# data[].attributes.body
e.g. Ganges Valley
intensive subsistence farming
inputs - high labour, low technology
high per area (hectare) outputs, low per farmer
high efficiency
low environmental impact - padi rice has a polyculture (many species supported), often stocked with fish - may grow other crops concurrently

# data[].attributes.headline
cereal growing (comparison of farming systems)

# data[].attributes.subject
cereal growing (comparison of farming systems)

# data[].attributes.body
e.g. Canadian Prairies
extensive commercial farming
inputs - high use of technology and fertilisers
low outputs per area (hectare) but high per farmer/farm
medium efficiency
high environmental impact - loss of natural ecosystems, soil erosion, loss of biodiveristy

# data[].attributes.headline
shifting cultivation (comparison of farming systems)

# data[].attributes.subject
shifting cultivation (comparison of farming systems)

# data[].attributes.body
e.g. Amazon rainforest
extensive subsistence farming
low inputs - manual labour and hand tools
high efficiency
low environmental impact (only if enough land to move to - forest is given time to regrow)

# data[].attributes.body
a tropical palm tree from West Africa and Central America, imported to South East Asia

demand for palm oil in many food, cosmetic, lubricant and biofuel products is the most significant cause of rainforest loss in Indonesia and Malaysia

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a way to reduce the loss of soil fertility - leguminous crops (soya beans, peas and other beans) are grown every fourth year as they are able to fix their own nitrogen, and so add it back into the soil

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the removal of biomass from the field, soil and ecosystem - results in a loss of quality of the soil as nutrient which would have been recycled back into the soil are removed (and must be replaced)

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a single species of plant grown on a farm, usually in high density

# data[].attributes.body
animals in pastoral farming - useful in converting plants which humans cannot digest (grass) into valuable protein

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the use and keeping of animals for human purposes - occured a long time before humans started cereal farming

first dogs, then sheep, cattle, pigs

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any wild animal killed for food (sometimes "game")

a controversial term as it often brings to mind in many parts of the world where the bush meat may be under threat of endangerment e.g. harvesting of apes leading to orphaned young

# data[].attributes.body
living plants converted to fuel to replace fossil fuels

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market forces determine supply and demand

e.g. high profit crop + high demand > more farmers decide to produce this crop > supply increases > profit decreases > farmers move to a different crop > supply drops...

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governments may subsidise or tax some foods to encourage or discourage their production
e.g. the EU manipulates food production in this way

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some people only eat certain foods/avoid certain foods due to their beliefs or traditions

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the supply of water for crops other than natural process such as rain or water tables

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determines what will grow where on Earth
can be adapted through irrigation and using greenhouses to artificially alter

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provide half the human population's calories (energy)

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a staple food for source for over a third of the world's population

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"bad nutrition" - a diet which is unbalanced (may be too much or not enough of a particular nutrient(s)

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farming of both crops and animals - animal waste may be used as fertiliser and to improve soil quality, and some crops are used to feed animals

# data[].attributes.body
growing crops on good land to be eaten directly, or to be fed to animals

# data[].attributes.body
raising animals, usually on grass and on land that is not suitable for crops

# data[].attributes.body
farming using land more intensively with high levels of input and output per area

# data[].attributes.body
farming using more land with a lower density of stocking or planting and lower inputs = lower outputs

# data[].attributes.body
growing crops for the market

# data[].attributes.body
agriculture/farming

farming for self-sufficiency to grow enough for a family

# data[].attributes.body
large scale production of crops and livestock for sale

# data[].attributes.body
the business of agriculture production including farming, seed supply, breeding, chemicals for agriculture, machinery, food harvesting, distribution, processing and storage

# data[].attributes.body
more economically developed country - a highly industrialised country with high average GNP per capita

# data[].attributes.body
gross national product - the economic productivity of a country - often give per capita (the average per person)

# data[].attributes.body
less economically developed country - a country with low to moderate industrialisation and low to moderate average GNP per capita

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of the Earth - meaning "land" in ecology

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the most important soil nutrients for plant growth - often leach out or may be removed when plants are harvested

often found in soil fertilisers containing nitrogen, phosphates and potassium (potash)

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the penetration of water into the soil

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e.g. high in sand soil, low in clay
the ease at which gases and liquids can pass through the soil

# data[].attributes.body
e.g. high in sand soils, low in clay
the amount of space between particles in soil

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roughly 40 - 40 - 20 sand, silt, clay
ideal for agriculture due to sand's drainage and porosity, clay's nutrient retention and silt keeping the other two together

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good nutrient retention, however, heavy soils which are relatively impermeable and have poor drainage

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gritty and fall apart easily - good drainage and air supply to the roots, however, leaching is rapid

# data[].attributes.body
the proportions of clay <0.002mm particles, silt 0.002 - 0.05mm particles, and sand 0.05 - 2mm particles

# data[].attributes.body
hard bedrock - parent material

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horizons of loosened or unconsolidated material - mainly weathered rock from which soil forms

# data[].attributes.body
subsoil horizon showing enrichment of clay material, iron aluminum, or organic compounds - where soluble minerals and organic matter tends to be deposited from the layer above

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subsurface horizon showing depletion of organic matter, clay, iron and aluminium compounds

# data[].attributes.body
mineral horizon at the surface showing organic matter enrichment - where humus forms

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leaf litter - newly added organic material

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the layers of soil in a cross-section which is modified over time as organic material leaches downwards and mineral material moves upwards

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metal atoms and compounds which make up rocks - dissolved in water to become an inorganic storage in soils

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decomposition or organic material taking place
weathering causes large particles (rocks) to become smaller
nutrient cycling within soil

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uptake by plants (minerals and water)
soil erosion

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organic matter from leaf litter and dead or decaying organisms - inorganic matter from parent material (rock), precipitation and energy

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minerals dissolved in water moving through the soil

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movement of soil particles in suspension (liquid)

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biological mixing, translocation, leaching

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the energy and matter within soil - organic matter, organisms, nutrients, minerals, air and water

# data[].attributes.body
a complex ecosystem made up of minerals, organic material, gases and liquids which forms the habitat for many species of plant and animal