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Theory of Planned Behavior proposes that behavior is influenced by intentions, which are shaped by attitude, social norms, and perceived behavioral control.

Xu (2023) studied 430 adults and found that attitudes, social norms, and perceived control strongly predicted intentions to exercise at home. People who saw fitness content on social media felt more positive, supported, and capable — leading to a higher likelihood of following through with exercise. This supports TPB as a reliable model in fitness behavior.

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Gould, S. J., Andrey, L., & Harper, M. (2023).
Designing with Self-Determination Theory: Home-based digital exercise interventions creating positive change.
Journal of Digital Health and Behavior, 5(1), 45–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdih.2023.01.004

Shin, H., Lee, J. M., & Lim, S. Y. (2022).
The effect of observational learning on self-efficacy and performance in sport: A study of university athletes.
International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2022.2047890

Xu, X. (2023).
What predicts the intention to engage in home-based exercise? An application of the Theory of Planned Behavior.
Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 20(3), 212–220. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2022-0387

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Social Cognitive Theory emphasizes the role of self-efficacy, observational learning, and reinforcement. People model the behavior of others and gain confidence through success.

Shin et al. (2022) – “The Effect of Observational Learning on Self‑Efficacy in Sport Contexts” showed that simply watching others perform well significantly boosts your belief in your own ability (self-efficacy). This occurred in both competitive and lower-stakes situations, suggesting observational learning plays a central role in how athletes learn and stick to difficult training routines.

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Intervention Theory Integration and Evaluation

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Intervention Theory Integration and Evaluation

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MoveStrong Online Training Team

Overview: MoveStrong is a coach-led online training hosted on an online training platform, designed for those looking to get strong and fit. There are four different groups available to join:

1. 4-Day Full Gym Access Group

2. 3-Day Full Gym Access Group

3. Lower Body–Focused Group for Women

4. Home Gym Group

Each group receives programmed workouts, video demonstrations, and personalized form feedback all provided by their own coach. Clients can interact through the app, promoting community, accountability, and motivation.

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Self-Determination Theory explains how motivation is driven by the need for autonomy, competence, and relatedness. In sport and exercise, fulfilling these needs promotes lasting participation and well-being.

Gould et al. (2023) analyzed home-based digital fitness systems using SDT. They found that apps and platforms designed with autonomy (user choice), competence (progressive levels), and relatedness (community features) improved overall motivation and adherence. This shows SDT principles effectively translate into virtual/at-home exercise settings.

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Theory Integration:

Self-Determination Theory (SDT):

Clients choose a training group that fits their needs and schedule (autonomy)

Progress tracking and coach feedback build skill mastery (competence)

In-app interactions and coach communication enabling connection (relatedness)

Social Cognitive Theory (SCT):

Movement demos model proper technique (observational learning)

Positive feedback and progress metrics boost confidence (self-efficacy)

Recognition and praise from the coach reinforce consistency (reinforcement)

Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB):

Clients begin with clear training goals and a positive mindset (attitude)

Seeing others train regularly reinforces group norms (subjective norms)

Flexible training options reduce barriers to follow-through (perceived behavioral control)

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All three theories emphasize social support and internal belief systems

SDT (competence), SCT (self-efficacy), and TPB (perceived control) work together to increase consistency

Combining autonomy (SDT) with intention (TPB) creates sustainable engagement

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TPB’s focus on social norms may conflict with SDT’s need for autonomy

SCT’s emphasis on modeling could reduce user autonomy if not guided properly

TPB explains intention but not ongoing behavior; SDT and SCT fill that gap