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Contribution: Chomsky revolutionized the study of linguistics by introducing Transformational-Generative Grammar, which focuses on the innate structures of the human mind that enable language acquisition.

Proposed that humans have a Universal Grammar, a set of linguistic principles shared by all languages and hardwired into the human brain.

Distinguished between competence (a speaker’s implicit knowledge of language rules) and performance (the actual use of language in real situations).

Developed the concept of deep structure and surface structure, explaining how underlying grammatical relationships are transformed into varied sentence forms.

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Contribution: A pioneer in linguistic anthropology, Sapir explored how language shapes culture and vice versa. He studied Native American languages and showed how they were systematically structured, refuting earlier beliefs that such languages were primitive.

Proposed that language is not merely a tool for communication but also shapes thought and perception.

Worked on the concept of linguistic relativity, which became the foundation of the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis (further developed by his student Benjamin Lee Whorf).

Conducted groundbreaking studies on phonetics and phonology, emphasizing the psychological and cultural aspects of sound systems.

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Contribution: Bloomfield advanced the scientific study of language through his work on structural linguistics, focusing on observable data rather than abstract theories.

Emphasized a behaviorist approach, studying how language is learned and used through stimulus and response.

Advocated for descriptive linguistics, focusing on documenting languages, particularly unwritten ones, through rigorous fieldwork and analysis.

Championed the analysis of phonology (sound systems) and morphology (word structures), providing systematic frameworks for these areas.

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Contribution: Known as the "Father of Modern Linguistics," Saussure laid the groundwork for Structural Linguistics. His theory emphasized the structure of language as a system of relationships between signs, rather than focusing solely on individual words or historical changes.

Introduced the distinction between langue (the abstract, structured system of a language) and parole (individual speech acts).

Developed the concept of the linguistic sign, consisting of the signifier (the sound or written form) and the signified (the concept it represents).

Proposed the idea that linguistic signs are arbitrary, meaning there is no natural connection between a word and its meaning.

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1.Syntactic Structures

2.Aspects of the Theory of Syntax

3.The Minimalist Program

4.Language and Mind

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1.Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech

2.Time Perspective in Aboriginal American 3.Culture: A Study in Method

4.Nootka Texts: Tales and Ethnological Narratives

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1.Language

2.An Introduction to the Study of Language

3.Menomini Morphophonemics

4.Tagalog Texts with Grammatical Analysis

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1.Course in General Linguistics

2.Mémoire sur le système primitif des voyelles dans les langues indo-européennes

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“A language is not just words. It's a culture, a tradition, a unification of a community, a whole history that creates what a community is.”

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“Language is the most massive and inclusive art we know, a mountainous and anonymous work of unconscious generations.”

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“The totality of utterances that can be made in a speech community is the language of that speech community.”

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“Language is a system of signs that express ideas.”

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Noam Chomsky: Language and Other Cognitive Processes

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Definition of language by Edward Sapir | what is language

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History and Philosophy of the Language Sciences

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Podcast episode 32: Leonard Bloomfield and behaviourism

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Ferdinand de Saussure | Sign, Signifier, Signified | Langue and Parole| Structuralism |IRENE FRANCIS

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Noam Chomsky interview on Language and Knowledge (1977)