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Introduction:
Hanbok is a traditional Korean costume that creates a sense of chic through the harmony of straight lines and curves. Women express elegance with a short jacket and a plunging skirt, while men express chic with a messy coat. The primary colour is white, like the word white people, but the way, material, and colour change due to the season or identity.

History:
The history of the Hanbok can be traced back to the Goguryeo costume in the northern part of the Korean Peninsula and northeast China during The Three Kingdoms period. From the earliest murals of Goguryeo tombs in the 6th century, people can see Hanbok components, including jackets, jangs, and clothes. These basic hanbok designs and compositions continue to the present day.

The composition of Hanbok
Women's Hanbok consists of jeogori and skirt; in men's cases, underwear, including pants and other ornaments; and vest, magoja, and Durumagi. The coat is long sleeve collar; the types of jeogori vary depending on the material, and suture method. Shape of the jeogori, only by using different coloured fabrics for each part of the jeogori, it could be divided into minjeogori, semi-circular jeogori, and three-ring jeogori. The skirt is a curvaceous outfit, and it has the unique charm of Hanbok by putting wrinkles in the waist and giving it a sense of volume. (Korean Culture Guidance)

References:
1. Yeong, (2023 September). Seoul Hanbok Summary. Createtrip. https://www.creatrip.com/zh-HK/blog/158
2. Korean Culture Guidance. Clothing Culture. http://www.hdinsurance.co.jp/korean/koreainfo/kr_koreainfo_list02.html

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There are so many versions of Bibimbap recipes; I tried lots of them to find the tasty one, and here is a recipe I do for my Bibimbap at home.

Bibimbap Sauce for 1-2 people:

The essential ingredient in Bibimbap Sauce is Gochujang, a spicy and sweet soybean paste. Find it at Asian grocery stores and in metro areas on Woolworths Asian Food shelves.
20g of butter melt in microwave for 20 seconds, two tablespoons of Gochujang, one tablespoon of sugar, one tablespoon of sesame oil, one tablespoon of sliced spring onion and garlic mince, one tablespoon of rice vinegar, and one tablespoon of cooking wine. Mixed properly.

Ingredients:

Egg - Use a frypan with some oil, which can be sunny-side-up; fry the egg or over-easy. It's up to you.

Beef Mince - Use a frypan with some oil to stir-fry beef mince with salt and pepper until well done, and put aside.

Main Vegetables:

Shiitake mushrooms – put dry shiitake mushrooms soak in hot water until soft enough, then slice and stir-fry oil with garlic, soy sauce and sugar.

Zucchini and carrot – cut into batons, then stir-fry with some salt until soft.

Spinach – chop in hot water for 30 seconds and squeeze out excess liquid.

Beansprouts –  put in hot water for 30 seconds, squeeze out excess liquid, then season with garlic, sesame and soy sauce.

Prepare a big bowl with one cup of rice, put all the ingredients side by side, put 1-2 spoon sauces, then egg on the top, finish with sesame seeds topping. Mix properly when you are ready to eat.

References:
1. Nagi, (2021. April 16). Bibimbap! (Korean Rice Bowl).
https://www.recipetineats.com/bibimbap/

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Hwangap Ceremony: A birthday held by the Korean people for the 60-year-old elderly

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Hwangap Ceremony: A birthday held by the Korean people for the 60-year-old elderly

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Introduction:
The Korean Hwangap ceremony is one of the National Intangible Cultural Heritages, the third batch of the list: (No. : -89) which is a traditional ritual mainly spread in the Dandong City of Liaoning Province, Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture of Jilin Province, Mudanjiang City of Heilongjiang Province and the three Northeast provinces where Korean people live. Korean ancestors regard respect for the elderly as an essential etiquette in the family and even the whole social life, and it is grand and sincere to pay tribute to the elderly. On the day of the 60th birthday, the children put on a birthday banquet for the elderly, set up around 50 different meals, invite relatives, friends, and neighbours, thank their parents for their upbringing, and wish the elderly health and longevity.

Activity Process:
The Korean people regard 60 years of age as a milestone on the road of life, so they pay more attention to and pay attention to the flower and nail ceremony. At that time, the children should do everything possible to prepare the dress for the old man and prepare a grand celebration ceremony - a feast. My grandparents' Hwangap ceremony was held in the yard of my grandparents' house when I was a child, but now most of the rituals are stored in the assembly hall. The Korean Hwangap ceremony has a relatively strict procedure, mainly divided into a birthday table set up, a birthday wish for elders, having meals, singing and dancing by all, of which are the three generations all in the same hall to celebrate and ask the elderly man to serve as the master of ceremonies. Birthday couple and relatives and their children, to participate in this more solemn celebration, are to wear white national dress.
First, the MC introduced the birthday man's name, native place and life. The elderly sat in the centre of the feast and accepted the bow of the younger generation while the sound of the traditional music (Tungso and Gayageum) played. If the grandparents are still alive, set up a "watch bed" for the grandparents; birthday people wish their parents longevity first. According to tradition, a screen or curtain painted with a picture of pine cranes should be placed behind the elderly to take the meaning of longevity and write couplets on the spot. The eldest son and his wife began to toast and make great gifts, followed by the second son and the grandchildren. The celebration is followed by an entertaining celebration in which children or guests sing or dance in front of the stage. Native musicians and performers are invited to sing and dance for the ceremony, and cameramen and video recorders stay all day. The host will prepare a few new dishes and continue entertaining guests and friends at dinner. After the dinner, the family and relatives gathered together, singing and dancing all night in the parting of relatives and friends.
(Baidubaike)

References:
1. Baidubaike. The Korean Hwangap ceremony. https://baike.baidu.com/item/朝鲜族花甲礼/9970743?fr=ge_ala
2. Shi, M.(2018). Korean Hwangap Ceremony. "Korean Nationality Hwangap Ceremony" group photo 2. http://www.cd-pa.com/bbs/thread-3289639-1-1.html

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Introduction:
Springboard is one of the popular games of Korean women with a long history. It is generally held at festivals such as the Lantern Festival, the Dragon Boat Festival and the Mid-Autumn Festival. The Korean people have always loved Springboard sport, a healthy traditional sport. Participating in springboard activities requires courage, wisdom, and skills. To protect intangible cultural heritage, on May 20, 2006, the gift was approved by The State Council to be included in the first batch of the National Intangible Cultural Heritage list.

Originate:
About the origin of the Korean springboard, there is a romantic legend: The ancient Korean women were bound by feudal ethics and morality, all day in the yard of their own homes, not allowed to go out of the gate to see the world outside the yard, they had to stand at the root of the courtyard wall to jump into the air and peek at the scenery outside the yard There is also a saying that in ancient times there were two innocent men imprisoned, their respective wives found a way to see their husbands in prison inside the high wall, they came up with the use of the springboard to throw people into the air to see their husbands.（Baidubaike)

References:
1. Huang, Y.(2018). Chinese-Korean girls' Springboard show in Gangneung 2018 Dano Festival. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-jHkUC7sl-o
2. Baidubaike. Springboard. https://baike.baidu.com/item/跳板/9789241)

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중국 연변교포 널뛰기-2018강릉단오제 그네대회

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Korean Traditional Dance: Chang-go Dance

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Korean Traditional Dance: Chang-go Dance

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Chang-go Dance is the folk dance of Tumen City, Nearby Yanji, belonging to Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture, Jilin Province, and is a national intangible cultural heritage.

History:
The Korean patriarch inspired the farm music and dance derived from the Korean tradition, which originated from the slender waist drum in India. In the 4th century AD, it was introduced to the Central Plains of China through the Silk Road and then to the Korean Peninsula, where it became a significant percussion instrument. The drums of the Korean Patriarch are two drums with different pitches. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Korean Peninsula population moved into China, and the Chang-go Dance was introduced into China, forming the Korean dance with Chinese characteristics, which has a history of more than 1,000 years. On the 7th of June, 2008, the Korean Chang-go Dance was approved by The State Council to be included in the second batch of the National Intangible Cultural Heritage list, heritage No.: Ⅲ-59.

Dance Characteristic:
The Korean Chang-go Dance can be performed both collectively and individually. Women's style is elegant, and men's style is lively and unrestrained. During the performance, the movements such as carrying hands, stretching shoulders and walking by magpies are the main ones. The dancers have drums on their shoulders and hold drum whips in their right hands while dancing and tapping. The drum is not only a dance prop but also an accompaniment instrument. The whole dance set performance, singing and dancing in one, to achieve a high level of coordination of people, drums, and music.
(Baidubaike. 2019)

References:
1. Diyiliu, (2019). [2018 National Day Boutique Dance Performance] "Chang-go Dance" performance: Yanbian University Art School | CCTV Variety Show, [vedio]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I2YhpH5u2so
2. Baidubaike. (2019). Korean Chang-go Dance. https://baike.baidu.com/item/朝鲜族长鼓舞/3447313?fr=ge_ala

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[2018国庆精品舞蹈展演]《杖鼓乐》 表演：延边大学艺术学院| CCTV综艺

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Korean Food in Northeast China is More Authentic and Attractive!

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Korean Food in Northeast China is More Authentic and Attractive!

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Charming Yanbian is abundant with enormous, delicious Chinese-Korean-style food. Yanji is a food city that you don't want to leave after eating!

Actually, without going abroad, there is a place in China where the most authentic Korean food is hidden! Korean and Chinese are used together there. This is the largest settlement of Korean nationality in China, which completely preserves Korean culture.

Yanji, the capital of Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture, is a city with the soul of Korean cuisine. People in my hometown still keep the most traditional Korean food. There is always the most authentic Chinese-Korean cuisine, which is different from South Korea.

The combination of rice and soup dishes is the core of Korean eating habits, and it is also the potential for Korean people in my hometown to grow high-quality rice since they settled down, which has been fully explored in the Yanbian people's hands. We have created countless delicacies with rice, such as bibimbap, cakes, glutinous rice-blood sausage, and rice packages.

The Most Famous Food: Cold noodles and double-cooked pork slices

Yanji Cold Noodles is one of China's TOP 10 Noodles and the only shortlisted noodles in the Northeast region. There are cold noodles in many Korean food shops, but only Yanji cold noodles are the most authentic. Sour, sweet, cold noodle soup and buckwheat noodles, the most essential raw material, are also substantial. Buckwheat flour and dough are put into the machine and pressed into thin strips; after boiling in boiling water, they are drained immediately and put into cold water to cool down so they can be chewy.

Before eating, take a piece of double-cooked pork slices and soak it in cold noodle soup. The instant rapid cooling makes the pot meat crisp, and the same sweet and sour mouth is brittle and tough inside. It is indeed gratifying to eat meat! This is the most authentic way to eat for local people. Also, I always eat like this. (FenghuangwangJilin, 2021)

References:
1.  Yin, R. (2021). Cold Noodles and Double-Cooked Pork Slices, https://i.ifeng.com/c/84exQ6ASp5b.
2. FenghuangwangJilin,(2021). Yanji, a food city that you don't want to leave after eating! https://i.ifeng.com/c/84exQ6ASp5b )

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Education, Unemployment and Job Insecurity, Food Insecurity impact on Migrant/Refugee Health

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Education, Unemployment and Job Insecurity, Food Insecurity impact on Migrant/Refugee Health

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1. Education
In Australia, half of school-age refugee children do not attend school. Refugee girls are even less likely to participate and receive only a few years of formal schooling.
Quality education helps refugee children prepare for the future and get access to a safe learning place, reducing the chance of being dangerous child labour and the risk of early child marriages for girls. (Pauline Omagwa, UNHCR)
Education, practice and experiences are closely related to their future well-being. Lack of job plans, skills and support for using technology can increase barriers and reduce competitiveness in the job market, eventually leading to unhealthy lifestyles and mental health problems.

2. Unemployment and Job Insecurity
Migrants/Refugees have been forced out of their homes due to war and unrest. Many have experienced persecution, unemployment and interrupted schooling. However, they face multiple barriers to applying their skills and experience and fulfilling their aspirations within the Australian labour market. A report published by the Refugee Council of Australia found that barriers caused or worsened because of lack of specialised service, understanding of rights and responsibilities, limited support with resumes and interview skills, disrespect, etc. (Refugee Council of Australia, 2017, )
Low income can lead to a lower budget for healthy and fresh food, affecting the quality of food, nutritional deficiencies and food safety hazards, which can cause specific gastrointestinal diseases.

3. Food Insecurity
Access to safe and nutritious food is a fundamental human right. Food insecurity is an essential social determinant of health and significantly impacts both short-term and long-term health. There is a high prevalence of food insecurity among resettled refugee and asylum-seeker groups in Australia.  Evidence from research studies suggests that more refugees and asylum seekers are exposed to food insecurity with severe hunger levels than the Australian population. People on low or uncertain incomes are more likely to experience food insecurity as they struggle to balance the costs of daily living with purchasing food. Limited availability and increased prices of culturally familiar and traditional foods were found in some Middle Eastern refugee groups who reported difficulty obtaining Halal products. Also, little preparation knowledge can increase unhealthier dietary choices. (Australia's Right To Food Coalition, 2021)
Foods high in sugar and salt can lead to obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

References:
1. Food insecurity in refugees and asylum seekers: Australia's right to food coalition. (2021). Right to Food Coalition. https://righttofood.org.au/food-insecurity-in-refugees-and-asylum-seekers-in-australia/
2. Not working: Experiences of refugees and migrants with Jobactive. (2017). Refugee Council of Australia. https://www.refugeecouncil.org.au/jobactive-report/
3. Pauline Omagwa. Refugee Education: Without access to education, children miss out on a world of opportunity. UNHCR. https://www.unrefugees.org.au/ongoing-care/education/

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Sophie's Story

When 19-year-old Sophie fled armed conflict in South Sudan, she made sure to bring her science book. She was determined to continue working towards her goal of becoming a doctor.

"I carried the book because I love sciences and I wanted the book to keep me focused," Sophie says. "I want to be a doctor because, in my motherland, these opportunities are mostly left for the men."

She now lives in Bidibidi refugee settlement in north-western Uganda. It's Africa's largest refugee camp and hosts 235,000 refugees who have fled violence and conflict.

More than half are children between the ages of three and 17.

With the support of Australian donors, UNHCR is rebuilding a school, contributing to teachers' salaries and reducing class sizes. This means students like Sophie can receive a quality education - an important step towards a more secure future.

The Year 10 student is very grateful for the generosity that enables her to stay in school.

"I feel good and loved that there are people out there who are willing to sacrifice and give us the education we get here. I appreciate them for the great work done."

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Australia for UNHCR supports refugee children and adolescents in receiving quality protective education. Donate now to help refugees gain an education.

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Myanmar Refugees' Common Health Concerns 

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Myanmar Refugees' Common Health Concerns 

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Background
Myanmar (formerly Burma), the full name of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, is located in Southeast Asia and shares borders with Bangladesh, India, China, Laos, and Thailand. Myanmar is undergoing a new democratic transition. On 1 February 2021, the Myanmar military (also known as the Tatmadaw) launched a coup against the civilian government, and state Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi and other senior officials of the governing National League for Democracy (NLD) party were arrested. The army’s attacks have armed resistance, and clashes between the military and newly formed civilian armed groups threaten to engulf the country in a war. (Parliament of Australia, 2021)

In 2020–21, Australia granted 5,947 refugee and humanitarian visas. The majority of these people came from:

Iraq

Myanmar

Afghanistan

Syria (Australian Red Cross, 2021)

1. Parasitic Infections
Intestinal parasitic infection is the most common in Burmese refugees, and strongyloidiasis, a parasitic nematode infection common in Asian refugees, is frequently asymptomatic. Still, it may lead to morbidity and even result in death. The most common trematode infection is schistosomiasis; trematode infections are acquired through ingesting specific food items. Burmese refugees may be exposed to the most commonly encountered trematodes in this population are Paragonimus(also known as lung fluke, is acquired from eating raw or undercooked freshwater crab or crayfish, which is a common practice in many Burmese populations ) Westermani and Clonorchis sinensis,(“liver fluke”, infect the liver, gallbladder, and bile ducts. In addition to humans, the reservoir species include dogs and other fish-eating carnivores. )

2. Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
Many studies have assessed the prevalence of chronic HBV in refugees based on routine screening and found that refugees are significantly higher. High prevalence has also been found among Burmese refugees (14%₄₈ and 10%₄₃) and those from the Mekong region (8–9%₁₀₉). (Australian Refugee Health Practice Guide, 2023) Many Burmese refugees tested positive for Sexually Transmitted Infections such as Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, Syphilis, and HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus).

3. Anemia

Refugees from Myanmar have severe undernutrition, presenting as marasmus and kwashiorkor, as well as cachexia, chronic undernutrition, and micronutrient deficiencies. Food security risks exist in them, and specific issues include low weight and/or height-for-age in children, vitamin deficiencies, and iron deficiency.  In some settings, up to 50% of patients with anaemia are iron deficient.
(Australian Refugee Health Practice Guide, 2023)

References:
1. Australian Refugee Health Practice Guide. (2023). Common Health Concerns- all ages. https://padlet.com/redirect?url=https%3A%2F%2Frefugeehealthguide.org.au%2Fhepatitis-b%2F
2. Australian Red Cross. (2023). Refugee and asylum seeker facts What you need to have an informed conversation about refugees and people seeking asylum. https://www.redcross.org.au/act/help-refugees/refugee-facts/
3. Parliament of Australia. (2021, July 2). The Myanmar coup: a quick guide.
https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp2122/Quick_Guides/MyanmarCoup

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(Australia's Right To Food Coalition, 2021) 

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As a Nurse, How I Become a Communicator in My Future Practice

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As a Nurse, How I Become a Communicator in My Future Practice

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Background to the Competency Standards Framework
The Australian population becoming more diverse requires quality care for people from migrant and refugee backgrounds. Clinicians must adopt culturally responsive practices, communication, clinical education, training, professional development and practice standards to ensure and enhance health and well-being outcomes for all Australians to improve the quality and safety of health care. (Migrant and Refugee Women's Health Partnership, 2019)

There are 7 Competency Framework Domains:
Domain 1: Clinical Expert
Domain 2: Communicator
Domain 3: Collaborator
Domain 4: Leader
Domain 5: Health Advocate
Domain 6: Scholar
Domain 7: Professional

In this post, what I choose to endeavour to apply to my nursing practice is:

Domain 2: Communicator
Competency Standards 4 and 5- Clinicians understand the impact of linguistic differences on communication and respond to communication needs, as in their care and support their informed decision-making to people from migrant and refugee backgrounds. (Migrant and Refugee Women's Health Partnership, 2019)

I understand Australia is a multicultural country; the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, migrants and refugees are part of Australia. This culturally diverse society ensures responsive clinical practice standards to enhance the well-being of the Australian community. (Migrant and Refugee Women's Health Partnership, 2019) And we all have a right to live in a healthy environment; it's a human right. We should have equal access to private health care and outcomes, regardless of race, religion, sex or region. People from different cultural backgrounds may have barriers to communicating with their languages and culture, and some disabilities, like deafness, have difficulty addressing their experiences and understandings.

As nurses, we must allow patients from diverse backgrounds, like Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, migrants, refugees and natives. All we can do is treat every patient equally, let them feel safe and free, wanna talk about them instead of being nervous and inconvenienced. I acknowledge that health literacy and numeracy are as crucial as the practice when my clinical work in the workplace when I have to communicate. Always be patient, polite and kind to everyone who needs help. Try to listen to them and understand their customs with respect. Communication is the most important. There must be no prejudice and bias, whoever they are and wherever they are from. So, I now need to uphold the professional standards and apply this Culturally Responsive Clinical Practice: Competency Standards Framework to my nursing study, improve my knowledge to become a nurse who understands cultural awareness, sensitivity and safety. This study allows me to develop cultural competence in my future professional practice.

References:

1. Food insecurity in refugees and asylum seekers: Australia's right to food coalition. (2021, June 24). Right to Food Coalition. https://righttofood.org.au/food-insecurity-in-refugees-and-asylum-seekers-in-australia/

2. Migrant and Refugee Women's Health Partnership. (2019, January). Culturally Responsible Clinical Practice: Working with People from Migrant and Refugee Backgrounds-Competency Standard Framework For Clinicians. Migrant and Refugee Health Partnership.  https://culturaldiversityhealth.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Culturally-responsive-clinical-practice-Working-with-people-from-migrant-and-refugee-backgrounds-Jan2019.pdf

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(Photo taken by myself, Yijing Li, 2023)

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As we all know, there is an official term for 'health':
Health is
“a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, and is a fundamental human right”    (WHO, 1974)

From my point of view, health is a complex condition for individuals. It can constantly change according to the environment.  While studying in Beijing, China, I suffered from a strong haze, which caused chest tightness and discomfort. Meanwhile, the fast pace of life and the high study pressure made me depressed. But, when I came to Australia, I felt physically and mentally comfortable, and my rhinitis no longer occurred.

So, I think the environment significantly impacts people's health, which means health needs to be maintained all the time by our efforts.

References:
1. Human rights. (2022, December 10). World Health Organization (WHO). https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/human-rights-and-health