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Is there anything else that's still unclear to you?

What do you still have questions about?

Will the findings in this research article support or challenge the argument/thesis in your paper?

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Two experiments, one with adults and one with infants. Small sample size with more male adults than females, all subjects right-handed with normal or corrected-to-normal vision. Small sample size again with infants, more females than males. Some subject results were excluded due to typical infant behavior that interfered with results.

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In both adults and infants, the sensorimotor area had a difference in activation for live action and no difference in televised action. The action of others garnered a greater activation than object movement in the live setting. This difference did not exist in televised action.

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The results showed that only the 7 month year old compared to the 4 month year old was able to process voice, indicating that this skill is developed and specialized in a specific area of the brain around 7 months. The 4 month year olds were able to discriminate between two different auditory stimuli however. This finding may have implications for neurodegenerative diseases such as autism.

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They do not support the hypothesis, although they did not contradict it.

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Responses to Vocalizations and Auditory Controls in the Human Newborn Brain

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Responses to Vocalizations and Auditory Controls in the Human Newborn Brain

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Their results indicated that there were significant responses in the left hemisphere in response to auditory stimuli, however these responses were exclusive to the left hemisphere, despite previous research supporting that there should be some right hemisphere activation as well. The researchers acknowledge their shortcomings, such as the fact that their stimuli were "short and variable", which could make the findings less significant and clear.

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Neural responses to speech were compared with responses to non-speech sounds in infants aged 1 to 4 months. This study was done to look at whether or not neural specialization for speech occurs in developing infants.

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what is the time course of the development of category-selective visual regions during and after the first year of life? How do maturation and visual experience interact to drive this development? And does a similar principle (an initial preference that is subsequently refined) apply to the development of functionally specific regions in other perceptual and cognitive domains?

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This study showed that LPFC function increased from ages 3-7, meaning that as a child grows up, their working memory develops with more accuracy and speed. This study was one of the first to show this age progression of increased executive function.

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NIRS-based connectivity can show functional brain architecture better than previously used methods which allows for more use of NIRS.

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infants’ responses to high-level, behaviourally significant categories cannot be explained in terms of responses to simple lower-level visual features.

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The researchers tracked the eye movement of infants aged 3 months, 6 months, and 9 months as they watched short clips from A Charlie Brown Christmas. This allowed them to determine how drawn these infants were to the human faces compared to surrounding distractions, and to compare these results to track the development of their attention to human faces.

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Organization of high-level visual cortex in human infants

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Organization of high-level visual cortex in human infants

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This article aims to explore the organization of the brain in infancy vs adult and how experience plays a role within the development of the structure of the mind.

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Method: measured the brain activation and functional connectivity of 3-month-old infants by using 94-channel NIRS, 3 periods for measurement. Period 1 (3min) measured spontaneous fluctuation of activity in the brain. Period 2 provided stimuli by playing Japanese sentences for 3 min. Period 3 (3min) measured brain activation for 3 min without providing the stimulus.

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Methods of Responses to Vocalizations and Auditory Controls in the Human Newborn Brain

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Methods of Responses to Vocalizations and Auditory Controls in the Human Newborn Brain

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They collected neuroimaging data, distinguishing native vs foreign speech, human emotional vocalizations, macaque calls, as well as some auditory controls (which were defined as scrambled speech). They used fNIRS to collect results from the bilateral perisylvian areas of the brain.

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How does infants’ attention to faces change across development, and more broadly, are infants inclined to treat human faces differently (as "special") compared to other stimuli?

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Thesis: the spatiotemporally large-scale brain networks, including the frontal and temporal regions, underlie speech processing in infants and they might play important roles in language acquisition during infancy

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Responses to Vocalizations and Auditory Controls in the Human Newborn Brain

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Responses to Vocalizations and Auditory Controls in the Human Newborn Brain

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The study wants to explore how different vocalization types are documented and processed in newborn brains.

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68 children from ages 3-7 completed computer task recognition to test short and long-term working memory

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How are the functional organization of high-level responses in visual cortex in infants developed?

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Is there a larger activation in neural response observing live action compared to televised action in infants like there is in adults?

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Spatial working memory task examples

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example post

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How do the results relate to the hypothesis stated in the introduction?

Ex: they are correlated and support the hypothesis, they contradict they hypothesis, ect.

If there are differences from the hypothesis, what differences did the researcher find?

Are the findings described in an unbiased way?

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What are the specific methods used by the researcher?

Does the researcher provide a coherent and viable plan for their experiment?

Has the author missed any variables that could effect the results of their findings?

How do the methods in this article compare with similar articles?

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What information are graphics, images, or charts sharing?

How does this information inform the results of the study?

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What do the results indicate?

What is the significance of the results?

Are there any gaps in knowledge?

Are there any new questions that have been raised?

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Do I need to look up any vocabulary words?

Can I summarize the thesis of the article in my own words?

What are the main question or questions being asked?