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Having a poor hygiene is known for easy to contract disease. But in Xiao Ling's case, having a poor hygiene causes people reluctant to care her and shy away from her.

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We can see Xiao Ling barely showed any emotional expression in the whole video. It seems she had learnt helplessness, because no matter what she tried, it won't work.

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Xiao Ling never received any treatment from her wound causing her more vulnerable to future abuse.

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Xiao Ling's neighbor could at least invite Xiao Ling to rest in her apartment, so that Xiao Ling wouldn't have to stay outside for extended period of time.

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If a friendly relationship is formed between Xiao Ling's mother and the neighbor, the neighbor will probably be fine to have Xiao Ling to wait in her house.

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It is possible that the neighbor has a big family or some really mean family's member, therefore she could not invite Xiao Ling. Not sure what can be done in this level, because it is quite unknown it this case.

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Different from Hong Kong, it is not illegal to let children(unless less than 6 years old) wander around be themselves in non-dangerous area(e,g: Park), it is just immoral. Xiao Ling's mother will at least have to find ways to look after her if it is illegal to do some.

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After being abused repeatedly, Xiao Lin has shown multiple signs of self protection instincts. The basic feelings of joy, sadness, fear, disgust and anger are suppressed to very low level which is almost unnoticeable, showing no sign of trust to her Mom, the men, or others around. The long term stress may have caused a state of dissociation from herself to block out the pain both physically and mentally. But when she enters "her own space" in the bathtub, she holds the soft pillow tight and curls up the body, showing the eager of being protected and loved.

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factor/person:

awareness from xiaoling's neighbour.

what can be done differently:

xiaoling's neighbour can report suspected child abuse case and ensure professional interventions are in place.

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factor/person :

school-parent communication.

what can be done differently:

Teachers or school counsellors may establish collaborative communication with the mother to gain a holistic understanding of the situation, trigger social worker involvement to assess both the child’s safety and the mother’s circumstances, and ensuring regular monitoring /issue protective orders if necessary.

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Proper legislation for child protection is very important and basic, but far from enough. Public education from different channels to reach the people who may have access to children is crucial. Public awareness and attention don’t just increase the chance of the abusers being punished but also reduce the possibility of children being abused.

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Malnutrition and physical wounds (Mandy Wong)

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Malnutrition and physical wounds (Mandy Wong)

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1. Based on the video, Xiao Ling appeared not to have a balanced diet, or suffering from hunger from time to time. She looked skinnier than children with normal BMI. She might be lagging behind in her physical development from her peers.

2. The visible wounds were not properly taken care of. No first-aid was given.

3. At the end, based on the video, she seemed to be too fragile to hold the cup. The male adult looked like to give her further physical harm and resulting in the dead body being found in the street.

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Limited caretaking from mother & much alone time 

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Limited caretaking from mother & much alone time 

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1. The limited interpersonal time Xiao Ling has , would be with her mother, and occasionally at convenience store. Her mother seemed to have a busy life in day time and left her alone wandering on the street. Not so sure if she was able to speak but she was able to comprehend the words from the store staff.

2. With limited quality time with her mother (caretaker being neglectful), Xiao Ling appeared to have low self esteem and submissive character. Not sure how to interact with others in the social space. E.g. not actively chasing the man who took her money.

3. She might have some emotional trauma as repeatedly being ill-treated by her mother. Suppressing the need for Security and trust.

(Mandy Wong)

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The mother seems to be lacking the skills to take care of a child.

She could consider arranging Xiao Ling to governmental / NGO-funded day care.

If she cannot manage to take care of her child, she could also seek help from social service.

(Mandy Wong)

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These two groups might have occasions to cross-over in the store. If they can work together to observe better the situation and report to social service / government, then perhaps there would be some home visits arranged to better understand Xiao Ling's situation.

(Mandy Wong)

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Xiao Ling was seemingly in the age of 3-5 years old which is a critical time for grow, and nutrition is substantially crucial for a child at the age.

The lack of finanical resources to access appropriate food can hinder her development, causing deficiency in the development of brain, bonds, muscle, and so on.

Also, the recurrent abuse can cause neurotoxin to hinder normal brain development, which may associated with psychological illnesses.

Then, injuries that caused by physically abuse was not taken care, which can associated with the inflammation in the entire body. Such inflammation effect can influence normal physiological development.

Next, the father smoked in the tiny house, the effect of nicotine can provide damages to Xiao Ling's body.

Such harms can likely be reflected by the failure in holding a cup. That's Xiao Ling's muscles and its coordination are not well-developed, or impaired, in physiological and/or neurological aspects.

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Xiao Ling demonstrated "emotionally calmness", even in the context of physically abused and being humiliated. The calmness can be interpreted as learned helplessness, and the defence mechanism of dissociation.

Indeed, the recurrent abusive experiences of Xiao Ling are the traumatic events that can increase one's vulnerability to mental illness. The inability to fight-back and escape developed a sense of helplessness. In order to protect oneself mentally, Xiao Ling may unintentionally use dissociation, or it is actually the symptoms fo post-traumatic stress disorder.

Also, such experiences may influence Xiao Ling's establishment of trust, and autonomy, which reflected by the lack of help seeking behavior. At the meantime, Xiao Ling may have self-esteem issue, which may hinder her help seeking behavior. Caregiver's love can foster a sense of worth, while the lack of it can contribute to suicidality of a young child. The lack of help seeking behavior may reflected that Xiao Ling's belief of "I do not worth saving", and "maybe I should die".

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The abusive experiences cause poor hygiene, and the undeveloped social skills. Both of them are associated with social isolation and rejection.

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The parents are clearly demonstrated immature emotion regulation skills and treated Xiao Ling as the object to express their frustration, and aggressiveness. Emotion regulation program can help to improve their emotion regualtion skills.

Also, a part of Xiao Ling's recurrent abusive experiences is likely caused by indifferent neighborhood. The government should encourage reporting by reconsidering the cost-effect that a person report potential child abuse cases

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I am not sure whether Xiao Ling's mum is a sexwork or not, since she apparently having a date with different men. She was hurt physically, and express the frustation to Xiao Ling though physical abuse. To help her mum, NGO for women, and sexworkers welfare may be crucial.

Also, Xiao Ling's family does not seem to embed the neighborhood, which may contribute to the indifference in neighborhood. Encouragement for reporting from the Gov can be helpful.

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It is crucial to increase the public recognizion and knowledge of child abuse, and provide a viable reporting system. The video by itself is the proper prevention and intervention.

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1) Chinese culture of being bystanders, which can be resolved by media highlighting the importance of human life.

2) Mandatory reporting policy, that can increase the reporting of potential child abuse cases.

3) The Gov may need to reconsider how to better protect the victim from the abusers. There are many cases that the abusers kill the victims despite the protection order is released. Imprisonment may not be enough, and mandatory psychological intervention can help to reduce such cases via addressing the underlying factors that fostering abuse.

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It is guessed that Xiao Ling hadn't attended school because she loafed around in daytime. She didn't learn knowledge beyond her home so she also hadn't developed sense of seeking help from outside or institutions. She had tolerated maltreatment from her mother for long-time. She didn't know she should fight for her rights and interests when a man took her money away from her palm flagrantly.

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1. No proper nutrition rearing and irregular meal times;

2. Frequent physical abuses and no proper treatments;

3. No quality afternoon nap (which is needed for growth at the age of Xiao Ling) and sleeping time (stay outside waiting for her mom till evening);

4. No positive habits apparently like personal hygiene (had unpleasant body smells);

5. No physical exercise time for muscle mass development at the stage of growth;

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1. No quality parenting time;

2. Her mom (the sole caregiver) seemed to be having emotional problems and verbally abused Xiao Ling (she spoke inappropriate, crude and negative words to Xiao Ling for venting her anger);

4. Xiao Ling might felt unhappy and fearful, anxious for long time and lacking in initiative and communication skills;

3. Neglectful parenting leaded her to have low self-esteem and be immature and socially incompetent;

4. Showed non-verbal/mutism/numbness in video

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1. Neglectful and violent parenting;

2. No caring received from parent, relatives, neighbors and the community groups;

3. Neighbours and strangers were deliberately keeping distance due to the appearance and smells of Xiao Ling;

3. No playtime with peers, no peer friends;

4. No schooling

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Xiao Ling's Parent

This video segment portrays the critical role of a mother in early childhood, yet it features a mother incapable of caring for either herself or her child. She failed to provide a safe and nurturing environment for Xiao Ling. Instead of appropriate care, the child endures violence and neglect, resulting in significant physical and psychological trauma. The absence of the father is also notable.

The video did not mention Xiao Ling's father. Xiao Ling's father could visit her regularly to monitor her growing situation and environment.

Xiao Ling's mother could give custody to her father or other eligible relatives or the relevant authority institutions.

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Apart from legislation and public education, the government could launch funding and set up working groups of professional social workers to conduct regular, mandatory home visits to identify high-risk families (such as underage parents, households with substance abuse issues, single-parent and impoverished families, etc.) and provide them parenting guidance, assess the home environment, connect families with social resources, and continuously monitor the child's well-being.

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Xiao Ling’s mother and the strangers dated

It seemed her mother had been dating different men; they are strangers to Xiao Ling. They can persuade Xiao Ling’s mother to take good care of her or report Xiao Ling’s situation to responsible organisations. Unfortunately, no one did something good for Xiao Ling.

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Community Climate (守望相助的氛圍)

In a poor community climate and neighbour connection, people become indifferent towards others in need; neighbours were unwilling to lend a hand to Xiao Ling even though they witnessed her physical wounds.

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Xiao Ling is emaciated and can only eat bread for meals, relying on tap water for hydration. Her basic needs are not being met. Additionally, she is often beaten by her mother and abused by her mother’s boyfriend.

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Xiao Ling feels despair.
She desperately longs for a box of rice, but she lacks access to food, which deepens her feelings of desperation. She also experiences loneliness when she is in the park and outside her home, as she is neglected by her mother. Furthermore, she faces discrimination from other children her age in the park, which makes her feel embarrassed. Despite being abused by her mother and her boyfriend, as well as a stranger, she feels powerless and does not resist their actions.

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Xiao Ling’s mother has a significant influence on her physical and mental development.

Xiao Ling’s mother must meet Xiao Ling’s basic needs. She must care about Xiao Ling’s feelings and well-being. Encouraging Xiao Ling to express her needs and feelings is important.

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The relationship between Xiao Ling’s mother and her boyfriend is crucially affecting the development of Xiao Ling.

Xiao Ling’s mother should not project her emotional struggles onto Xiao Ling. Instead, she should seek counseling, which would allow both her and Xiao Ling to lead a better life.

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Xiao Ling may feel isolated from her mother and others, which could make it difficult for her to build relationship with people (Ho Soi Ian Renee)

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Strangers pass by without showing any concern for Xiao Ling. More public education is necessary to help save children who suffer from maltreatment. (Ho Soi Ian Renee)

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1. Mother <> Siu Ling

cannot support her physiological needs (sufficient and nutritional)

cannot protect her physical health and safety

cannot provide her psychological needs and support (caring, love, communications and connections)

cannot support her personal growth and development (teaching and learning, recognition and appreciation)

cannot offer her a sense of efficacy (opportunities for decision making and creation)

2. Mother's Boyfriend <> Siu Ling

abusive, distance, cold, brutal

3. Cashier of Convenience Store <> Siu Ling

cold and distance,

4. Neighbourhood <> Siu Ling

cold and distance

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1. Mother <> Mother's boyfriend

Mother is pleasing her boyfriend. Whenever they are together, Siu Ling's mother will ask Siu Ling to hide herself

2. Mother <> Neighbour

No communications. Distanced

3. Mother <> Cashier at the Convenience Store

Not mentioned

4. Mother's boyfriend <> Neighbour

Distanced. Seldom at home, when he is at Siu Ling's home, he spends time on his own needs (cigarettes and games) only. It seems he is not spending time socialising with the neighbourhood.

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1. Mother <> Mother's customers

It seems that Siu Ling's mother is being abused by her customers, where she cannot say no, or call the officials (i.g., police) for help. She was not happy with her job. Makes her mentally suppressed, and she chose to divert her anger and disgust to her daughter.

2. Mother's boyfriend <> His own business

Not mentioned.

3. Neighbors <> their family

Not mentioned

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1. Social Culture

Siu Ling seemed to be living in a low SES environment. Everyone focuses on their own lives, without showing interest in others. Instead, the scene of a tramp taking the money from Siu Ling without acknowledgement also shows that the society lacks trust and respect.

2. Parenting style

The parenting style is authoritarian and abusive. Of which it seems to be a norm in the Chinese community. Parents / the adults have their rules and expectations, while showing limited or no emotional support, empathy or explanation.

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Xiao Ling doesn't have sufficient food to maintain a healthy life. She is always abused by her mother and has many scars from being beaten. The lack of nutrition may cause Xiao Ling to develop more slowly than her peers.

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Xiao Ling's mother is clearly unable to take care of her child, she should turn her over to the government or a welfare institution.

The cashier and neighbors who witnessed Xiaoling being abused should have called the police instead of turning a blind eye.

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Xiao Lin's parents, her neighbors, the shopkeeper, and the passing strangers all could have behaved differently.

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Xiao Lin's parents could have sought help from the community; members of the community could have intervened by expressing their concerns to Xiao Lin's parents or reporting their concerns to the authorities.

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1. According to Piaget's framework, Xiaoling is going through preoperational stage, which she should understand the world through language and image. In the video, she barely speaks because of the fear against her mother (her caretaker). She never gets the chance to express herself or interact with others.

2. She is in the stage of forming schema, yet the world around her pays no attention to her, let alone love. This will become the way she sees the world - cold, no caring, full of violence.

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1. She seems calm and never fight back, at her age, she should be developing relationship with others but from her mother, to the cashier at convenience store to neighbours, no one is trying to communicate with her, let alone helping her. She may become a person bad in managing personal relationship.

2. Xiaoling should be at school, but it seems she is not under proper education. This might lead to inferiority about herself who never had the chance to demonstrate her ability, she even couldn't fight back when someone took her money.

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Factors are:

1. Her mother, who is not capable to take care of Xiao Ling (basic needs such as food, education, proper caring like taking shower)

2. Neighbors: Two of them saw the child sitting on street at night time without saying a word

3. Cashier at convenience store : Obvious scars and bruises on Xiao Ling and the man did not ask and thought about calling the police

What can be done differently

1. Stronger community or government supervision on children's compulsory education

2. Advocate to the public about child abuse prevention

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Government policy and legal action against child abuse

Education and increase awareness of child abuse towards public

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1. Long-term hunger will cause her to suffer from malnutrition and slow down her physical development.

2. If the injuries caused by the beating are not treated, they will cause her skin to ulcerate and even lead to inflammation.

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She remained silent and showed no obvious emotional changes. Clearly, she had become numb to her daily life. If this continued for a long time, it would easily lead to depression, and even result in self-harming or suicidal behaviors due to despair.

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1. She was subjected to domestic violence from her mother.

2. She didn’t receive any education and had no way to stay during the daytime.

3. She had no friends of her age and was even shunned by other children.

4. She lacked communication skills and the desire to talk.

5. She had never received love from the society, nor kindness from strangers.

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1. Her mother should give her love and companionship.

2. Neighbors should call the police when they discovere the scars on her body.

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Xiaoling’ mother and her boyfriends. Her death was caused by her mother's boyfriend. If that man wasn't there that day, she wouldn't have died.

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If her mother had not associated with these men, her mother would not have suffered and would not have come home to abuse her.

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1. Legislation and law enforcement on domestic violence

The government should provide physical and mental rehabilitation for these victims of domestic violence.

2. Public sensitivity to domestic violence

People can be made more aware of domestic violence by learning from various media and encouraged to actively report any suspicious situations to the relevant departments.

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Xiao Ling is not given enough money to buy enough food for herself and it begins to have an impact on her body and health, which may result in further complications

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Due to her neglectful mother and negative situation, Xiao Ling lacks self-awareness. This can be seen when one man on the street grabs her money from her hand and she is not able to react in anyway.

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Xiao Ling's mother is her main microsystem. As seen in her story, her mother is not able to care for her child and puts all her frustration into harming Xiao Ling.

In this situation, her mother could have put Xiao Ling up for adoption. This way Xiao Ling can get better care and her mother can give up her responsibility

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Developmental Needs: Secure attachment, emotional expression, unconditional positive regard, autonomy

Harm caused: Instead of serving as a safe base, XiaoLing’s mother is the source of danger and neglect. This leads to an inability to form healthy, trusting relationships throughout life. XiaoLing also learned helplessness. She may believes nothing she does can change her situation as she cannot get food, stop the abuse, or make her mother accompany her. This erodes her sense of agency, leading to the passive, hopeless demeanor she displays on the street. Moreover, her constant state of fear and stress makes it impossible to focus on learning and exploration. This can lead to developmental delays in cognition and language, as all her mental resources are dedicated to survival.

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Developmental needs: Socialization, peer interaction, positive role model, sense of belonging

Harm caused: Xiao Ling is completely isolated and alienated. The video has no mention of her friends, school, or extracurricular activities. Her unstable home life and likely malnutrition prevent her from participating in the normal social world of children. She has no peers to model behavior for her or to practice socializing with. Moreover, her primary model who is her mother involves transactional sex, instability, and violence. This warps her understanding of love, family, and intimacy, there maybe a tendency for her to build up unhealthy relationships with others in the future. As Xiao Ling lacks caring from her mother, she is constantly wandering on the street. Although some random people observe her wounds, they tend to be bystanders to ignore her situation. Thee community seems to abandon her which creates a deep sense of alienation and rootlessness.

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Xiao Ling has a rather weak microsystem, the number of people in her immediate environment environment are limited (mom/mom's bfs and neighbors). Since she is not attending school and the destructive parenting practice of her mother, people who can really help may not be able to reach her. In this case, I think the people in the neighborhood play an important role as they can easily observe the adverse physical and psychological conditions of Xiao Ling and should report the case to the related authorities for seeking help.

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The cultural factor of the indifferent attitude towards Xiao Ling situation and not willing to report suspected child abuse in this case lead to this tragic ending. The government should raise the public awareness of reporting child abuse as the victims are too young and fragile to seek help by themselves.

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1. Dissociation due to the abuse physically and emotionally.

2. Low self esteem

3. unhealthy attachment

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1. Delayed brain and physical development due to stress, trauma and lacking of nutrition.

2. Repetitive trauma may cause long term brain damage

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1. No peer relationship

2. Social isolation

3. Lacking of social skills

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Her mother, her mother's boyfriend, a store cashier, a little boy and his mother, and her neighbors—were all in a position to help. They could have intervened, reported, or at the very least, avoided making the situation worse. Her mother, who was also being bullied and may have had an undiagnosed mental illness. She is also likely needed support and self-care herself.

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The mother and the men dated are the most influential meso system in Xiao ling's environment. However, I feel quite stuck on answering what could be done differently. The ideal solutions, such as the mother ending relationships with abusive men, setting boundaries, seeking counseling, are often unrealistic in practice. We cannot expect her to spontaneously develop capabilities and willingness she currently lacks. For Xiao Ling's case, lasting change requires external intervention, such as a report from neighbors or others that mandates parental education. However, even this path could be long and difficult, without a guarantee of a quick change.

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The mother's employment situation is a key factor. To have the opportunity to find a stable job, or a governmental or NGO program could offer people like Xiao Ling's mother a healthy way to make a living. But these are also very ideal.

Neighbors or others in the community, even strangers passing by, to have relevant people encouraging them to respond with love and intervention.

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1. To legislate

2. Public education

3. Media report

4. Religious support

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In micro system, the mother, mother's boyfriend(s),the community bystanders( neighbors/ shopkeeper/passersby) are the main factors to her. Obviously, the physical and emotional abuse and neglect from the former two factors and the latter one's silence and no intervention are the direct causes to her tragedy.
For changes, the most crucial step is to immediately transfer the child to a safe environment like foster care. We must then ensure she has a stable home for recovery and growth. Additionally, we should work to enhance bystander responsibility and encourage reporting.

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In the mesosystem, her mother's relationships with boyfriends harmed her basic living conditions, including food and sleep. Moreover, she was isolated and lacked the vital connections that other children have, like links between home-school, home-community and home-healthcare agencies. These absences of support made her life more desperate.

To change this, we need to build a safety net by helping her forge connections with neighbors, peers, teachers and other crucial parts. Creating these positive mesosystems can help decrease the likelihood of such tragedies.

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Xiao Ling seems to have retreated inwards as experiences extreme dissociation as a form of emotional protection. She doesn't speak when being spoken to, even if she's is being yelled at. She comes off as emotionally numb to being ridiculed for smelling bad and has very little reaction to being robbed of her tiny daily food allowance. The only time she seems to react and runs away to protect herself is when she is at imminent risk of being physically harmed. According to Jean Piaget, Xiao Ling should be in the preoperational stage of life and developing her language skills. However, this developmental stage seems to be delayed for Xiao Ling. Due to neglect from her primary caregiver, Xiao Ling lacks the consistent verbal interaction necessary for language acquisition, which depends heavily on social engagement and emotional connection.

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This video was heartbreaking and made me reflect deeply and want to reach out to child abuse charities locally. I think it is a great example of media being used as a component in the exo system regarding tackling child abuse. As heartbreaking as this video was, it was quite exaggerated in its representations of abuse, although I may be seeing this through a biased lens, as I could personally never walk past a young child on their own with many visible wounds without at least stopping and asking if they were alright. It would also be beneficial to create educational media highlighting the less visible aspects of child abuse, mental and sexual etc., as these forms of abuse are less obvious to the visible eye and are harder for the public to remain aware of.

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the child lacks social skills or interaction with children her own age. seems to be non-verbal (by choice). conversations with adults seem to be one sided (demands/instructions) and not a two-way conversation. may lack knowing how to express what is happening to her

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Mother caught in a repetitive cycle of violence where her frustration/anger with her situation is transferred to her child. Neighbours and store owners are likely to have seem the child before - they tend to avoid dealing with abuse (which they do notice), more seemingly from personal disgust/dislike rather than a lack of knowledge

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It is unclear whether the child is enrolled in school or not, or this is just the 'weekend'. schools/social welfare should have checks and balances to ensure child don't fall through the cracks. sudden removal of children from school should be explored and support given (social work)

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Xiao Ling was not given enough food, which left her physically weak and hindered her essential development. In addition, she suffered physical abuse from her mother, further impacting her well-being.

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Xiao Ling was isolated and discriminated against by her peers, which made her feel inferior to others. Moreover, her mother never spoke to her but subject her to physical and verbal abuse. This placed Xiao Ling in a dangerous environment that severely impacted her emotional and psychological development, leading to devastating consequences for her overall well-being.

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Xiao Ling did not have enough money to buy food. This caused her often to feel hungry and did not have enough nutrition.

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Xiao Ling's mother did not provide her with the opportunity to go to school, so she did not get the right to study that she deserved, which made her unable to develop as well as his peers.

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Mother: xiao Ling’s mother did not do her mother’s duty, she did not take good care of Xiao Ling. And did not provide her with food, and did not teach her , such as providing her with education and teaching her how to bathe.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Imbalanced diet causing malnutrition

2. Physical abuse

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1. Avoid from expressing emotions

2. Learned helplessness

3. Not sociable and may not willing to build close connection with others

# data[].attributes.body
1. Not sociable and may not willing to build close connection with others

2. Unable to trust/love others.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Community support - providing necessary physical/emotional supports

2. Parenting - seeking external support from NGO or government for daycare service

# data[].attributes.body
School-parent - teacher shall monitor students’ behavior and provide necessary support proactively

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Supporting community - actively provide care and support to neighbourhood

# data[].attributes.body
Legistration on child abuse

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·Poor sanitary conditions

·Have no friends of peers

·Indifferent neighbor

·Without the help of the community

·Didn't go to school

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Mother - Mother's boyfriend

If they care about ling together, look after and accompany her instead of merely satisfying their desires and driving her out, ling's situation will improve.

Mother - Neighbor

If the mother has a good relationship with the neighbors, ask them to help look after ling. When mom goes out to work, ling can stay at her neighbor's house for a while. ling maybe can have hot meals and a place to rest.

# data[].attributes.body
- Malnutrition and health issues: hunger, chronic undernutrition, sleep deprivation.
- Physical development and stress response: long-term physical injuries from beatings (bruises, fractures, permanent scars).

# data[].attributes.body
- Emotional and mental health problems: fear, timidity, chronic psychological stress and tension from frequent beatings.

# data[].attributes.body
- Social rejection and neglect: mockery from peers, indifference from other adults (the boy’s mother, convenience store clerk), lack of empathy from community members.
- Institutional neglect: delayed intervention from child protection services or social workers.

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factors:

- Mother’s anger displacement and neglect
- Abuse from mother’s new partner
- Indifferent convenience store clerk
- Uncaring neighbor
- Robber

actions:

- Mother learns emotional regulation and empathy
- Abusive partner receives punishment or legal sanction

- The kindness and concern of the neighbors

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1. malnutrition

2. long-term physical abuse by the mother, such as beating, caused obvious wounds, and may cause some internal injuries as well.

# data[].attributes.body
factors:

- Interaction between her mother and her partner

- Interaction between her mother and neighbor
- Interaction between the passerby boy and his mother

actions:

- Healthier relationship between mother and partner
- Bystanders and neighbors adopt caring and supportive attitudes

# data[].attributes.body
factors:

- Mother’s work environment
- Community support system

actions:

- Provide childcare or after-school services in the workplace or community