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Image of Ko'olaupoko isolated:

The mock district of Ko'olaupoko extending from Ka'oio Ridge on the north end of Kualoa to the south end of Maunalua Bay.

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Hawai'i maintains a limited amount of natural estuarine [where the wide part of the river connects with the ocean--- estuarine species]. Since there are a limited amount of estuarine habitat, making fishponds is one of the important nursery habitats for these native lands as well as species.

Hawaiian fishponds are important because they are a potential solution to enhance the food security of local communities in Hawai'i.

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The Kāne‘ohe ahupua'a is located on the island of Oahu. The meaning of Kāne‘ohe is "bamboo husband" and is located on Ko'olaupoko Moku. According to Hawaiian story telling, "Bamboo Husband" obtained its name when a woman asked: "is he a good husband?" The second woman responded with: "He is Kane ohe." In translation this meant that a woman is comparing her husband to the edge of a bamboo knife.

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Ulumano - a strong wind blowing from a given direction. It is the strongest southeast wind in Ka'ū and Puna, Hawai'i, and at Kāne'ohe, O'ahu.

"Ulu" - growth

Kui lua - windward wind that churns up the sea.

'Ili'ililauākea - wind that is blowing inside of Hanauma. Wind from the mountains that darken the sea and tosses kappa of Paukua.

Holopali - of Kualoa

Kiliua - of Waikane

Mololani - of Kua'a'ohe

Malanai - of Kailua

Lime li pu'upu'u - wind that comes ashore at Waimānalo.

'Alopali - of Pāhonu

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In this mo'olelo, the Ka'au Crater was formed as a result of an unsuccessful island-unification. When the demigod Maui attempted to pull the islands of O'ahu and Kaua'i together with a hook and line. He failed and the line snapped. The hook had landed in the place where the Ka'au Crater is formed.

The word "Ka'au" comes from Ka'auhelemoa, meaning supernatural chicken that lived in the same valley.

Geologists tell a different story where the Ka'au crater was formed from an explosive upwelling of volcanic material from the Earth's deep core where over time the Windward side put rocks and compacted volcanic ash/dust over time.

This crater is located on Maunalani side, upper Palolo Valley.

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There are five islands or so called unnamed islands within Kāne‘ohe.

The sandbar [Ahu o Laka], Kapapa, and Kekepa [turtleback rock] are all unnamed on the barrier reef.

Two islands within Kāne‘ohe Bay are Mokoli'i and Moku o lo'e [coconut island]. These two are the largest of the five.

Mokoli'i is a volcanic remnant at the north end of Kāne‘ohe Bay which was a former site Kualoa Airfield. The community that stays on the northern side is Waikane, a.k.a, Ko'olaupoko.

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Kāne‘ohe was a very valuable productive food source consisting of taro, breadfruit, bananas and the majority of crops grown on O'ahu. Kāne‘ohe has made itself a very crucial part of O'ahu as it has obtained most of Hawai'i's diet.

Since this ahupua'a has been recognized as extremely valuable, much of the early chiefs that had ruled all of O'ahu had permanent residence. Their presence has made Kāneʻohe a significant place of importance on O'ahu recognizing its beauty of luscious greenery and peacefulness as well as its abundance of rainfall [ʻĀpuakea].

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ʻĀpuakea - general rain for Ko'olaupoko --- especially in Kailua, Waimānalo and Kāneʻohe

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Image of Moku [Ko'olaupoko]:

In simple terms, the Mahele Kuleana Act simply means that Hawaiians did not get any land or receive any ever. Throughout Dr. Perkins' talk-story he stated that “Mahele” means -to divide, piece, share or one's share. This was a division belonging to many things that was created through a term known as the “layered cake” [1.3 Mahele Kuleana Act].

Land ownership is like a big layered cake. When a piece of cake is separated into ingredients then the cake can no longer be made; or it will not taste as delicious as before.

The Mahele was a way to remove all good in such that life and land is not perpetuated by righteous people because key components to this cake have been removed. Since the Mahele has stripped much away, in such that all this is rather good than bad, the establishment of a private property system in Hawaii was to divide multiple layers into each piece of land, ahupua`a and each island.

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He'eia fishpond is a kuapā-style fishpond [seawater pond] enclosed to 88 acres of brackish water [slightly salty water --- mixture of river and seawater]. The kuapā-style fishpond is built on Malauka'a a reef extending away from the shoreline completely encircling the pond. This fishpond has created much history since it was created around 800 years ago by the residents of he northeast side of O'ahu.

This fishpond is unique because its kuapā-style forms a complete circle whereas other fishponds are a straight-line or a semi-circle connecting from one shoreline to another.

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He'eia pond

Nu'upia pond

Paepae o he'eia

Kanohuluiwai fish ponds

Waikapoki fish ponds

Waikalua-loko fish ponds

Keana fish pond

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“Winds & Rains.” Kāne’ohe Project, kaneohehistoryweebly, kaneohehistory.weebly.com/winds--rains.html. Accessed 12 Dec. 2023.

Turner, D. (2001) ‘Ka’au Crater’. Hawaii.edu.

Living, H. (2021) Kaneohe history: From major food source to unique real estate, Oahu Real Estate Blog | Outstanding Info. Available at: https://www.hawaiiliving.com/blog/kaneohe-history/ (Accessed: 14 December 2023).

The fishpond (2018) Paepae o Heeia. Available at: https://paepaeoheeia.org/the-fishpond/ (Accessed: 14 December 2023).

Van Dyke, M.V.D.B. (2022) Fecal bacteria regularly found in Kaneohe Bay, spectrumlocalnews.com. Available at: https://spectrumlocalnews.com/hi/hawaii/environment/2022/02/18/fecal-bacteria-regularly-found-in-kaneohe-bay#:~:text=Surfrider%27s%20Blue%20Water%20Task%20Force,rashes%2C%20eye%20infections%20and%20more. (Accessed: 14 December 2023).

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Kāne‘ohe after the Great Mahele Act 1848

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Kāne‘ohe after the Great Mahele Act 1848

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When the Great Mahele had formed, the Kamehamehas had made Honolulu the center of Hawai'i which had lessened the status of Kāne‘ohe. Though with Kāne‘ohe being so rich in soil and nutrients from its rich source of food, Kāne‘ohe has maintained its popularity.

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Pollution and fecal bacteria have been found in the southern sections of Kāne‘ohe Bay. There has been much treated sewage water and some untreated sewage water.

There has been water from several small streams along the middle sections of the Bay that have also been tested. The bacteria is known as enterococci and is capable of growing on the peptone-seawater agar. This type of bacteria comes from human and animal waste that can be harmful to public health and coral reefs. Enterococcus has caused urinary tract infections, meningitis, gastrointestinal symptoms, rashes, eye infections and more.