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WHAT WE LEARNT

The challenges include hypobiosis, prolificacy, breed, environment, nutrition, special characteristics and anthelmintic resistance.

The H-gal-GP is the best antigen to develop vaccine against the nematode as it is an hidden antigen in the gut of the nematode which is used to digest haemoglobin.

Vaccination against the H-gal-GP antigen produces antibodies in the host blood which the nematode will ingest the blood containing the antibody during a blood-meal.

The antibodies will then targets the H-gal-GP antigen in the nematode’s gut, inhibiting their ability to digest haemoglobin and therefore will starve the nematodes to death.

The antigens used are H-11, H-gal-GP and Hc-sL3.

Freund’s adjuvant,the adjuvant causes:

1. Precipitate antigen,antigen (which is the vaccine)release slowly(depot effect) from the site of injection,provide continual stimulation to the immune system which is expected to amplify and sustain immune responses.

2. Induce macrophage activation,increase APC presentation.

3. Trigger a humoral antibody inflammatory response for the production of high titer antibodies.

Humoral immunity is more important against the nematode because cell mediated immunity focuses more on intracellular than extracellular.

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WANT TO KNOW

1. What are the challenges to control H. contortus?

2. What are the antigens that can be extracted from this nematode?

3. How to make our own vaccine?

4. What type of immunity is more important that helps to clear this parasite?

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WHAT WE KNEW

Haemonchus contortus is a parasitic worm that sucks blood from ruminants. It produces a lot of eggs at a time and it can also go through hypobiosis stage. It can cause PGE in high infestation.

It is infective during L3.

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WHAT WE LEARNT

FMD is not zoonotic but it is highly contagious and easily spread through aerosols and bodily secretions.

FMD can be diagnosed through ELISA, isolation, RT-PCR and LFD method.

Differentiate infected with vaccinated, control false diagnosis, control outbreak and exonomic lost.

DIVA can differentiate infected and vaccinated animals by:

Non structural and structural protein by infected animal while only structural protein in vaccinated animal

Vaccinated animals produce systemic antibody while infected animal produce mucosal antibody

IFN-Y produced higher in vaccinated animal than infected animal.

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WANT TO KNOW

1. Which diagnostic assay can be used to diagnose FMD?

2. What type of immunity plays bigger role in clearing viral infection?

3. What and how does DIVA work?

4. What is the importance of DIVA?

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WHAT WE KNEW

FMD is a virus that causes blisters on feet and mouth. It affects mostly cattle and it is not zoonotic.

The organism which causes FMD is an aphthovirus of the family Picornaviridae.

FMD is found in all excretions and secretions from infected animals. Can infect other animals via the respiratory or oral routes.

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WHAT WE LEARNT

The live vaccines used are RB51 and S19

Vaccine RB51 is suitable for young and S19 is suitable for old animal.

The molecular method is more efficient in detecting the pathogen

Conventional:

inexpensive

time consuming

require large sample volume

not safe, rely on culture-based amplification

low sensitivity and specificity

late detection of pathogen

Molecular:

expensive

less time needed

increase sensitivity and specificity

allow early detection pf pathogen

safer (pathogen inactivated for testing)

CMI is effective against Brucella abortus as it infects the host intracellularly.

Humoral Immunity is effective against Pasteurella Multocida as it infects the host extracellularly.

S19 vaccine limitations :

Abortion in cattle

Age

Interference with diagnostic serology test

RB51 vaccine limitation :

Can cause brucellosis in human through injection and milk consumption

Complicated diagnosis and treatment

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WANT TO KNOW

1. How the vaccine induced immune responses against P. multocida and B.abortus?

2. What is the limitations of the current available vaccines against the bacterial infections?

3. The comparison between conventional vs molecular (PCR) detection method.

4. What is the current available vaccine and experimental vaccine.

5. What is the suitable type of vaccine for young and old animal?

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WHAT WE KNEW

Pasteurella multocida serotype B is a Gram-negative , nonmotile, coccobacillus bacteria which causes a range of diseases in different animals such as Fowl Cholera in poultry and Haemorrhagic Septicemia in Cattles.

Brucella abortus is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, non-motile and aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria . This bacteria is the agent for Brucellosis and a blood borne pathogen that causes premature abortion of a cattle fetus.

Both the bacteria are zoonotic and can infect humans.