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Definition: 1) the understanding & interpretation of what is read
2) thinking, guided by print (Perfetti, 1985)

Sentence: Marlee was able to read the story and then explain it in detail to her peers because her comprehension skills were strong.

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Definition: a set of words, typically the set in a language or the set known to an individual

Sentence: Pauline had a limited vocabulary which made it difficult for her to tell a story about a new place she visited.

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Definition: all the words that can be understood by a person, including spoken, written, or manually signed words.

Sentence: Margret was lacking receptive vocabulary and needed to be have additional vocabulary explicitly taught.

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Definition: words that a person can express or produce by speaking or writing

Sentence:  Hampton was only 3 years old, but he had a strong expressive vocabulary; the adults at the zoo were shocked by how many big words that he was able to use correctly.

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Definition: word knowledge including a deeper understanding; includes definition, pronunciation, word usage, synonyms, antonyms, multiple meanings, & other word associations.

Sentence: Vanessa was able to complete a word map on the vocabulary word "Bale" because she had deep understanding of the word.

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Definition: lesser understanding of a word; focuses only on word meaning or definition

Sentence: Sally knew that an alley meant the walkway between a building, but since she lived in a very rural farm area, she didn't have a deep understanding of a city alley.

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Definition: The ability to read to read with Expression, Automatic word recognition, Rhythm and phrasing, and Smoothness.

Sentence: The teacher enjoyed having Charli in her reading group because he was a fluent reader and it was easy to listen to.

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Definition: Pragmatics is defined as the study of how language is used in communication in certain context. The study of meaning of sentences in a certain context.

Sentence: Pragmatic errors occur when student may misunderstand phrases in differing settings or sentences such as "steal the show" may mean to take the attention or to steal tickets to see the show.

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Definition: the aspect of language concerned with meaning. Semantics means the meaning and interpretation of words, signs, and sentence structure.

Sentence: Semantic errors are caused when students do not realize that rearranging the words can cause the meaning of the sentence to completely change.

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Definition: the set of principles that dictate the sequence and function of words in a sentence in order to convey meaning. This includes grammar, sentence variation, and the mechanics of language.

Sentence: When students understand how the order of the words cause differing understanding, this is syntax.

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Definition:  The study of smallest unit of word parts (morphemes).

Sentence:  My kindergarten class is studying morphology, or the smallest unit of word parts, as an introduction to reading.

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Definition: a word element that can stand alone as a word; it is also called an unbound morpheme or a free-standing morpheme.

Sentence: We knew that "unbroken" was a bound morpheme and not a free morpheme because it was made up of multiple morphemes: un-,broke, and -en. "Broke" would be the free morpheme.

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Definition: A phoneme is a sound or a group of different sounds perceived to have the same function by speakers of the language or dialect in question. An example is the English phoneme /k/, which occurs in words such as cat, kit, scat, skit.

Sentence: Phonemes are the smallest unit of speech.

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Definition: A grapheme is a written symbol that represents a sound (phoneme). This can be a single letter, or could be a sequence of letters, such as ai, sh, igh, tch etc.

Sentence: A grapheme is the smallest functional unit of a writing system.

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Definition:  a sound formed by 2 vowels in a single syllable which begins as one vowel and moves towards the others

Sentence: When teaching diphthongs, I use many examples of words containing -ow, -ou, -aw, -au, -oi, -oy, and -oo.

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Definition: a strategy that helps develop students' phonemic awareness which involves having students manipulate spoken words by deleting specific phonemes.

Sentence: An example of phoneme deletion is saying clock but removing the c... now it's lock.

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Definition: Phoneme substitution is a strategy that helps develop students' phonemic awareness which involves having students manipulate spoken words by substituting certain phonemes for others. Phoneme substitution tasks take place orally without the written word.

Sentence: When practicing phoneme substitution, we may change the beginning, middle, or ending sound like saying big, bid, bip, bin, etc.

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Definition:  Phoneme segmentation is the ability to break words down into individual sounds.

Sentence:  We used phoneme segmentation to break "clock" down into /cl/ /o/ /ck/.

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Definition: Phoneme blending is the ability to hear the individual sounds in a word, put the sounds together, and say the word that is made.

Sentence: The students were using phoneme blending when they said /c/ /a/ /t/ cccaaaattt cat!

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Definition: The schwa is an unstressed vowel and it can be spelled with any vowel. The schwa symbol looks like an upside down e (ə) and sounds like a soft short U (/uh/) or short I (/ĭ/).

Sentence: Schwa syllables are weaker sounding, while the stressed syllable is louder.

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Definition: the action or capability of understanding something: in this case, something read.
Sentence: She demonstrated strong comprehension skills by answering many questions about the story.

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Definition- the quality or condition of being fluent (smoothly graceful and easy)
Sentence: His oral reading had few errors and was very fluent.

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Definition: Phonemic awareness is the ability to recognize and manipulate the spoken parts of words, including syllables, onset–rime, and phonemes.

Sentence: John was unable to use beginning phoneme substitution correctly as he said "cat, candle, cart" instead of "cat, fat, sat".

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Definition: Phonics involves matching the sounds of spoken English with individual letters or groups of letters.

Sentence: When teaching phonics, beginning learners struggle with understanding that the sound /k/ can be spelled as c, k, ck or ch.

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Definition: EARS is an acronym for Expression, Automatic Word Recognition, Rhythm and Phrasing, and Smoothness.

Sentence: When teaching reading fluency, my teacher helped me understand by explaining EARS.

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EARS Strategy Reading Fluency Anchor Chart

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Definition:  reading something with a determination to understand and evaluate it for its relevance to your needs

Sentence: Margina had made notes and pictures to go with her paragraph since it helps her to understand what she read. She is an active reader.

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Definition: an understanding of how words can be broken down into smaller units of meaning such as roots, prefixes, and suffixes

Sentence: Our used morphological awareness when we broke "unselfish" down into the following parts: prefix "un", self, suffix "ish".

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Definition:
1) a sum or stock of words employed by a language, group, individual, or work or in a field of knowledge
2) a list or collection of words or of words and phrases usually alphabetically arranged and explained or defined

Sentence: Sarah impressed her babysitter with her expansive vocabulary including words like omnivore, herbivore, and carnivore at only 3 years old!

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Definition: Expression used in reading that reflects and expands on the mean of the text.

Sentence: Maggie was almost theatrical in her reading; she had amazing prosody.

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Definition: an affix—a group of letters added before the beginning (prefix) or after the end (suffix)—of a root or base word to create a new word or a new form of an existing word

Sentence:   An example of a derivational morpheme is "act" because if you add the prefix "re" then it changes the word's meaning to "react". If you add the suffix "or" then it changes the word to "actor".

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Definition: a word element that cannot stand alone as a word, including both prefixes and suffixes.

Sentence: We knew that "unbroken" was a bound morpheme and not a free morpheme because it was made up of multiple morphemes: un-,broke, and -en. "Broke" would be the free morpheme.

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Definition: it is added to a noun, verb, adjective or adverb to assign a particular grammatical property to that word such as: tense, number, possession, or comparison

Sentence: Our class discussed many inflectional morphemes such as skip, skipped, and skipping.

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Definition: Reading for completion & not focusing on purpose or understanding.

Sentence: Charles ran to the teacher's desk to let her know he was done reading first, but the teacher noted he was reading passively and not actively as he did not understand what he'd read.

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Definition: Fluctuation of voice in the strength of pitch and volume to match the meaning of the text.

Sentence: As she became more nervous, her voice changed its intonation.

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Definition: Reading to show an emotion or feeling.

Sentence: When Sally was reading about murder, the tone of the book as well as her tone of voice began to darken.

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Definition: Having single or unvaried tone in a way that expression doesn’t match the meaning of the text.

Sentence: Her reading was boring to listen to as it was lacking all expression; it was completely monotone.

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Definition: Emphasis on particular words or phrases as one would do in conversational speech.

Sentence: By changing which word you stress, it can change the whole understanding of the sentence!

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Definition: The ability of a reader to recognize/decode words in text accurately and effortlessly or automatically.

Sentence: The teacher thought there might be some tricky words in the passage, but the girl read with strong automaticity.

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Definition: The pace or speed at which the reader can move through the text. Pacing is a good way to assess automaticity.

Sentence: Her pace was slow because she did not have automaticity.

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Definition: an acronym for Words Correct Per Minute - the rate or pace at which a student reads.

Sentence: Paul read 30 WCPM in 2nd grade which is far below the average of 85-120 WCPM.

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Definition: Reading in meaningful phrases or word chunks instead of word by word.

Sentence: Virginia wasn't reading sentences yet, but she was able to chunk word parts so she could larger words.

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Definition: Using punctuation as a guide to when to pause while reading.

Sentence: Molly read the article without pausing at punctuation which made it difficult to understand.

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Definition: The ability to accurately recognize or decode words regardless of rate.

Sentence: Marvin was reading with 98% accuracy which demonstrated that he was fluent with reading that passage.

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Definition: The ability of a reader to recognize an error in his/her reading and fix/repair it.

Sentence: When reading, Kara's teacher noticed that she was able to self-correct "swingset" in her reading passage so she read it again and corrected it to "swishing".