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A clipping mask is a group of layers to which a mask is applied. The bottommost layer, or base layer, defines the visible boundaries of the entire group.

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The Transform tool allows for multiple resizing, scaling, warping and perspective changes within one continuous operation.

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Kerning is the spacing between individual letters or characters. Unlike tracking, which adjusts the amount of space between the letters of an entire word in equal increments, kerning is focused on how type looks

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The vertical space between lines of type is called leading. Leading is measured from the baseline of one line of text to the baseline of the line above it. Baseline is the invisible line on which most letters—that is, those without descenders—sit.

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Tracking is the spacing between glyphs applied to an entire piece of text.

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What is the rectangular marquee tool used for?

The Rectangular Marquee tool is used for making rectangular selections within an image

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Use the Quick Selection tool to select part of an image that is different from the rest of the scene in terms of color or brightness.

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The Select and Mask Properties panel has multiple controls for refining all the edges of a selection. The Radius slider can often be useful to improve soft edges, such as foliage or hair. The Shift Edge slider expands or contracts the selection edges and can be useful to remove edge fringes.

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The Sharpen tool focuses soft edges in a photo to increase clarity or focus. Oversharpening a photo gives it a grainy look. You can avoid oversharpening by setting a lower Strength value in the options bar.

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The Blur tool allows you to paint blur effect on specific areas of an image.

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The Burn tool darkens areas of an image. The more you paint over an area with the Burn tool, the darker it becomes.

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The Dodge tool allows you to lighten specific areas of your image without affecting hue or saturation.

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The Sponge tool in PSE works much like the sponge sitting on your kitchen sink. It can be used to soak up color (desaturate) or wring it out (saturate).

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The Smudge tool simulates a brush smearing wet paint. The brush picks up color where the stroke begins and pushes it in the direction you swipe or nudge it. Use the Smudge tool to gently reshape important edges into more appealing and softer lines.

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The Crop tool allows you to select an area of a photo and remove or crop everything outside the selected area.

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The straighten tool is designed for ease of use: You draw it across a line that's supposed to be straight, and then Photoshop will do the actual straightening for you.

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Use the Paint Bucket to fill areas, color foregrounds and backgrounds, and more.

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Allows you to draw straight lines to create a selection area.

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The Gradient tool allows you to create gradual changes of color and light across an image with power and precision.

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The Horizontal Type tool allows you to add horizontal text to your images.

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The Hand tool allows you to move your image while you're zoomed in to more than 100% and part of the image is out of view.

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Magnify or reduce the view of your image with the Zoom tool.

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The Brush tool works like traditional drawing tools applying color with brush strokes.

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What does the Magic Wand tool do? The Magic Wand tool automatically selects an object or area of your image, using machine learning to discern what you might be trying to select.

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The Lasso tool is helpful for drawing a free-form border around a selected object within an image. It allows you to soften the edges of your selection or add a feathering effect; it's also useful for anti-aliasing.

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Photoshop selects and replaces pixels from another part of your image to blend in seamlessly.

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The Spot Healing Brush is basically a blending mode that allows you to take colors from the nearby pixels to replace the spot or blemish.

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The Clone Stamp tool is most effective when you need to copy exact detail from one part of an image to another area.

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The Patch tool is used to remove unwanted image elements.

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The move tool allows you to move a selection or entire layer.

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Contrast is the range of brightness, from lightest to darkest, in an image. A high-contrast image will have very bright highlights and very dark shadows. Sometimes an image's highlights may be almost pure white, or the shadows may be almost pure black: high contrast.

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Vibrance boosts colors that are more muted. And it mostly ignores warmer colors (yellows, oranges, and reds), while prioritizing cooler colors (blues and greens).

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a color or shade

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White balance balances the color temperature in your photograph by adding the opposite color to those in the image to bring the color temperature up or down.

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the intensity of a color, expressed as the degree to which it differs from white.

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A scrim is a popular light modifier used by photographers and videographers to soften or diffuse light.

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a reflector is an improvised or specialised reflective surface used to redirect light towards a given subject or scene.

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APS-C sensors are smaller, so cameras can be made more compact and lighter, which is ideal for street and travel photography.

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A full-frame sensor is most simply deﬁned by its sheer size—36 mm by 24 mm

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Crop factor changes the effective focal length of a lens by cropping in on the center of an image.

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Layer masking is a nondestructive way to hide parts of an image or layer without erasing them.

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Post-processing encompasses every change you make to a video or photo after you download the RAW file to your computer.

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A thumbnail is a small image representation of a larger image, usually intended to make it easier and faster to look at or manage a group of larger images.

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Photo metadata is a set of data describing and providing information about rights and administration of an image. It allows information to be transported with an image file, in a way that can be understood by other software and human users.

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DSLR is a term that's become synonymous with digital cameras, but a digital single-lens reflex camera (notable for allowing interchangeable lenses on the same camera body) is just one type of digital camera.

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Vibration Reduction (VR) is an image stabilization technology that minimizes blur caused by camera shake.

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A fisheye lens is an ultra wide-angle lens that produces strong visual distortion intended to create a wide panoramic or hemispherical image.

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a lens with a longer focal length than standard, giving a narrow field of view and a magnified image.

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A prime lens is a lens with a fixed focal length, typically with a maximum aperture of f/1.2-f/2.8. They're fantastic for filmmakers and photographers who want the best optical quality and prefer a shallower depth of field in their images and footage.

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A macro lens is a lens that specifically allows you to focus extremely close to a subject so that it appears large in the viewfinder (and in the final image).

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The blue hour is the period of twilight when the Sun is at a significant depth below the horizon. During this time, the remaining sunlight takes on a mostly blue shade.

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The period of the day just before the sun sets or after it rises, when the light is redder and softer than usual so that photographs taken in it have a pleasing quality

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In a Triadic color harmony we use any three colors located at equal distance from each other on the color wheel. For example yellow, blue and red.

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Double exposure photography is a technique that layers two different exposures on a single image, combining two photographs into one.

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HDR stands for high dynamic range. Dynamic range is simply the range of the lightest tones to the darkest tones within a photo. Put another way — it's a measure of the light intensities from the highlights to the shadows.

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The file format is the structure of a file that tells a program how to display its contents.

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SOOC is an abbreviation of the photography term “Straight Out Of Camera”, simply meaning that an image can be good enough to print straight from the camera without further processing.

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DPI refers to the number of printed dots contained within one inch of an image printed by a printer. PPI refers to the number of pixels contained within one inch of an image displayed on a computer monitor.

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Image resolution is the level of detail of an image. The term applies to digital images, film images, and other types of images.

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The aspect ratio of an image is the ratio of its width to its height, and is expressed with two numbers separated by a colon, such as 16:9, sixteen-to-nine.

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Cropping can be used to make an image smaller (in pixels) and/or to change the aspect ration (length to width) of the image.

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The Options Bar is a vital part of Photoshop as it controls and determines how every Photoshop tool operates.

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A menu bar is a graphical control element which contains drop-down menus. The menu bar's purpose is to supply a common housing for window- or application-specific menus which provide access to such functions as opening files, interacting with an application, or displaying help documentation or manuals.

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A palette is a range of colors.

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The toolbar, also called a bar or standard toolbar, is a graphical control element on which on-screen icons can be used. A toolbar often allows for quick access to functions that are commonly used in the program.

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Workspace Switcher displays a visual representation of your workspaces

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A grey card is a cheap and easy-to-use tool designed to help photographers adjust their exposure and white balance settings by providing a reference point. This reference point will set a white balance or color balance point for a particular image set and all images captured afterward.

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Exposure compensation basically helps you override automatic exposure adjustments your camera makes in situations with uneven light distribution, filters, non-standard processing, or underexposure or overexposure. It lets you take control of your image's brightness by manually increasing or decreasing exposure.

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In Manual mode, the exposure level indicator shows how much your set exposure values deviate from the levels the camera believes are optimal, which always reside at the standard exposure index.

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When you bracket your shots you take exactly the same picture of your subject at several different exposures.

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An AF point is a specific part of the frame where the camera is able to focus on something. When looking through the viewfinder, these points are denoted by small squares clustered around the centre of the frame.

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Sepia toning is a chemical process that converts the metallic silver in the emulsion of a photographic print into a silver sulfide compound. This changes the color of the resulting image and makes the photo more resistant to environmental pollutants. This helps photos hold up over time.

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Vignettes are illustrations with faded or loosely defined edges. The loose edges incorporate the white of the surrounding page to give the image space, lightness and draw the viewer into the scene.

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The lightest part or one of the lightest parts of a painting, drawing, etc. especially : one that depicts the areas of the subject receiving the greatest amount of illumination.

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Shadow refers to the dark shape that appears on a surface when an object blocks sunlight or other light.

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The tones in an image that are neither very bright (highlights) nor very dark (shadows). They represent the middle range of tones and play a crucial role in defining the overall contrast and mood of an image.

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Matrix Metering or Evaluative Metering mode is the default metering mode on most digital cameras. It works by dividing the entire frame into multiple “zones”, which are then all analyzed on an individual basis for light and dark tones.

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Centre-weighted Average metering is like using Evaluative metering with a centre AF point. It places greater emphasis on the centre area while also taking meter reading across the entire frame.

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A grey card is 18% grey. This corresponds to a mid-grey, the middle point between the darkest shadows and the brightest highlights. A grey card is a great tool to get good exposure. The light reflected from an 18% grey is perceived by your camera meter as “normal” exposure.

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Partial metering covers only the centre 6.2% of the frame in the viewfinder, thus providing precise metering only for the subject. When the background is brighter than the subject due to reasons like back lighting, this metering mode is particularly useful. It is useful for back-lit shots or tiny subjects.

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In spot metering mode the camera takes a measurement from a single point or spot. This area is often at the centre of the frame, but it may be linked to the active AF point.

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Burst mode, also called continuous shooting mode, sports mode, continuous mode, or burst shot, is a shooting mode in still cameras where several photos are captured in quick succession by either pressing the shutter button or holding it down.

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Panning photography allows you to convey motion in your photos by freezing moving objects against a blurred background.

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Light painting, painting with light, light drawing, or light art performance photography are terms that describe photographic techniques of moving a light source while taking a long-exposure photograph, either to illuminate a subject or space, or to shine light at the camera to 'draw', or by moving the camera itself during exposure of light sources.

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Time-lapse photography is a technique in which the frequency at which film frames are captured is much lower than the frequency used to view the sequence. When played at normal speed, time appears to be moving faster and thus lapsing.

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Long-exposure, time-exposure, or slow-shutter photography involves using a long-duration shutter speed to sharply capture the stationary elements of images while blurring, smearing, or obscuring the moving elements.

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Camera shake refers to the unintended movement or vibration of a camera during the process of capturing an image. This movement typically occurs when the photographer holds the camera by hand, and the result is a blurred or distorted photograph.

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A three-legged or one-kegged stand for supporting a camera or other apparatus.

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Motion blur is the apparent streaking of moving objects in a photograph or a sequence of frames, such as a film or animation. It results when the image being recorded changes during the recording of a single exposure, due to rapid movement or long exposure.

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The Bulb setting on camera shutters is a momentary-action mode that holds shutters open for as long as a photographer depresses the shutter-release button.

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In photography, shutter speed or exposure time is the length of time that the film or digital sensor inside the camera is exposed to light when taking a photograph.

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In this camera mode, the photographer selects an aperture, and the camera chooses an appropriate shutter speed based on the available light.

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Shutter speed priority, also known as shutter priority mode, is when a photographer manually designates a shutter speed for a given exposure, and the camera automatically chooses an appropriate aperture and ISO setting to go with that shutter speed.

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Manual mode gives you complete control over your camera settings.

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Program mode (the "P" on the mode dial of most DSLRs) means that the camera still sets the exposure for you. It chooses the correct aperture and shutter speed for the light available, so your shot is correctly exposed. Program mode also unlocks other functions that give you more creative control over your images.

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In automatic modes the camera determines all aspects of exposure, choosing exposure parameters according to the application within the constraints of correct exposure, including exposure, aperture, focusing, light metering, white balance, and equivalent sensitivity.

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The depth of field (DOF) is the distance between the nearest and the furthest objects that are in acceptably sharp focus in an image captured with a camera.

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Bokeh is defined as “the effect of a soft out-of-focus background that you get when shooting a subject, using a fast lens, at the widest aperture, such as f/2.8 or wider.”

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F-stop is the term used to denote aperture measurements on your camera.

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Aperture refers to the opening of a lens's diaphragm through which light passes. It is calibrated in f/stops and is generally written as numbers such as 1.4, 2, 2.8, 4, 5.6, 8, 11 and 16.