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Electromagnetic waves can be detected over a wide range of frequencies. Many modern technologies are based on the manipulation of electromagnetic waves.

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2nd grade: students understand waves as regular patterns of motion. Waves can move across water.
5th grade: students understand that waves of the same type can differ in amplitude and wavelength. Waves can add or cancel one another as they cross.

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When a wave passes through an object that is small compared with its wavelength, the wave is not much affected.
When a wave meets the surface between two different materials or conditions, part of the wave is reflected at that surface and another part continues on.

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A simple wave has repeating pattern of specific wavelength, frequency, and amplitude. Waves can be combined with other waves of the same type.

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Waves and Their Application in Technologies for Information Transfer

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Waves and Their Application in Technologies for Information Transfer

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By understanding wave properties and the interactions of electromagnetic radiation with matter, scientists and engineers can design systems for transferring information across long distances, storing information, and investigating nature.

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Energy cannot be destroyed, but it can be converted to less useful forms. Energy can be stored, distributed, or perform some practical task. Whatever it is used for, it's important to design energy for maximum efficiency.

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1. Conduction within solids
2. Convection - the flow of liquid or gas
3. Radiation

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Energy can be transferred from place to place by electric currents. Heating is a process for transferring energy.

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The total change of energy is always equal to the total energy transferred into or out of the system. This is called conservation of energy.

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2nd grade: students do not learn much about energy, however they do learn a little about the transfer of energy
5th grade: students understand that the fast a given object is moving, the more energy is possesses. Energy can be moved from place to place.

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- Kinetic energy: motion energy
- Thermal energy: random motion of particles
- Potential energy: energy stored in fields within a system

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At a macroscopic scale, energy manifests itself in several phenomena such as motion, light, sound, electrical and magnetic fields, and thermal energy.

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- Gravity
- Electromagnetism
- Nuclear interactions

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2nd grade: students understand that objects pull or push each other when they collide or are connected. Pushes and pulls have different strengths and directions.
5th grade: students understand that each force acts on one particular object and has both a strength and a direction. There are also multiple forces acting on it.

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The momentum of an object is defined as its mass times its velocity.

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When a force is applied to an object, it does not depend only on that force but also on all the other forces acting on that object.

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Motion & Stability: Forces and Interactions

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Motion & Stability: Forces and Interactions

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An understanding of the forces between objects is important for describing how their motions changes.

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- Chemical Reactions
- Nuclear Processes (Nuclear fusion & Nuclear fission)

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The properties of matter is important to understanding the physical and chemical functioning of biological systems.

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The periodic table is a systematic representation and is organized by properties of matter.

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Matter is constantly in motion.

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2nd grade: students understand that there are different kinds of matter exist such as wood, metal, water. Matter can be described and classified by its observable properties.
5th grade: students understand that matter can be subdivided into particles that are too small to see.

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The states, properties, and reactions of matter can be described and predicted based on the types, interactions, and motions of the atoms within it.

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What is everything made of?
Why do things happen?

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1. Matter and its interactions
2. Motion and stability; Forces and interactions
3. Energy
4. Waves and their applications in Technologies for Information Transfer

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The overarching goal for learning physical sciences is to help students see that there are mechanisms of cause and effect in all systems and processes.