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Agent: Plasmodium falciparum

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mosquito biting human skin - realsitic image

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Agent: SARS-CoV-2

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Agent: Human Immunodeficiency Virus

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Agent: Dengue virus (4 serotypes)

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Infected humans

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Infected humans (blood, semen, vaginal fluids, breast milk)

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Infected humans (possibly also animals)

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Infected humans

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Blood (mosquito bite)

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Through mucous membranes and blood

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Respiratory Tract (Coughing and Sneezing)

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Blood (mosquito bite)

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Biological vector (Anopheles mosquito)

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Virus. Direct contact (sexual, needle sharing, perinatal, blood transfusion)

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Virus. Airborne droplets, direct contact (contaminated surfaces)

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Biological vector (Aedes aegypti mosquito)

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Skin (mosquito bite)

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Skin (mosquito bite)

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Broken skin and mucous membranes

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Respiratory tract, eyes

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Anyone in endemic area, notably children and pregnant women

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Anyone in endemic area, notably children and pregnant women

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Anyone in endemic area, especially the elderly or immunocompromised

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Anyone in area where HIV is present. Higher risk and rates for communties where HIV is highly prevalent, intravenous drug users, and men who have sex with men

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Insecticide-treated nets (ITNs)

Indoor residual spraying

Antimalarial prophylaxis

Vector control programmes

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Condom use

ART for viral suppression

Needle exchange programmes

PrEP/PEP

Routine screening

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Vaccination

Masks

Physical distancing

Ventilation

Isolation and testing

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Source reduction (eliminate standing water)

Mosquito control (sprays, traps)

Community mobilisation

Dengue vaccine (Dengvaxia – limited use)