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English File with good links  28.02.2020

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Current Feedback (CFB) Op Amps  https://www.analog.com/media/en/training-seminars/tutorials/mt-034.pdf

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Basic Electronic Components used for Circuit Designing

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Basic Electronic Components used for Circuit Designing

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Hey Fellas! Hope you are enjoying your life and making most out of it. Today I'm going to give you a brief Introduction on the Basic Electronic Components used for Circuit Designing. You cannot excel and grow in an electrical field if you have no idea about basic components used in circuit designing. Don't you worry, I have got you covered. I have tried my best to make it easy for you in understanding the basic components and what they do? So, let's get started with Basic Electronic Components used for Circuit Designing:

Basic Electronic Components used for Circuit Designing

A simple electrical circuit consists of resister, capacitors, inductors, transistors, diodes and integrated circuits. These basic electronic components are connected by conductive wires. Current can easily flow between these wires in order to put electrical components in working conditions. You should also have a look at these different types of electronics projects, in which these basic electronic components are used a lot.

1. Resistor

Resistor is considered as a fundamental element in circuit designing.

As the name suggests, it is used for creating resistance in the flow of current. It is widely used in many electrical and electronics components.

Some of the elements in electronics devices are too delicate and they can burn out with a sudden increase in the flow of current. Resistor works perfectly by preventing the current from getting too high.

The resistance of any resister is measured in ohms. The number of resisters used in electronic circuits depends on the measure of current you want to restrict, flowing through the circuit. More the resistance more is the capacity of resisting current from the circuit.

2. Capacitor

Working principle of a capacitor is same like a battery. It is used for the storage of electrical charge. Some circuits are designed in a way, they don't get energy directly from DC source, DC source first charge the capacitor and output we get is basically the energy given by the capacitor.

Capacitors come in a number of forms, but most common forms are Ceramic Disc and Electrolyte. The capacitance of a capacitor is measured in microfarad and is denoted by μF.

A capacitor is the second most commonly used component in the circuit designing.

An inductor is a simple coil of wire used in many electrical circuits. When a current flows through the inductor it stores energy in the magnetic field of the inductor.

Inductor allows DC to pass through it while it blocks AC source. It is mostly used in filters for separating the signals of different frequencies.

3. Inductor

A diode is a component that allows the current to flow in one direction only. It mainly consists of anode and cathode.

Current will only flow when a positive voltage is applied to the anode side and negative voltage is applied to the cathode side. Current won't flow in reverse order.

4. Diode

LED is a light emitting diode which works only when current flows through it. It is mainly used for indicating if the circuit is working properly.

When we connect LED in series with the circuit and it emits light, it shows the circuit is working in perfect order.

5. LED

Transistor is more like a switching device mainly used for switching and amplification purpose. It consists of three elements i.e. emitter, base, collector. A small voltage of 0.7 V between base and emitter, turns it on.

A small amount of current on the base side is used for controlling a large amount of current on the emitter and collector side. This is the property used for amplification purpose.

Transistor comes in two main types, NPN and PNP transistor.

6. Transistor

An Integrated Circuit is a complete circuit that consists of transistor, diodes and other elements. All these elements are placed on the small chip of silicon. Integrated circuits are widely used in modern electronic devices such as laptops and cell phones.

7. Integrated Circuit

A replay is a simple switch that prevents bigger circuits from damaging.

It works as an electromagnetic switch which gets triggered when a small amount of current flows through it.

A small amount of current in the relay creates a magnetic field around the coil which is then used to turning off and on a large amount of current.

8. Relay

DC battery is a main source of supply to operate the electrical circuits. It converts chemical energy into electrical energy that allows the current to flow.

Different batteries can be connected in series in order to get more voltage for an electrical circuit.

9. Battery

That's all for today. I have covered almost all the basic components needed for circuit designing. If you have any question you can ask in the comment section below. I'd love to help you in this regard. I hope you have enjoyed the article. Brace yourself for next article. Stay tuned!

Author: Adnan Aqeel

He is a blogger and technical writer who loves to explore new things out of curiosity. He believes in consistent hard work, honesty, and passion that are essential ingredients to unlock the ultimate success. He doesn't brag about his writing skills, but his excellence does.

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Basic Electronic Components used for Circuit Designing - The Engineering Projects

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Hey Fellas! Hope you are enjoying your life and making most out of it. Today I'm going to give you a brief Introduction on the Basic Electronic Components used for Circuit Designing. You cannot excel and grow in an electrical field if you have no idea about basic components used in circuit designing.

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The labor of students

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Printed Circuit Boards (PCB).

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Printed Circuit Boards (PCB).

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How Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) Works

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How Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) Works

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DAC-Based Designs

There are a few ways to design an ADC using a DAC as part of its comparison circuit. We will present you two of them: ramp counter and successive approximation.

Ramp Counter ADC

Ramp counter ADC, also called digital ramp ADC, is shown in Figure 8. Vin is the analog input and Dn through D0 are the digital outputs. The control line found on the counter turns on the counter when it is low and stops the counter when it is high.

Figure 8: Ramp counter ADC.

The basic idea is to increase the counter until the value found on the counter matches the value of the analog signal. When this condition is met, the value on the counter is the digital equivalent of the analog signal.

It requires a START pulse for each analog voltage you want to convert into digital. The END signal represents the end of the conversion for each individual voltage (each sample), and not for the entire analog signal. Each clock pulse moves the counter. Supposing an 8-bit ADC, for converting the analog value for "128" into digital, for example, it would take 128 clock cycles.

It works by counting from 0 to the maximum possible value (2^n-1) until it "finds" the correct digital value for the analog voltage present at Vin. When this is true, the END signal is given and the digital value for Vin is for at Dn through D0.

So the main problem with this circuit is that it is very slow, as it would require up to 2^n-1 clock cycles to convert each sample. For an eight-bit ADC, it would take up to 255 clock cycles to convert a single sample. For a 16-bit ADC it would take up to 65,535 clock cycles to convert one sample.

Successive Approximation ADC

The second classical ADC circuit using DAC design is called successive approximation, which is the most used one, shown in Figure 9. Vin is the analog input and Dn through D0 are the digital outputs. As you can see, it uses a buffer, so the digital data is still available while the converter is processing the next sample. SAR stands for Successive Approximation Register. It has the same control signals as the ramp counter ADC: START, which commands the ADC to start the conversion, CLOCK and END, which tells us that the conversion of that particular sample has finished.

Figure 9: Successive approximation ADC.

While the ramp counter ADC does the analog-to-digital conversion counting from 0 to the maximum possible value (2^n-1) until it "finds" the correct digital value for Vin, the successive approximation ADC starts first setting the MSB (most significant bit, on an eight-bit ADC it would be D7). In order to facilitate the explanations below, consider an eight-bit ADC.

The comparison between Vin and the DAC output will tell the control unit if this bit should remain set at 1 or should be set at 0, as the op amp will tell right away the control unit if the sample value is greater or lower than 128 (2^7). Then D6 is set to one, and from the comparison done by the op amp, the control unit will know if this bit should remain set or not. And so on.

The good thing about the successive approximation ADC is its speed. At the worst case it will find the correct digital value for the sample at n clock cycles, where n is the number of bits used. For an eight-bit ADC, the digital value for each sample can be found in up to eight clock cycles (compare to 255 on the ramp counter), and for a 16-bit ADC the digital value for each sample can be found in up to 16 clock cycles (compare to 65,535 on the previous circuit).

And, as we mentioned, another great advantage of this circuit is the use of an output buffer, which allows the circuit that is fed by the ADC to read the digital data while the ADC is already working on the next sample.

Gabriel Torres is a Brazilian best-selling ICT expert, with 24 books published. He started his online career in 1996, when he launched Clube do Hardware, which is one of the oldest and largest websites about technology in Brazil. He created Hardware Secrets in 1999 to expand his knowledge outside his home country.

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How Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) Works - Page 7 of 11 - Hardware Secrets

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There are a few ways to design an ADC using a DAC as part of its comparison circuit. We will present you two of them: ramp counter and successive approximation. Ramp counter ADC, also called digital ramp ADC, is shown in Figure 8. Vin is the analog input and Dn through D0 are the digital outputs.