortages meant 39 fire engines were not available to help tackle the wildfires that burnt across London last July, a new report reveals.

The fires saw 16 homes in Wennington, Havering, destroyed in one of the blazes on 19 July 2022.

A major incident review of the London Fire Brigade's (LFB) response was published on Monday after a Freedom of Information request by the BBC.

A brigade spokesperson said the review would help them be better prepared.

Deputy commissioner Dom Ellis said: "We know last summer was not a one-off - climate change will continue to give rise to more extreme weather events.

"That's why we have reviewed what happened last summer to determine how we can improve and be as best-prepared to tackle this ever-growing risk head-on."

But Matt Wrack, the general secretary of the Fire Brigades Union (FBU), said firefighters were not being given "adequate resources... to do their jobs".

The 19th July was said to be one of the LFB's "busiest days in the modern firefighting era" with 2,496 calls received - including 740 relating to wildfires - and 26 fires requiring four or more pumping appliances to attend.

The major incident review said staff had responded to the "unprecedented demand with bravery, tenacity and determination".

"Without this concerted and coordinated effort there is no doubt the damage to London's communities would have been much worse," it added.

But it found that 39 appliances were "off the run" - unavailable - because of insufficient staff numbers.

The caused "longer response times, an inability to resource specific incidents at the level requested by incident commanders and an inability to relieve operational colleagues at protracted incidents," the review stated.

'Negligence driven by cuts'

But it added that, given the unprecedented demands of the day, even if the brigade had the extra 39 appliances there would still have been difficulty in resourcing the fires and relieving crews.

The brigade now has a recruitment plan in place and has brought in new equipment for tackling future wildfires.

That includes a so-called "holey hose" - a new type of hose that creates a water curtain of up to two metres high along its length.

London's deputy mayor for Fire and Resilience, Baroness Fiona Twycross, said: "The new specialist 'holey hose' equipment being used by fire crews across the capital is part of the Mayor's ongoing investment, modernisation and transformation of the brigade to build a safer London for everyone."

A PPE shortage - which meant there were 95 incidences where staff couldn't work - was caused because "the correct laundry processes were not being followed"

Female firefighters were "disproportionately impacted" by PPE shortages and twice as likely to be "off the run" as a result

The LFB did not have a fully qualified Wildfire Tactical Advisor (TAW)

The brigade needed to do more to ensure its incident commanders could properly assess the resource needed to deal with wildfires and develop better tactical plans

During the course of their work, the review authors found that "a resistance to reflection and review was evident in some areas" of the brigade.

Matt Wrack of the FBU said there was "a lack of national strategy and planning on issues like wildfires".

"Wildfires have been on the government's risk register for a decade, but they have failed to learn the lessons of last year's wildfires. This is negligence driven by cuts and complacency," he added.

The brigade said it was now creating 10 wildfire officers and 30 wildfire tactical advisors, who will be trained in the more rural areas of England where wildfires are more common.

The brigade has also been learning new skills and tactics from fire and rescue services in Europe.

LFB was just one of 11 fire and rescue services across the UK to declare a major incident on the day.

The National Fire Chiefs Council (NFCC) and the UK government are due to draw up new national policy guidelines on wildfires.

Meanwhile, those residents whose homes were destroyed in Wennington last year are still waiting for them to be rebuilt.

Havering Council said it was "working closely with affected residents to help them get their lives back on track".

Wennington vicar the Reverend Elise Peterson said the rebuilding of homes was "slow progress".

"There are residents that have lost everything and are still in temporary accommodation. It's been really difficult for those people. It's been a challenging year - the village has changed permanently," she said.

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London wildfire response hit by crew shortages - report

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Crew shortages meant 39 engines were not available to fight London's wildfires last July, a review finds.

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https://hhsepitaph.com/12809/showcase/religious-holidays-should-not-be-recognized-as-public-holidays/

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As one of the most widely celebrated holidays in the U.S, Christmas is recognized as a public holiday. However, at its roots, Christmas is a Christian holiday, and its status as a public holiday sends negative implications to other religious communities, such as the Muslim and Hindu communitines, who do not have any of their holidays recognized as public holidays.

The U.S. is a melting pot of different religions and cultures, each with their own major holidays. Of course, the federal government cannot be expected to acknowledge all important holidays of all religions in the U.S. as public holidays - that would be impractical. However, by recognizing Christmas as a public holiday, the U.S. government is showing a preference to some religions over others. The government's disregard for other religions and their holidays, in contrast to their validation of Christianity and its holidays, is offensive.

For example, approximately two billion Muslims celebrate Eid-al-Fitr every year, according to the . One of the most important holidays in Islam, Eid-al-Fitr is the equivalent of Christmas for Muslims. Yet, it does not receive the same treatment as Christmas from the U.S. government, as there are no public holidays for its observance. This negligence by the government towards an Islamic holiday is disrespectful to the Muslim community and implies that Islamic traditions and customs are less important than those of Christianity.

This can be especially harmful to young Muslims, who are growing up in a country in which they are a religious minority. They may adopt the mindset that they are inferior because of their religion which can have a substantial negative impact on their sense of self-worth and pride.

The festival of Diwali is another major non-Christian holiday which the government disregards. More than one billion people across the world celebrate Diwali, a religious holiday observed by Hindus, Sikhs and Buddhists, according to The Washington Post .

Diwali is mainly about spending time with family, according to Hinduism Today . However, oftentimes, observers of the holiday must take time off of work or miss school in order to celebrate it. This is especially impactful towards students. While adults are able to take a day off of work with few repercussions, students may miss important academic events or lessons if they miss school. This may result in a student feeling stressed in a time which should be about celebration.

While supposedly, the U.S. has a separation of church and state - the concept that religious organizations and the government must not intertwine - the recognition of Christmas as a public holiday says otherwise. Recognizing the Christian holiday of Christmas as a public holiday yet ignoring major holidays of other religions is both disrespectful to non-Christians and ignorant of the religious and cultural diversity within the U.S.

The federal government cannot pick and choose which holidays from which religions to instate as public holidays. In order to be completely unbiased and respectful towards the religious diversity within the U.S., the government must have no public holidays with religious affiliations.

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Religious holidays should not be recognized as public holidays

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As one of the most widely celebrated holidays in the U.S, Christmas is recognized as a public holiday. However, at its roots, Christmas is a Christian holiday, and its status as a public holiday sends negative implications to other religious communities, such as the Muslim and Hindu communitines, who do not have any of their...

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https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-65886212

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Affirmative action: US Supreme Court overturns race-based college admissions

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The landmark decision strikes down decades-old policies defended as a way to boost diversity.

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As the British Library charts the evolution of English in a new major exhibition, author Michael Rosen gives a brief history of a language that has grown to world domination with phrases such as "cool" and "go to it".

The need for an international language has always existed. In the past it was about religion and intellectual debate. With the technologies of today, it's about communicating with others anywhere in the world in a matter of moments.

Two events, separated by nearly 400 years, show how this need has always been present.

Firstly, sitting in front of me I have a copy of the celebrated book Utopia, by Sir Thomas More. This particular edition is published in 1629 in Amsterdam, not in English, not in Dutch, but in Latin.

The second event was a talk I recently had with a German scientist. He said that he knew of scientific conferences taking place in Germany, where all the people attending were German and yet the conference was conducted in English.

Pride

The Latin of this edition of Utopia was a written code, though its most accomplished users could adopt it to conduct intellectual and religious debate.

During the previous 1,300 years it had been the main language of the Western Christian tradition - the language of prayer, hymn, sacred texts and religious debate. It was also the language with which Renaissance scientists spoke to each other.

However, this hold on religious and intellectual minds was broken by the rise of national cultures. The peoples of the countries where Latin was being used, spoke their own languages and dialects.

Once these came to be written down, more and more people started to ask their churches and religious authorities to speak, write and deliver some, most, or all religion in those local languages.

Two of the most famous texts to come out of this was the King James Bible (soon to celebrate its 400th birthday) and Martin Luther's German Bible, from a little less than 100 years earlier than the King James.

Part of this process to establish the power and influence of these local languages was the effort to produce standardised forms for them, so that teachers, merchants, lawyers, ministers of religion and politicians could write to and for each other in ways that were instantly comprehensible.

This seemed then, and now, to require consistent ways of presenting the language on the page - spelling and punctuation - and consistent ways of delivering the grammar of the words and sentences.

As a result, standardised English writing became a powerful tool in the hands of government, church and school in asking the peoples of the British Isles to see themselves as one.

Esperanto

But nation went on speaking to nation in peace, war, trade, migration, religion and the world of ideas. A lot of effort went into the production of foreign language dictionaries, grammars and translations of important, or the most interesting books.

Throughout this time one of the most significant events in the history of world languages was happening: English-speaking soldiers, sailors and colonisers were travelling to, and settling in countries right the way across the globe.

Only in the places that either kept their independence or where the Spanish, Portuguese, French, and Dutch had done the same, was English not spoken.

If the 20th Century can be described as a savage flowering of the demands of nationalism - including pride in national languages and literature - it also saw the rise of utopian dreams about international co-operation as seen first by the League of Nations and then the United Nations.

However, in these places it wasn't so much that nation spoke unto nation, as interpreter spoke unto interpreter. In response, inventors of international languages tried to bring about world peace with their inventions, the most famous of which is Esperanto. It didn't catch on sufficiently for the world's politicians to need or want to learn it.

Slowly, another international language emerged, spoken by diplomats, scientists, artists, business people and many more. Benefiting from the legacy of the British Empire, and the rise in influence of the most powerful member of that Empire - the USA - English (or kinds of English) is being spoken all over the globe.

In truth, they speak what the linguist David Crystal calls "Englishes", though some ways of talking are what have been called "creoles", "pidgins" and "patois". I was watching an Austrian pop music channel recently and the comments and ads were in an Anglo-German Creole whose core was German, but which was full of "go to it", "cool", "be there" and the like.

Most of this has gone on without direction from governments. The technologies of telephones, radio, TV, records, CDs, mobile phones and the internet have enabled most people in the world to get access to each other's language in a matter of moments.

Through these channels, millions of young people across the world have grown to like the sounds produced by English-speaking bands. Sub-titled films from Hollywood have given millions of non-English speakers the chance to imitate James Cagney, Marilyn Monroe, Robert De Niro and Harrison Ford.

But will it last? Perhaps in 100 years, the world's population will have come to love the subtleties and beauty of one or both of the standard Chinese languages - Mandarin and Cantonese. We just don't know.

The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites.

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How English evolved into a global language

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As the British Library charts the evolution of English in a new major exhibition, author Michael Rosen gives a brief history of a language that has grown to world domination with phrases such as "cool" and "go to it". The need for an international language has always existed.

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https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/prajwala-dixit-holidays-1.4925483

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An air of celebration fills the entire month of December. A blanket of red, white and green covers St. John's.

Massive lush green trees, decked with twinkling lights, decorate not just homes but also our Confederation Building - not to mention the Centre Block on Parliament Hill.

In the loud din of Christmas, we, sadly, forget to credit Hannukah, Yalda and Kwanzaa for the warmth and cheer they add to this season.

Today, as we bask in the glory of our diversity and multicultural roots, it's important to understand that in the early 20th century, immigration from western European Caucasian countries was favoured, subjecting many visible and ethnic minority immigrants - including those of Jewish, African, Indian, Japanese and Chinese descent - to unfair taxation.

It was only in 1967 that a merit-based system was implemented that addressed the prejudiced core surrounding immigration to Canada. With this, we heralded a new era by recognizing multiculturalism and imprinting it in the Canadian identity.

But as special Christmas deals chock-a-block stores and Dean Martin's Let It Snow echoes through restaurants, one can't help but wonder if we have truly embraced cultural diversity. Was multiculturalism merely a strategy to combat the Quebec separatist movement, the need for skilled labour and population decline?

Does accommodating imply acceptance?

Despite the existence of visible minority, foreign-born and immigrant populations in Canada for over a century and their (seemingly) rapid increase in numbers in Canada and in Newfoundland and Labrador, the current socio-cultural climate fails to reflect the needs of the changing demographic, especially in the realm of recognizing, designating and celebrating religious and cultural holidays.

Currently - and without counting Boxing Day - nearly 30 per cent of federal government holidays and nearly 36 per cent of provincial government holidays are Christian, allowing the time to enjoy taking a picture with Santa, decorating gingerbread cookies with our children or attending Christmas mass without having to worry about work or school.

No other public holidays are designated to any other cultural and religious celebrations provincially or federally.

Keeping in line with the Canadian Human Rights Commission's duty to accommodate - which enables an employee to participate fully at the workplace without causing the employer undue hardship - many workplaces "accommodate" an employee's request by allowing the day off either by dipping into a vacation day, working overtime, changing schedules, taking a holiday in lieu of and/or incurring loss of pay in order to celebrate their religious and cultural holiday.

However, for many cross-cultural families that love Santa as much as staying up on Yalda night, or that wait as eagerly for the Easter Bunny as they do for Diwali, this poses a major problem.

It robs their ability to embrace and accept - equally - facets of their culture, religion and identity.

These Canadian citizens and families take as much pride in Thanksgiving and Canada Day as they do in celebrating Rosh Hashanah and Eid, feeling emotionally ripped when they are asked to take a holiday in lieu of another Canadian holiday.

While the controversial decision by the Human Rights Tribunal of Ontario on Markovic v. Autocom Manufacturing Ltd. deems it otherwise, genuine support for multiculturalism and a pluralistic society will exist when there is designated paid time off for major religious, cultural and ethnic holidays without an employee feeling like they burden their employer to "accommodate" their need.

Implausible? Not necessarily

This isn't as implausible as it may seem.

Many countries like India, Singapore and Malaysia have accepted their diversity and designated public holidays to a variety of religious and cultural celebrations, thereby, creating a pluralistic environment that is culturally rich and varied.

When a country recognizes, designates and celebrates all religious and cultural holidays with equal gusto, it creates a chance for its citizens - young and old - to experience and celebrate a new culture and tradition.

It bestows, in visible and ethnic minority children, a sense of pride and belonging. And, it allows for the preservation of ancient traditions.

So, this Dec. 25 (as presents, family and good food fill our hearts and bellies) let us take a moment to realize the privilege of Christmas being recognized, designated and celebrated as a public holiday, within and by St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, and Canada, because other celebrations - like Eid, Yalda, Hannukah, Diwali, Vesak, Lohri, Chinese New Year and Indigenous holidays - are not.

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Christmas is here! Yay! But what about other religious holidays? | CBC News

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Canada may be a multicultural nation, but its public holidays include celebrations for just one religon, writes Prajwala Dixit.

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By Paige Neal-Holder BBC News

Have you ever used any of these words before?

Fam, imagine if man said you couldn't use words like "peng", basically and "dem tings dere" in your classroom.

Didn't understand any of that?

This might be because you were born in a different generation.

Just imagine if you were not allowed to use slang words that meant "beautiful" or "lots" when you were in school.

That is the case for some students, who are being urged to ditch slang words in lessons in order to teach them how to use formal English.

In fact, some schools have even introduced anti-slang posters and stickers, grammar police badges and word jails, where slang is written on posters with jail images.

Does that mean that pupils studying there have to tell their classmates they look "jolly well splendid" rather than a "peng ting"?

Dr Cushing took this picture on one of his visits to a school

However, a linguistics expert is warning that slang bans may actually cause more harm than good.

"There's no incorrect or correct way of using language," says Ian Cushing, a lecturer in education at Brunel University London.

He carried out a study by visiting schools and speaking to teachers in England over a year and found examples of slang being banned and policed in lessons.

These students talk us through their favourite slang words

These included words such as "peng", "bare" or abbreviations such as "emosh" for emotional.

There were slang bans at about 20 of the schools he visited, which were mostly located in urban areas.

"Language is just one part of your identity - just the same way you wear your hair and clothes," said Dr Cushing.

"Young people will police their own language - they don't need other people to police it for them, they understand the context of their situation, and know when to shift it accordingly.

"Shakespeare is full of slang and we don't see teachers banning that - there's a hypocrisy here, which is rooted in cultural and linguistic snobbery."

Do you know these slang terms?

Peng = someone who is good-looking

Bare = lots of or a large amount of

Fam = short for family or a close friend

Bruv = short for brother

Bait = when something is blatantly obvious

Calm = no problem

The linguistics academic says slang is a natural way of speaking, and banning it may be a threat to a person's identity.

It may also make students feel discriminated against and less motivated to take part in lessons.

"Young people are typically the innovators of language change, so actually we should be celebrating that rather than banning it in the classroom," said Dr Cushing.

Slang ban ain't the one

Francesca, a student at South Thames College, a further education college in Wandsworth, south-west London, says she is allowed to use slang in her lessons.

But the idea of a slang ban on students does not appeal to her.

"It's like taking away their voice in a way," says the business student, warning that young people might feel they were unable to "express themselves".

"I think it will end up driving more students to not want to communicate.

"I would probably end up getting in trouble for things that would slip out, not by purpose," she says, adding that a slang ban could stop students wanting to "interact" in the classroom.

These students have no qualms showing off their favourite slang words...

Fellow student Tomas migrated to England five years ago and could not speak English.

He started learning slang in secondary school and now uses it with his friends.

"I think if slang was banned in primary or secondary, it would be understandable, because that's when children are growing and start listening to slang," he says.

"On one hand I think it should be banned, because it will help children and young adults to learn and be prepared for the working world. But banning it can also mean that the freedom of speech for some people can be affected."

Imran is a fan of slang word "fam"

Another student, Imran, says: "If my teacher told me that I cannot use slang words, I will feel a bit uncomfortable, mainly because it's not harming anybody.

"Slang is something that I've grown up with and it's just something that I wouldn't be able to finish the sentence with, without using it.

"There are cultures that use slang as a language, and if it's being stopped, they wouldn't be able to communicate with people the way they previously did when slang was involved."

Maybe using slang in school ain't that bad after all, innit?

Shakespeare remixed: Putting urban slang into Othello

However, other people argue that a slang ban is indeed necessary.

Chris McGovern, chairman of Campaign for Real Education, says allowing slang is not doing any favours for underprivileged children.

He says they are left in an "employment gutter" because of their "linguistic impoverishment".

"Nurturing street slang is fine for linguistic acrobats such as Cambridge graduate Sacha Baron Cohen's alter ego, Ali G," he says.

"It is much more difficult for that 20% of school leavers who, according to employers' organisations, are largely unemployable because of poor literacy.

"In the UK today, around nine million adults are functionally illiterate, and many of them suffer under-employment, unemployment or destitution as a consequence."

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Should schools be allowed to ban slang words like 'peng'?

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Research suggests that slang bans in schools may be more harmful than good.

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computer science and information technology

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How AI's astonishing productivity gains could help curb inflation | CNN Business

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When an airline in the Middle East was recently inundated with 16,000 applications for several cabin crew roles, it turned to artificial intelligence to sift through the resumes and select the most promising candidates.

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번역 관련 강의(착한지식 프로젝트) 사후 평가

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번역 관련 강의(착한지식 프로젝트) 사후 평가

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오늘 오전에 들었던 인천대 카티누의 번역 강의에 관한 설문조사입니다.

강의도 듣고 책 선물도 받은 만큼 확인하는대로 바로 참여해주세요 :)

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착한지식 프로젝트 AI 번역 교육 설문 조사

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참여해 주셔서 감사합니다. 마지막 단계로 아래 설문조사를 실시하고 있습니다.

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수업량 유연화 보고서 양식(개인용)

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수업량 유연화 보고서 양식(개인용)

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- 언어 비교 파트와 편향성 검증 중 한 쪽만 해도 됨. (대신 한 파트만 선택할 시 깊이 있는 분석 필요)
- 자기평가서 파트 성실하게 작성하여 제출

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기사 번역 프로젝트 보고서 양식(개인용)

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수업량 유연화 보고서 양식(모둠용)

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수업량 유연화 보고서 양식(모둠용)

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기사 여러 개 가능,
분석이 가능할만한 주제와 내용의 기사를 선정해야 보고서 진행 가능

***진행할 때 지도교사 선생님 확인 받고 진행하기!

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기사 번역 프로젝트 보고서 양식(모둠용)

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A prominent Sikh leader was brazenly murdered last month outside a temple in British Columbia (BC), Canada. The death has outraged his supporters and intensified global tensions between Sikh separatists and the Indian government.

On a mid-June summer evening in the busy parking lot of the Guru Nanak Sikh Gurdwara in the city of Surrey, Hardeep Singh Nijjar was shot dead in his truck by two masked gunmen.

A month later, the unsolved killing continues to reverberate, in Canada and across borders. Hundreds of Sikh separatists took to the streets in Toronto, along with a handful others in cities like London, Melbourne and San Francisco, just last weekend to protest the Indian government, which they believe is responsible for his death.

The Indian government has not commented on such allegations.

The outrage following the 45-year-old's killing has brought to light a long-standing issue of some groups demanding a separate homeland for Sikhs, who are a religious minority that make up about 2% of India's population.

The movement was at its peak in the 1980s in the state of Punjab, which witnessed several violent attacks and deaths. It lost steam after armed forces ran special operations against the movement - but supporters in the diaspora community continued their calls for a separate state, which have intensified in recent years.

India has strongly opposed the Khalistan movement. All mainstream political parties, including in Punjab, have denounced violence and separatism.

Mr Nijjar was a prominent Sikh leader in BC and a vocal backer of a separate Khalistani state. Supporters of his have said that he was a target of threats in the past because of his activism.

India said he was a terrorist and led a militant separatist group - accusations his supporters call "unfounded".

Canadian investigators said they have yet to establish a motive for his murder or identify any suspects, but they have categorised the killing as a "targeted incident".

Canada is home to the largest Sikh diaspora outside the state of Punjab. On 8 July, hundreds protested Mr Nijjar's death in Toronto outside India's High Consulate building. They were met with a smaller counter protest in support of the Indian government.

The two sides shouted at each other through barricades for several hours, and one pro-Khalistan demonstrator was arrested after attempting to breach the fence.

Even before the weekend, concerns had been raised about the protest.

Some posters for the Toronto event featured the words "Kill India" and labelled Indian diplomats in Canada as "killers", leading the outraged Indian government to summon the Canadian envoy.

Balpreet Singh, the spokesperson for the World Sikh Organisation of Canada, said he believes the Khalistan movement has been somewhat dormant and largely peaceful in recent decades, though it has seen a revival, particularly among youth who did not live through the violence of the 1980 s.

But even with this revival, there is a sense that people in Punjab have largely "moved on" from the idea of a separate state for Sikhs, said Gurpreet Singh, a BC-based journalist and radio host who has interviewed Mr Nijjar in the past.

"What we are seeing in Canada is a vocal minority of the Sikh community that is supporting Khalistan," he said.

Mr Nijjar is the third prominent Sikh figure to have died suddenly in recent months.

In the UK, Avtar Singh Khanda, who was said to be the head of the Khalistan Liberation Force, died in Birmingham in June under what has been described as "mysterious circumstances" that some believe could be related to poisoning.

Paramjit Singh Panjwar, who was designated a terrorist by India, was shot dead in May in Lahore, the capital of Pakistan's Punjab province.

Mr Singh, with the World Sikh Organisation, said Mr Nijjar had been the target of threats, and that he had warned members of the Canadian Security Intelligence Service as early as last summer that there was likely an assassination plot against the Sikh leader.

He said Mr Nijjar had been planning a non-binding referendum scheduled for September in Surrey on the question of an independent Sikh state, part of a global series of votes aimed at measuring consensus on the formation of Khalistan.

A similar referendum had taken place last year the city of Brampton, Ontario last year, which is home to around 160,000 Sikhs.

Results of the vote have not yet been released, but he said the turnout - an estimated 100,000 people - was met with anger from the Indian government.

"This was devastating to the Indian narrative that (Khalistan) is a fringe or extremist movement," he said.

Following the referendum, India's Ministry of External Affairs warned of a "sharp increase in incidents of hate crimes, sectarian violence and anti-India activities in Canada", though it did not reference any specific incidents or make mention of the referendum.

There are differing narratives on the Khalistan movement in India, as well as the deaths of proponents like Mr Nijjar.

Some Indian commentators have pointed to internal rivalries between Sikh organisations in Canada as the reason behind Mr Nijjar's death.

They have also accused Khalistan supporters in Canada of vandalising Hindu temples with "anti-India" graffiti and of attacking the offices of the Indian High Commission in Ottawa during a protest in March.

But Sikhs and some national security experts in Canada have accused the Indian government of spreading misinformation through its media to malign the Sikh community and supporters of a separate Khalistani state. India has denied this.

Canada's national security adviser to the prime minister has previously accused India of being one of the top sources of foreign interference in Canada.

India, for its part, has argued that the rise of the Sikh separatist movement in Canada has interfered in India's domestic affairs.

Despite this, both countries have long-standing diplomatic and trade ties and are in the advanced stage of talks to sign a landmark free-trade agreement. It is not clear whether the recent diplomatic tensions will have an impact on the deal.

Balpreet Singh said he believes Canada needs to take a stronger stance against foreign interference by India, arguing that it has mainly targeted the Sikh community.

But he added that Canada has also provided a place where many Sikhs who are supporters of the Khalistani movement can speak openly, and that the community remains defiant in the face of Mr Nijjar's death.

"There is no one telling us we can't talk about Khalistan here," he said. "If you try to tell us we can't talk about our sovereignty, we will do the very opposite."

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How Hardeep Singh Nijjar's murder in Canada fuelled tensions with India

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Hundreds of Sikhs have protested the Indian state after the killing of a prominent leader in Canada.

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https://www.liberianobserver.com/why-christmas-considered-national-holiday-not-any-other-religion

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Why Is Christmas Considered A National Holiday But Not Any Other Religion?

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With Christmas Day around the corner, the annual debate has resurfaced about why it is celebrated as a national holiday and not an Islamic holiday. However, Christmas is not seen in the same way as Eid is for Muslims, Diwali is for Hindus, or Yom Kippur is for Jews. In America, like Liberia, which w…